1
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Garcia I, Cornely K, Peterson CN, Berkmen MB. Roles of the oncometabolite enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate and their metabolism by diverse dehydrogenases. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230077. [PMID: 38919140 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is an oncometabolite that can contribute to tumor progression. Two enantiomer forms, L-2HG and D-2HG, arise from independent pathways starting from the precursor α-ketoglutarate (αKG). L-2HG production occurs through the promiscuous activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) under acidic and/or hypoxic conditions. D-2HG frequently accumulates by gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding two isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2). Cognate metabolite repair enzymes, L- and D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenases, oxidize the enantiomers and cause abnormally high 2HG accumulation and disease when mutated. Elevated levels of either oncometabolite affect redox homeostasis, metabolism, and immune system functioning. Moreover, the oncometabolites inhibit several α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases resulting in epigenetic changes such as DNA and histone hypermethylation as well as deficiencies in DNA repair. L-2HG, and D-2HG in some cases, inhibit degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1α), a transcription factor that alters gene expression to adapt to hypoxic conditions, favoring tumorigenesis. Patients with the rare disease 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (2HGA) have exceedingly high levels of 2HG, which is neurotoxic, causing developmental delays and brain abnormalities. D-2HG also has specific effects on collagen production and NADPH pools. Recently, D-2HG has been targeted in new chemotherapies aimed at disrupting the gain-of-function IDH1 and IDH2 mutants, resulting in successful clinical trials for several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelitza Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen Cornely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Providence College, Providence, RI, U.S.A
| | | | - Melanie B Berkmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Environment, and Physics, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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2
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Aslani S, Armstrong DW. Fast, sensitive LC-MS resolution of α -hydroxy acid biomarkers via SPP-teicoplanin and an alternative UV detection approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3007-3017. [PMID: 38565719 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of α -hydroxy acids is essential since specific enantiomers of these compounds can be used as disease biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, brain diseases, kidney diseases, diabetes, etc., as well as in the food industry to ensure quality. HPLC methods were developed for the enantioselective separation of 11 α -hydroxy acids using a superficially porous particle-based teicoplanin (TeicoShell) chiral stationary phase. The retention behaviors observed for the hydroxy acids were HILIC, reversed phase, and ion-exclusion. While both mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy detection methods could be used, specific mobile phases containing ammonium formate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, respectively, were necessary with each approach. The LC-MS mode was approximately two orders of magnitude more sensitive than UV detection. Mobile phase acidity and ionic strength significantly affected enantioresolution and enantioselectivity. Interestingly, higher ionic strength resulted in increased retention and enantioresolution. It was noticed that for formate-containing mobile phases, using acetonitrile as the organic modifier usually resulted in greater enantioresolution compared to methanol. However, sometimes using acetonitrile with high ammonium formate concentrations led to lengthy retention times which could be avoided by using methanol as the organic modifier. Additionally, the enantiomeric purities of single enantiomer standards were determined and it was shown that almost all standards contained some levels of enantiomeric impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Aslani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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3
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Fayed AGI, Mohamed MET, Abed E, Meshref M, Ali Mahmoud A. L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a report of clinical, radiological, and genetic characteristics of two siblings from Egypt. Neurocase 2024; 30:77-82. [PMID: 38795053 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2346978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by elevated levels of hydroxyglutaric acid in the body fluids and brain with abnormal white matter. We present two siblings with psychomotor retardation and quadriparesis. Their brain imaging showed diffuse bilateral symmetrical involvement of the cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia and cerebellum. The whole exome sequence studies revealed a homozygous likely pathogenic variant on chromosome 14q22.1 (NM_024884.2: c.178G > A; pGly60Arg) in the gene encoding for L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) (OMIM #236792). Therefore, using the L2HGDH gene study is beneficial for L2HGA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsayed Abed
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Mahmoud
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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4
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Fayed AGI, Mohamed MET, Abed E, Meshref M, Ali Mahmoud A. L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: a report of clinical, radiological, and genetic characteristics of two siblings from Egypt. Neurocase 2024; 30:77-82. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2024.2346978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsayed Abed
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Mahmoud
