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Stendelyte L, Malinauskas M, Grinkeviciute DE, Jankauskaite L. Exploring Non-Invasive Salivary Biomarkers for Acute Pain Diagnostics: A Comprehensive Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111929. [PMID: 37296781 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is one of the most common complaints leading to a pediatric emergency department visit and is associated with various painful procedures, leading to increased anxiety and stress. Assessing and treating pain in children can be challenging, so it is crucial to investigate new methods for pain diagnosis. The review aims to summarize the literature on non-invasive salivary biomarkers, such as proteins and hormones, for pain assessment in urgent pediatric care settings. Eligible studies were those that included novel protein and hormone biomarkers in acute pain diagnostics and were not older than 10 years. Chronic pain studies were excluded. Further, articles were divided into two groups: studies in adults and studies in children (<18 years). The following characteristics were extracted and summarized: study author, enrollment date, study location, patient age, study type, number of cases and groups, as well as tested biomarkers. Salivary biomarkers, such as cortisol, salivary α-amylase, and immunoglobulins, among others, could be appropriate for children as saliva collection is painless. However, hormonal levels can differ among children in different developmental stages and with various health conditions, with no predetermined levels of saliva. Thus, further exploration of biomarkers in pain diagnostics is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stendelyte
- Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Malinauskas
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Evalda Grinkeviciute
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Jankauskaite
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Gbadebo SO, Oke GA, Dosumu OO. A study protocol for a single-centred randomized trial to investigate the effect of pre-treatment communication methods on dental anxiety among adult dental patients. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231171995. [PMID: 37181275 PMCID: PMC10170596 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231171995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Optimal oral health is an essential component of good quality of life. However, this may be hindered by dental anxiety (DA), thereby, affecting the utilization of dental services. DA could be alleviated by pre-treatment information; however, the method of delivering this information is yet to be explored. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the modes of presenting pre-treatment information to ascertain the one with significant effect on DA. This will improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for individuals. Hence, the primary objective is to assess the effect of audiovisual and written forms of pre-treatment information on DA, while the secondary objective will compare the subjective and objective methods of assessing DA with psychometric anxiety scale (Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF)-4C+) and salivary alpha-amylase respectively. Study design Single-centred, single-blind, parallel-group, four-arm randomized clinical trial. Methods The study will compare the effects of audiovisual and written forms of pre-treatment information on DA among adults. Patients 18 years and above scheduled for dental treatment will be screened for eligibility. Written informed consent will be sought before participation. Participants will be allocated randomly using block randomization, to the groups; G1: audiovisual and G2: a written form of pre-treatment information. At the visit, participants will complete the DA questionnaires (IDAF-4C+, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and Visual Analogue Scale). Physiological anxiety-related changes of salivary alpha-amylase will be measured using a point-of-care kit (iPro oral fluid collector) at baseline, and 10 min after intervention. Furthermore, blood pressure will be taken at baseline and 20 min into the treatment. The mean changes of physiologic anxiety levels and 95% confidence intervals will be compared between the methods of pre-treatment information. Discussion This study hopes to establish pre-treatment information as a method for reducing DA among the populace. Also, to assess the relationship between questionnaire-based and physiologic methods of assessing DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeerah Olaide Gbadebo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Gbemisola Aderemi Oke
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Oluwole Oyekunle Dosumu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
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Pakravan F, Isfahani MN, Ghorbani M, Salesi N, Salesi M. The salivary alpha-amylase concentration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A case-control study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2023; 20:43. [PMID: 37180687 PMCID: PMC10166745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have reported an association between stress and salivary alpha-amylase. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of salivary alpha-amylase in patients with RA (by elimination of stress factor). Materials and Methods In this case-control study, we enrolled 50 patients with RA and 48 healthy patients as the control group. The perceived stress scale questionnaire was used to evaluate scores of stress in both case and control groups, and then the participants with high scores of stress were excluded from the study. Moreover, the alpha-amylase activity kit was used for the assessment of the levels of salivary alpha-amylase. In all analyses, the significance level was considered to be < 0.05. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS22. Results Our results indicated a high score of stress in the case group (19.42 ± 5.83 units) compared with the control group (18.02 ± 6.07 units) which was not statistically significant (P < 0.248). Moreover, we demonstrated a high salivary alpha-amylase concentration in the case group (340.65 ± 38.04 units) compared to the control group (302.62 ± 58.72 units), which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of this method, at >312 alpha-amylase concentrations, were 80% and 46%, respectively. Conclusion In general, we indicated that the alpha-amylase concentration in patients with RA is higher than the healthy controls, and can be used as a codiagnostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Pakravan