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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5
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Yang J, Chen X, Jin S, Ding J. Structure and biochemical characterization of l-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase and its role in the pathogenesis of l-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105491. [PMID: 37995940 PMCID: PMC10726252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
l-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) is a mitochondrial membrane-associated metabolic enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidation of l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2-HG) to 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG). Mutations in human L2HGDH lead to abnormal accumulation of l-2-HG, which causes a neurometabolic disorder named l-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (l-2-HGA). Here, we report the crystal structures of Drosophila melanogaster L2HGDH (dmL2HGDH) in FAD-bound form and in complex with FAD and 2-OG and show that dmL2HGDH exhibits high activity and substrate specificity for l-2-HG. dmL2HGDH consists of an FAD-binding domain and a substrate-binding domain, and the active site is located at the interface of the two domains with 2-OG binding to the re-face of the isoalloxazine moiety of FAD. Mutagenesis and activity assay confirmed the functional roles of key residues involved in the substrate binding and catalytic reaction and showed that most of the mutations of dmL2HGDH equivalent to l-2-HGA-associated mutations of human L2HGDH led to complete loss of the activity. The structural and biochemical data together reveal the molecular basis for the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of L2HGDH and provide insights into the functional roles of human L2HGDH mutations in the pathogeneses of l-2-HGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Chen C, Wang Z, Qin Y. Connections between metabolism and epigenetics: mechanisms and novel anti-cancer strategy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935536. [PMID: 35935878 PMCID: PMC9354823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic adaptations to sustain their growth and proliferation under several stress conditions thereby displaying metabolic plasticity. Epigenetic modification is known to occur at the DNA, histone, and RNA level, which can alter chromatin state. For almost a century, our focus in cancer biology is dominated by oncogenic mutations. Until recently, the connection between metabolism and epigenetics in a reciprocal manner was spotlighted. Explicitly, several metabolites serve as substrates and co-factors of epigenetic enzymes to carry out post-translational modifications of DNA and histone. Genetic mutations in metabolic enzymes facilitate the production of oncometabolites that ultimately impact epigenetics. Numerous evidences also indicate epigenome is sensitive to cancer metabolism. Conversely, epigenetic dysfunction is certified to alter metabolic enzymes leading to tumorigenesis. Further, the bidirectional relationship between epigenetics and metabolism can impact directly and indirectly on immune microenvironment, which might create a new avenue for drug discovery. Here we summarize the effects of metabolism reprogramming on epigenetic modification, and vice versa; and the latest advances in targeting metabolism-epigenetic crosstalk. We also discuss the principles linking cancer metabolism, epigenetics and immunity, and seek optimal immunotherapy-based combinations.
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Sharma S, Agnihotri N, Kumar S. Targeting fuel pocket of cancer cell metabolism: A focus on glutaminolysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Evaluation of clinical, neuroradiologic, and genotypic features of patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Turk Arch Pediatr 2020; 55:290-298. [PMID: 33061758 PMCID: PMC7536460 DOI: 10.14744/turkpediatriars.2019.06926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim: L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a slowly progressive neurometabolic disorder caused by an enzymatic deficiency of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. Here, we aimed to evaluate the clinical, neuroradiologic, and genotypic characteristics of patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria who were followed in our outpatient clinic. Material and Methods: Twenty-five patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria were enrolled in the study. Data regarding demographic, clinical, and neuroradiologic findings and molecular analysis were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The mean age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 12.09±8.02 years, whereas the mean age at the time of the first symptoms was 39.47±29.96 months. Diagnostic delay was found as 9.95±7.78 years. Developmental delay, decrease in school success, and seizures were the most common initial symptoms; however, behavioral problems and seizures became more prominent in the disease course. At the time of diagnosis, mental retardation and at least one pathologic cerebellar finding were detected in all symptomatic patients. Three patients developed brain tumors. The most common neuroimaging findings were subcortical white matter changes and cerebellar dentate nucleus involvement. In one patient, there was only isolated basal ganglia involvement without white matter lesions. Patients with similar genotypic features exhibited different clinical and radiologic findings. Conclusion: Although clinical symptoms appear early in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, there is approximately a ten-year delay in diagnosis. In subjects in whom brain tumor is detected in early childhood, L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the presence of mental retardation accompanied by developmental delay, cerebellar and pyramidal findings, and behavior disorders in a wide spectrum ranging from autism spectrum disorder to psychosis. In patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, incipient headache, tinnitus, altered consciousness, and seizures can be indicative of brain tumors.
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9
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Chen YY, Hu HH, Wang YN, Liu JR, Liu HJ, Liu JL, Zhao YY. Metabolomics in renal cell carcinoma: From biomarker identification to pathomechanism insights. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108623. [PMID: 33039388 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a frequently diagnosed cancer with high prevalence, which is inversely associated with survival benefit. Although myriad studies have shed light on disease causality, unfortunately, thus far, RCC diagnosis is faced with numerous obstacles partly due to the insufficient knowledge of effective biomarkers, hinting deeper mechanistic understanding are urgently needed. Metabolites are recognized as final proxies for gene-environment interactions and physiological homeostasis as they reflect dynamic processes that are ongoing or have been taken place, and metabolomics may therefore offer a far more productive and cost-effective route to disease discovery, particularly within the arena for new biomarker identification. In this review, we primarily expatiate recent advances in metabolomics that may be amenable to novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for RCC, which may expand our armaments to win more bettles against RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - He-He Hu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yan-Ni Wang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jing-Ru Liu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Hai-Jing Liu
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China.
| | - Jian-Ling Liu
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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10
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Yoo HC, Yu YC, Sung Y, Han JM. Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1496-1516. [PMID: 32943735 PMCID: PMC8080614 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As knowledge of cell metabolism has advanced, glutamine has been considered an important amino acid that supplies carbon and nitrogen to fuel biosynthesis. A recent study provided a new perspective on mitochondrial glutamine metabolism, offering mechanistic insights into metabolic adaptation during tumor hypoxia, the emergence of drug resistance, and glutaminolysis-induced metabolic reprogramming and presenting metabolic strategies to target glutamine metabolism in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the various biosynthetic and bioenergetic roles of glutamine based on the compartmentalization of glutamine metabolism to explain why cells exhibit metabolic reliance on glutamine. Additionally, we examined whether glutamine derivatives contribute to epigenetic regulation associated with tumorigenesis. In addition, in discussing glutamine transporters, we propose a metabolic target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chan Yoo
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Ya Chun Yu
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Yulseung Sung
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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11
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Abstract
The study of cancer metabolism has evolved vastly beyond the remit of tumour proliferation and survival with the identification of the role of 'oncometabolites' in tumorigenesis. Simply defined, oncometabolites are conventional metabolites that, when aberrantly accumulated, have pro-oncogenic functions. Their discovery has led researchers to revisit the Warburg hypothesis, first postulated in the 1950s, of aberrant metabolism as an aetiological determinant of cancer. As such, the identification of oncometabolites and their utilization in diagnostics and prognostics, as novel therapeutic targets and as biomarkers of disease, are areas of considerable interest in oncology. To date, fumarate, succinate, L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2-HG) and D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) have been characterized as bona fide oncometabolites. Extensive metabolic reprogramming occurs during tumour initiation and progression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and three oncometabolites - fumarate, succinate and L-2-HG - have been implicated in this disease process. All of these oncometabolites inhibit a superfamily of enzymes known as α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, leading to epigenetic dysregulation and induction of pseudohypoxic phenotypes, and also have specific pro-oncogenic capabilities. Oncometabolites could potentially be exploited for the development of novel targeted therapies and as biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cissy Yong
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 31900386 PMCID: PMC6941980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are signaling organelles that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and can dictate cell fate. Multiple mechanisms contribute to communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the cell. Recent evidence confers a new role for TCA cycle intermediates, generally thought to be important for biosynthetic purposes, as signaling molecules with functions controlling chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, the hypoxic response, and immunity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the abundance of different TCA cycle metabolites controls cellular function and fate in different contexts. We will focus on how these metabolites mediated signaling can affect physiology and disease. Mitochondrial metabolites contribute to more than biosynthesis, and it is clear that they influence multiple cellular functions in a variety of ways. Here, Martínez-Reyes and Chandel review key metabolites and describe their effects on processes involved in physiology and disease including chromatin dynamics, immunity, and hypoxia.