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Medicine, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nasr Isfahani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mateen Ghorbani
- Graduate Student, Dental Students’ Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Salesi
- Student of Dentistry, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansour Salesi
- Department of Rheumatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Salesi M, Pakravan F, Isfahani M, Ghorbani M, Salesi N. The salivary alpha-amylase concentration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A case–control study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.372660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Canigur Bavbek N, Bozkaya E, Isler SC, Elbeg S, Uraz A, Yuksel S. Assessment of salivary stress and pain biomarkers and their relation to self-reported pain intensity during orthodontic tooth movement: a longitudinal and prospective study. J Orofac Orthop 2021; 83:339-352. [PMID: 34170330 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the relationship between pain intensity and concentrations of salivary pain and stress biomarkers during orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS Eighteen patients (8 males, 10 females; mean age 14.57 ± 2.39 years) who needed orthodontic treatment with maxillary premolar extraction and segmental canine distalization participated in this study. Baseline samples were collected (T1), and orthodontic attachments were placed to maxillary first molars, second premolars, and canines. Then extractions were performed. After 1‑month follow-up, canine distalization started with a segmental wire (T2). Concentrations of salivary α‑amylase (sAA), cortisol, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and chromogranin A (CgA) were examined at T1, T2, and on days 4 (T3), 7 (T4), 14 (T5), and 30 (T6) after starting retraction. Participants also scored their pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Pain catastrophizing behavior and dental anxiety levels of the participants were evaluated by the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (C-DAS), respectively. Repeated measure ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis were used for statistical evaluations (p < 0.05). RESULTS The maximum values for sAA were seen at T1. Males had higher sAA levels than females with statistical differences at T1, T3, and T4. No significant differences for cortisol, sIgA, and CgA concentrations were observed. The highest mean VAS score was recorded at T3. No correlations were detected between any salivary biomarkers, VAS, C‑DAS, and PCS scores. CONCLUSIONS The stress of starting orthodontic treatment increased sAA levels more than the pain that was experienced during orthodontic tooth movement. Being male was a predictor of higher sAA concentrations. Orthodontic tooth movement did not cause significant alterations in salivary pain and stress biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Canigur Bavbek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 82nd Road No:2 Emek Cankaya, 06510, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Bozkaya
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 82nd Road No:2 Emek Cankaya, 06510, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Cagri Isler
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sehri Elbeg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahu Uraz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Yuksel
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, 82nd Road No:2 Emek Cankaya, 06510, Ankara, Turkey
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Fayad MI, Elbieh A, Baig MN, Alruwaili SA. Prevalence of Dental Anxiety among Dental Patients in Saudi Arabia. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2017; 7:100-104. [PMID: 28462178 PMCID: PMC5390573 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_19_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety towards dental procedures are common difficulties that may be experienced by dental patients all over the world. This study focused on evaluating the dental anxiety frequency and its relationship with age, gender, educational level, and past dental visits among patients attending the outpatient clinics of College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 221 patients, aged 21-50 years were selected for the study. A questionnaire comprising the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was used to measure the level of dental anxiety. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS The mean anxiety score of the 221 patients was 11.39 (SD ± 2.7). Independent t-test showed a significant variation between the age groups with regards to their mean overall anxiety score (P < 0.05), which reduced with increasing age. A significant difference was found by independent t-test in the mean total score between male and female groups and regarding previous dental visit (P < 0.05). Regarding education level, there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Younger patients, female, and patients with previous unpleasant dental experience were associated with increased MDAS score. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study was done for better patient management and proper treatment plan development for dentally anxious patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa I Fayad
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elbieh
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, MSA University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed N Baig
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Aljouf University, Saudi Arabia
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