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Shenoy N, Bhagat TD, Cheville J, Lohse C, Bhattacharyya S, Tischer A, Machha V, Gordon-Mitchell S, Choudhary G, Wong LF, Gross L, Ressigue E, Leibovich B, Boorjian SA, Steidl U, Wu X, Pradhan K, Gartrell B, Agarwal B, Pagliaro L, Suzuki M, Greally JM, Rakheja D, Thompson RH, Susztak K, Witzig T, Zou Y, Verma A. Ascorbic acid-induced TET activation mitigates adverse hydroxymethylcytosine loss in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1612-1625. [PMID: 30702441 DOI: 10.1172/jci98747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been shown to result in widespread aberrant cytosine methylation and loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), the prognostic impact and therapeutic targeting of this epigenetic aberrancy has not been fully explored. Analysis of 576 primary ccRCC samples demonstrated that loss of 5hmC was strongly associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and was an independent adverse prognostic factor. Loss of 5hmC also predicted reduced progression-free survival after resection of nonmetastatic disease. The loss of 5hmC in ccRCC was not due to mutational or transcriptional inactivation of ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, but to their functional inactivation by l-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG), which was overexpressed due to the deletion and underexpression of L2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). Ascorbic acid (AA) reduced methylation and restored genome-wide 5hmC levels via TET activation. Fluorescence quenching of the recombinant TET-2 protein was unaffected by L2HG in the presence of AA. Pharmacologic AA treatment led to reduced growth of ccRCC in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo, with increased intratumoral 5hmC. These data demonstrate that reduced 5hmC is associated with reduced survival in ccRCC and provide a preclinical rationale for exploring the therapeutic potential of high-dose AA in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shenoy
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tushar D Bhagat
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Li-Fan Wong
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Emily Ressigue
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Kith Pradhan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Gartrell
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Masako Suzuki
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - John M Greally
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Katalin Susztak
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yiyu Zou
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Muthusamy K, Sudhakar SV, Christudass CS, Chandran M, Thomas M, Gibikote S. Clinicoradiological Spectrum of L-2-Hydroxy Glutaric Aciduria: Typical and Atypical Findings in an Indian Cohort. J Clin Imaging Sci 2019; 9:3. [PMID: 31448154 PMCID: PMC6702895 DOI: 10.25259/jcis-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Neurometabolic disorders form an important group of potentially treatable diseases. It is important to recognize the clinical phenotype and characteristic imaging patterns to make an early diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment. L-2-hydroxy glutaric aciduria (L2HGA) is a rare organic aciduria with a consistent and highly characteristic imaging pattern, which clinches the diagnosis in most cases. Aims: The study aims to describe the clinical profile, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns, and outcome in a cohort of children with L2HGA and to assess the clinicoradiological correlation. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study done at the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Neurological Sciences of our institution. Clinical and radiological findings of children diagnosed with L2HGA over an 8-year period (2010–2017) were collected and analyzed. Descriptive statistical analysis of clinical and imaging data was performed. Results: There were six girls and four boys. A total of 14 MRI brain studies in 10 patients with the diagnosis were analyzed. MRI of all patients showed a similar pattern with extensive confluent subcortical white-matter signal changes with symmetrical involvement of dentate nuclei and basal ganglia. In two children who presented with acute decompensation, there was asymmetric cortical involvement and restricted diffusion, which are previously unreported. There was no significant correlation between the radiological pattern with the disease duration, clinical features, or course of the disease. Conclusion: MRI findings in L2HGA are highly consistent and diagnostic, which helps in early diagnosis, particularly in resource-constraint settings, where detailed metabolic workup is not possible. The article also describes novel clinical radiological profile of acute encephalopathic clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | | | - Mahalakshmi Chandran
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sridhar Gibikote
- Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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15
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Shelar S, Shim EH, Brinkley GJ, Kundu A, Carobbio F, Poston T, Tan J, Parekh V, Benson D, Crossman DK, Buckhaults PJ, Rakheja D, Kirkman R, Sato Y, Ogawa S, Dutta S, Velu SE, Emberley E, Pan A, Chen J, Huang T, Absher D, Becker A, Kunick C, Sudarshan S. Biochemical and Epigenetic Insights into L-2-Hydroxyglutarate, a Potential Therapeutic Target in Renal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6433-6446. [PMID: 30108105 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevation of L-2-hydroxylgutarate (L-2-HG) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is due in part to reduced expression of L-2-HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). However, the contribution of L-2-HG to renal carcinogenesis and insight into the biochemistry and targets of this small molecule remains to be elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Genetic and pharmacologic approaches to modulate L-2-HG levels were assessed for effects on in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. Metabolomics was used to dissect the biochemical mechanisms that promote L-2-HG accumulation in RCC cells. Transcriptomic analysis was utilized to identify relevant targets of L-2-HG. Finally, bioinformatic and metabolomic analyses were used to assess the L-2-HG/L2HGDH axis as a function of patient outcome and cancer progression. RESULTS L2HGDH suppresses both in vitro cell migration and in vivo tumor growth and these effects are mediated by L2HGDH's catalytic activity. Biochemical studies indicate that glutamine is the predominant carbon source for L-2-HG via the activity of malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2). Inhibition of the glutamine-MDH2 axis suppresses in vitro phenotypes in an L-2-HG-dependent manner. Moreover, in vivo growth of RCC cells with basal elevation of L-2-HG is suppressed by glutaminase inhibition. Transcriptomic and functional analyses demonstrate that the histone demethylase KDM6A is a target of L-2-HG in RCC. Finally, increased L-2-HG levels, L2HGDH copy loss, and lower L2HGDH expression are associated with tumor progression and/or worsened prognosis in patients with RCC. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our studies provide biochemical and mechanistic insight into the biology of this small molecule and provide new opportunities for treating L-2-HG-driven kidney cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Shelar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eun-Hee Shim
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Garrett J Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Francesca Carobbio
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tyler Poston
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jubilee Tan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vishwas Parekh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daniel Benson
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Phillip J Buckhaults
- South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Calorina
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shilpa Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Alison Pan
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Chen
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tony Huang
- Calithera Biosciences, South San Francisco, California
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Anja Becker
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Conrad Kunick
- Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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16
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Collins RRJ, Patel K, Putnam WC, Kapur P, Rakheja D. Oncometabolites: A New Paradigm for Oncology, Metabolism, and the Clinical Laboratory. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1812-1820. [PMID: 29038145 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.267666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric clinical laboratories commonly measure tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of specific inborn errors of metabolism, such as organic acidurias. In the past decade, the same tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites have been implicated and studied in cancer. The accumulation of these metabolites in certain cancers not only serves as a biomarker but also directly contributes to cellular transformation, therefore earning them the designation of oncometabolites. CONTENT D-2-hydroxyglutarate, L-2-hydroxyglutarate, succinate, and fumarate are the currently recognized oncometabolites. They are structurally similar and share metabolic proximity in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. As a result, they promote tumorigenesis in cancer cells through similar mechanisms. This review summarizes the currently understood common and distinct biological features of these compounds. In addition, we will review the current laboratory methodologies that can be used to quantify these metabolites and their downstream targets. SUMMARY Oncometabolites play an important role in cancer biology. The metabolic pathways that lead to the production of oncometabolites and the downstream signaling pathways that are activated by oncometabolites represent potential therapeutic targets. Clinical laboratories have a critical role to play in the management of oncometabolite-associated cancers through development and validation of sensitive and specific assays that measure oncometabolites and their downstream effectors. These assays can be used as screening tools and for follow-up to measure response to treatment, as well as to detect minimal residual disease and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R J Collins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Dallas, TX
| | - Khushbu Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Dallas, TX
| | - William C Putnam
- Office of Clinical and Translational Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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17
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Villani A, Greer MLC, Kalish JM, Nakagawara A, Nathanson KL, Pajtler KW, Pfister SM, Walsh MF, Wasserman JD, Zelley K, Kratz CP. Recommendations for Cancer Surveillance in Individuals with RASopathies and Other Rare Genetic Conditions with Increased Cancer Risk. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:e83-e90. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Shea A, De Risio L, Carruthers H, Ekiri A, Beltran E. Clinical features and disease progression of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in 27 Staffordshire bull terriers. Vet Rec 2016; 179:545. [PMID: 27729589 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To describe the development of clinical signs (CS) and outcome of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA), owners of 119 Staffordshire bull terriers positive for the known L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase autosomal-recessive mutations were requested to complete a questionnaire regarding their pet's CS. Questionnaires were returned for 27 dogs, all with neurological abnormalities-not all questions were answered in all cases. The mean age of CS onset was 12 months (range 2.5-60). Gait dysfunction was reported in 26/26 dogs, with stiffness of all four limbs the most common (24/26) and earliest recognised abnormality. Kyphosis (19/26), body and/or head tremors (19/26) and hypermetria (15/26) were frequent. Behavioural changes were present in 24/27 dogs; most commonly staring into space (21/24), signs of dementia (17/24) and loss of training (15/24). Eighteen dogs demonstrated paroxysmal seizure-like/dyskinetic episodes. Nineteen (70 per cent) dogs were alive at a mean survival time of 76.6 months (12-170) after onset of CS. L-2-HGA was the cause of euthanasia in six dogs. Euthanasia occurred at a mean survival time of 44 months (8.5-93) after onset of CS, with 2/8 dogs euthanased within 12 months. L-2-HGA is considered a progressive neurological disease; however, CS can be successfully managed with affected dogs potentially living a normal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shea
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Centre for Small Animal Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | - L De Risio
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Centre for Small Animal Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK
| | | | - A Ekiri
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - E Beltran
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Potter's Bar, UK
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19
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Erez A, DeBerardinis RJ. Metabolic dysregulation in monogenic disorders and cancer - finding method in madness. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:440-8. [PMID: 26084394 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a prime example of a disease process in which carcinogenic and metabolic changes are intertwined to promote cell survival and growth. One approach to unravel this complex relationship is by studying rare, monogenic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding metabolic enzymes or regulators. There are hundreds of these diseases, most of which manifest in childhood and are collectively termed 'inborn errors of metabolism' (IEMs). Several IEMs demonstrate the consequences of chronic, systemic loss of a particular metabolic activity that can result in malignancy. In this Opinion article, we present a conceptual categorization of IEMs associated with cancer and discuss how assessment of these rare diseases might inform us about the biological foundations of common types of cancer and opportunities for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Erez
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Room NL12.138B, Dallas, Texas 75390-8502, USA
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20
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Shim EH, Livi CB, Rakheja D, Tan J, Benson D, Parekh V, Kho EY, Ghosh AP, Kirkman R, Velu S, Dutta S, Chenna B, Rea SL, Mishur RJ, Li Q, Johnson-Pais TL, Guo L, Bae S, Wei S, Block K, Sudarshan S. L-2-Hydroxyglutarate: an epigenetic modifier and putative oncometabolite in renal cancer. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1290-8. [PMID: 25182153 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Through unbiased metabolomics, we identified elevations of the metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). 2HG can inhibit 2-oxoglutaratre (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenases that mediate epigenetic events, including DNA and histone demethylation. 2HG accumulation, specifically the d enantiomer, can result from gain-of-function mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, IDH2) found in several different tumors. In contrast, kidney tumors demonstrate elevations of the l enantiomer of 2HG (l-2HG). High-2HG tumors demonstrate reduced DNA levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), consistent with 2HG-mediated inhibition of ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC. l-2HG elevation is mediated in part by reduced expression of l-2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). L2HGDH reconstitution in RCC cells lowers l-2HG and promotes 5hmC accumulation. In addition, L2HGDH expression in RCC cells reduces histone methylation and suppresses in vitro tumor phenotypes. Our report identifies l-2HG as an epigenetic modifier and putative oncometabolite in kidney cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Here, we report elevations of the putative oncometabolite l-2HG in the most common subtype of kidney cancer and describe a novel mechanism for the regulation of DNA 5hmC levels. Our findings provide new insight into the metabolic basis for the epigenetic landscape of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Shim
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carolina B Livi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jubilee Tan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Daniel Benson
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vishwas Parekh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eun-Young Kho
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Arindam P Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadanan Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shilpa Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Balachandra Chenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shane L Rea
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert J Mishur
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Teresa L Johnson-Pais
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Sejong Bae
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Audie L. Murphy Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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21
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Rakheja D, Khokhar S, Mitui M, Cost NG. Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT1 and its correlation with unfavorable histology and TP53 codon 72 polymorphism in Wilms tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:286-92. [PMID: 22483234 DOI: 10.2350/12-01-1151-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism, such as increased glycolysis, is a hallmark of cancer cells. One mechanism by which cancer cells fuel glycolysis is through increased uptake of glucose across cell membranes via the glucose transporter GLUT1. One of the transcriptional repressors of GLUT1 is wild-type TP53, and cancer-associated loss of function mutations within the DNA-binding domain of TP53 impairs the repressive effect of TP53 on transcriptional activity of the GLUT1 gene promoter. Because TP53 mutations are associated with unfavorable histology (diffuse anaplasia) in Wilms tumors, we hypothesized increased expression of GLUT1 in these tumors. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry for GLUT1 in a set of 50 Wilms tumors, including 5 with unfavorable histology. In a subset of 16 favorable histology Wilms tumors, we compared the GLUT1 immunoexpression with TP53 codon 72 polymorphism status. We found consistently stronger immunoexpression of GLUT1 in unfavorable histology Wilms tumors compared to favorable histology Wilms tumors (P = 0.04). We noted that the favorable histology Wilms tumors with a proline residue at position 72 of TP53 tended to have higher immunoexpression of GLUT1, although this immunoexpression did not reach statistical significance in this small set of cases. In summary, our finding of strong GLUT1 immunoexpression in unfavorable histology Wilms tumors indicates that these tumors are likely to be 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-d-glucose avid and that GLUT1 should be evaluated as a therapeutic target for these tumors that otherwise show resistance to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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22
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Kranendijk M, Struys EA, Salomons GS, Van der Knaap MS, Jakobs C. Progress in understanding 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:571-87. [PMID: 22391998 PMCID: PMC3388262 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The organic acidurias D: -2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA), L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA), and combined D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D,L-2-HGA) cause neurological impairment at young age. Accumulation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) and/or L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2-HG) in body fluids are the biochemical hallmarks of these disorders. The current review describes the knowledge gathered on 2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias (2-HGA), since the description of the first patients in 1980. We report on the clinical, genetic, enzymatic and metabolic characterization of D-2-HGA type I, D-2-HGA type II, L-2-HGA and D,L-2-HGA, whereas for D-2-HGA type I and type II novel clinical information is presented which was derived from questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Kranendijk
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A. Struys
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gajja S. Salomons
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis Jakobs
- Metabolic Unit - Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Patay Z, Mills JC, Löbel U, Lambert A, Sablauer A, Ellison DW. Cerebral neoplasms in L-2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria: 3 new cases and meta-analysis of literature data. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:940-3. [PMID: 22241392 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Increasing evidence suggests that patients with L2-HGA have a predisposition to cerebral neoplasms. This may be related to the pathologic accumulation of L2-HG because high amounts of 2-HG have been found in brain neoplasms that have IDH1 mutations. Our experience, on the basis of 11 previously unreported cases of L2-HGA, 3 of which developed cerebral neoplasms during the course of the disease, also supports an association between L2-HGA and cerebral neoplasms. We conducted a meta-analysis of published data, and we identified 295 patients (including our 11 patients) with L2-HGA. In 14 patients, the metabolic disorder was associated with cerebral neoplasms, suggesting an approximately 5% prevalence rate of CNS neoplasms in patients with L2-HGA; nonetheless, it may still be an underestimate. L2-HGA is an important disease "model" that provides further evidence to support the recently proposed pathogenetic role of 2-HG in the development of cerebral neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Patay
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Mail Stop 210, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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24
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Erez A, Shchelochkov OA, Plon SE, Scaglia F, Lee B. Insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer from inborn errors of metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 2011. [PMID: 21473982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.03.005.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes that play fundamental roles in metabolic pathways have been found to also play a role in tumor development and susceptibility to cancer. At the same time, significant progress has been made in the treatment of patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM),(1) resulting in increased longevity and the unmasking of cancer predisposition, frequently hepatocellular carcinoma, in these conditions. These patients offer a potential opportunity to deepen our understanding of how intermediary metabolism impacts tumorigenesis. We provide an overview from the perspective of cancers in patients affected with IEM and discuss how dysregulation of these specific metabolic pathways might contribute to the mechanisms of cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Erez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Erez A, Shchelochkov OA, Plon SE, Scaglia F, Lee B. Insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer from inborn errors of metabolism. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:402-21. [PMID: 21473982 PMCID: PMC3071916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes that play fundamental roles in metabolic pathways have been found to also play a role in tumor development and susceptibility to cancer. At the same time, significant progress has been made in the treatment of patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM),(1) resulting in increased longevity and the unmasking of cancer predisposition, frequently hepatocellular carcinoma, in these conditions. These patients offer a potential opportunity to deepen our understanding of how intermediary metabolism impacts tumorigenesis. We provide an overview from the perspective of cancers in patients affected with IEM and discuss how dysregulation of these specific metabolic pathways might contribute to the mechanisms of cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Erez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Rakheja D, Mitui M, Boriack RL, DeBerardinis RJ. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 mutational analyses and 2-hydroxyglutarate measurements in Wilms tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:379-83. [PMID: 21225914 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is an uncommon inborn error of metabolism, in which the patients are predisposed to develop brain tumors. Elevated levels of D-2-hydroxyglutarate have been demonstrated with malignant gliomas and myeloid leukemias associated with somatic mutations of the genes encoding NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1 and IDH2, respectively). Recently, we noted a Wilms tumor in a child with L-2-HGA. Given the accumulating evidence that both enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate are associated with cellular transformation, we investigated if sporadic Wilms tumors are associated with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations or with elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate. PROCEDURE We retrieved 21 frozen Wilms tumor tissues. In 20 cases, we sequenced exon 4 and flanking intronic regions of IDH1 and IDH2. In all 21 cases, we measured 2-hydroxyglutarate levels by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We did not find mutations at the hot spots IDH1 codon 132 or IDH2 codon 172. Two cases (1 with favorable histology and 1 with unfavorable histology) showed heterozygous change c.211G>A (p.Val71Ile) in IDH1, a change previously reported as a mutation but listed as a single nucleotide polymorphism in the NCBI SNP database. We did not find increased levels of 2-hydroxygluatric acid in any sample. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IDH1 codon 132 or IDH2 codon 172 mutations or elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate levels do not play a role in the biology of sporadic Wilms tumors. The significance of heterozygous change c.211G>A (p.Val71Ile) in IDH1, seen in two tumors, is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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27
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Rakheja D, Boriack RL, Mitui M, Khokhar S, Holt SA, Kapur P. Papillary thyroid carcinoma shows elevated levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:325-33. [PMID: 21080253 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of D: -2-hydroxyglutarate (D: -2-HG) occur in gliomas and myeloid leukemias associated with mutations of IDH1 and IDH2. L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, an inherited metabolic disorder, predisposes to brain tumors. Therefore, we asked whether sporadic cancers, without IDH1 or IDH2 hot-spot mutations, show elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate levels. We retrieved 15 pairs of frozen papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and adjacent non-neoplastic thyroid, and 14 pairs of hyperplastic nodule (HN) and adjacent non-hyperplastic thyroid. In all lesions, exon 4 sequencing confirmed the absence of known mutations of IDH1 and IDH2. We measured 2-hydroxyglutarate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Compared to normal thyroid, PTCs had significantly higher D: -2-HG and L: -2-hydroxyglutarate (L: -2-HG) levels, and compared to HNs, PTCs had significantly higher D: -2-HG levels. D: -2-HG/L: -2-HG levels were not significantly different between HNs and normal thyroid. Further studies should clarify if elevated 2-hydroxyglutarate in PTC may be useful as cancer biomarker and evaluate the role of 2-hydroxyglutarate in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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