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Pedroza DA, Gao Y, Zhang XHF, Rosen JM. Leveraging preclinical models of metastatic breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189163. [PMID: 39084494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Women that present to the clinic with established breast cancer metastases have limited treatment options. Yet, the majority of preclinical studies are actually not directed at developing treatment regimens for established metastatic disease. In this review we will discuss the current state of preclinical macro-metastatic breast cancer models, including, but not limited to syngeneic GEMM, PDX and xenografts. Challenges within these models which are often overlooked include fluorophore-immunogenic neoantigens, differences in experimental vs spontaneous metastasis and tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, due to cell plasticity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of the metastatic landscape, the treatment efficacy of newly approved immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may differ in metastatic sites as compared to primary localized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pedroza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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2
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Machida Y, Imai T. Different properties of mammary carcinogenesis induced by two chemical carcinogens, DMBA and PhIP, in heterozygous BALB/c Trp53 knockout mice. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:738. [PMID: 34466150 PMCID: PMC8387855 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical carcinogens, such as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP), are known to induce mammary carcinomas in mice and rats. In the present study, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of carcinogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in heterozygous BALB/c tumor protein p53 (Trp53) knockout mice were examined with reference to published data surrounding human breast cancer. A significantly accelerated induction of mammary carcinomas was observed following a single dose of DMBA (50 mg/kg of body weight at 7 weeks of age), and a modest acceleration was induced by PhIP (50 mg/kg of body weight) administered by gavage 6 times/2 weeks from 7 weeks of age. DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas were histopathologically characterized by distinct biphasic structures with luminal and myoepithelial cells, as well as a frequent estrogen receptor expression, and PhIP-induced carcinomas with solid/microacinar structures consisted of pleomorphic cells. Of note, DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas were characterized by a HRas proto-oncogene (Hras) mutation at codon 61, and gene/protein expression indicating MAPK stimulation. PhIP-induced lesions were suspected to be caused by different molecular mechanisms, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling and/or gene mutation-independent PI3K/AKT signaling activation. In conclusion, the present mouse mammary carcinogenesis models, induced by a combination of genetic and exogenous factors, may be utilized (such as the DMBA-induced model with Trp53 gene function deficiency as a model of adenomyoepithelioma, characterized by distinct biphasic cell constituents and Hras mutations), but PhIP-induced models are required to further analyze the genetic/epigenetic mechanisms promoting mammary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Machida
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshio Imai
- Central Animal Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Nguyen DH, Ouyang H, Mao JH, Hlatky L, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Distinct luminal-type mammary carcinomas arise from orthotopic Trp53-null mammary transplantation of juvenile versus adult mice. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7149-58. [PMID: 25281718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age and physiologic status, such as menopause, are risk factors for breast cancer. Less clear is what factors influence the diversity of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of host age on the distribution of tumor subtypes in mouse mammary chimera consisting of wild-type hosts and Trp53 nullizygous epithelium, which undergoes a high rate of neoplastic transformation. Wild-type mammary glands cleared of endogenous epithelium at 3 weeks of age were subsequently transplanted during puberty (5 weeks) or at maturation (10 weeks) with syngeneic Trp53-null mammary tissue fragments and monitored for one year. Tumors arose sooner from adult hosts (AH) compared with juvenile hosts (JH). However, compared with AH tumors, JH tumors grew several times faster, were more perfused, exhibited a two-fold higher mitotic index, and were more highly positive for insulin-like growth factor receptor phosphorylation. Most tumors in each setting were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (80% JH vs. 70% AH), but JH tumors were significantly more ER-immunoreactive (P = 0.0001) than AH tumors. A differential expression signature (JvA) of juvenile versus adult tumors revealed a luminal transcriptional program. Centroids of the human homologs of JvA genes showed that JH tumors were more like luminal A tumors and AH tumors were more like luminal B tumors. Hierarchical clustering with the JvA human ortholog gene list segregated luminal A and luminal B breast cancers across datasets. These data support the notion that age-associated host physiology greatly influences the intrinsic subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Haoxu Ouyang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, GeneSys Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Illa-Bochaca I, Ouyang H, Tang J, Sebastiano C, Mao JH, Costes SV, Demaria S, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Densely Ionizing Radiation Acts via the Microenvironment to Promote Aggressive Trp53-Null Mammary Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7137-48. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Barcellos-Hoff MH, Adams C, Balmain A, Costes SV, Demaria S, Illa-Bochaca I, Mao JH, Ouyang H, Sebastiano C, Tang J. Systems biology perspectives on the carcinogenic potential of radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55. [PMCID: PMC3941546 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent experimental and modeling studies that attempt to define the physiological context in which high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation increases epithelial cancer risk and the efficiency with which it does so. Radiation carcinogenesis is a two-compartment problem: ionizing radiation can alter genomic sequence as a result of damage due to targeted effects (TE) from the interaction of energy and DNA; it can also alter phenotype and multicellular interactions that contribute to cancer by poorly understood non-targeted effects (NTE). Rather than being secondary to DNA damage and mutations that can initiate cancer, radiation NTE create the critical context in which to promote cancer. Systems biology modeling using comprehensive experimental data that integrates different levels of biological organization and time-scales is a means of identifying the key processes underlying the carcinogenic potential of high-LET radiation. We hypothesize that inflammation is a key process, and thus cancer susceptibility will depend on specific genetic predisposition to the type and duration of this response. Systems genetics using novel mouse models can be used to identify such determinants of susceptibility to cancer in radiation sensitive tissues following high-LET radiation. Improved understanding of radiation carcinogenesis achieved by defining the relative contribution of NTE carcinogenic effects and identifying the genetic determinants of the high-LET cancer susceptibility will help reduce uncertainties in radiation risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA. Tel: +1-212-263-3021;
| | - Cassandra Adams
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, 1450 Third Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sylvain V. Costes
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS977, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Irineu Illa-Bochaca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jian Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS977, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Haoxu Ouyang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Sebastiano
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 566 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jonathan Tang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS977, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
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Petrocca F, Altschuler G, Tan SM, Mendillo ML, Yan H, Jerry DJ, Kung AL, Hide W, Ince TA, Lieberman J. A genome-wide siRNA screen identifies proteasome addiction as a vulnerability of basal-like triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:182-96. [PMID: 23948298 PMCID: PMC3773329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Basal-like triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have poor prognosis. To identify basal-like TNBC dependencies, a genome-wide siRNA lethality screen compared two human breast epithelial cell lines transformed with the same genes: basal-like BPLER and myoepithelial HMLER. Expression of the screen's 154 BPLER dependency genes correlated with poor prognosis in breast, but not lung or colon, cancer. Proteasome genes were overrepresented hits. Basal-like TNBC lines were selectively sensitive to proteasome inhibitor drugs relative to normal epithelial, luminal, and mesenchymal TNBC lines. Proteasome inhibition reduced growth of established basal-like TNBC tumors in mice and blocked tumor-initiating cell function and macrometastasis. Proteasome addiction in basal-like TNBCs was mediated by NOXA and linked to MCL-1 dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Petrocca
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Gabriel Altschuler
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Shen Mynn Tan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marc L. Mendillo
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Haoheng Yan
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Andrew L. Kung
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Winston Hide
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Tan A. Ince
- Department of Pathology, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: or
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Alexander CM, Goel S, Fakhraldeen SA, Kim S. Wnt signaling in mammary glands: plastic cell fates and combinatorial signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008037. [PMID: 22661590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mouse mammary gland is an outstanding developmental model that exemplifies the activities of many of the effector pathways known to organize mammalian morphogenesis; furthermore, there are well-characterized methods for the specific genetic manipulation of various mammary epithelial cell components. Among these signaling pathways, Wnt signaling has been shown to generate plasticity of fate determination, expanding the genetic programs available to cells in the mammary lineage. It is responsible first for the appearance of the mammary fate in embryonic ectoderm and then for maintaining bi-potential basal stem cells in adult mammary ductal trees. Recent technical developments have led to the separate analysis of various mammary epithelial cell subpopulations, spurring the investigation of Wnt-dependent interactions. Although Wnt signaling was shown to be oncogenic for mouse mammary epithelium even before being identified as the principle oncogenic driver for gut epithelium, conclusive data implicating this pathway as a tumor driver for breast cancer lag behind, and we examine potential reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1599, USA.
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Kim S, Roopra A, Alexander CM. A phenotypic mouse model of basaloid breast tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30979. [PMID: 22347416 PMCID: PMC3276569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic strategies that target basal-like breast tumors are difficult to design without understanding their cellular and molecular basis. Here, we induce tumors in mice by carcinogen administration, creating a phenocopy of tumors with the diagnostic and functional aspects of human triple negative disease (including EGFR expression/lack of erbB, estrogen-independent growth and co-clustering of the transcriptome with other basaloid models). These tumor strains are a complement to established mouse models that are based on mutations in Brca1 and/or p53. Tumors comprise two distinct cell subpopulations, basal and luminal epithelial cells. These cell fractions were purified by flow cytometry, and only basal cell fractions found to have tumor initiating activity (cancer stem cells). The phenotype of serially regenerated tumors was stable, and irrespective of tumor precursor cell. Tumors were passaged entirely in vivo and serial generations tested for their phenotypic stability. The relative chemo-sensitivity of basal and luminal cells were evaluated. Upon treatment with anthracycline, tumors were effectively de-bulked, but recurred; this correlated with maintenance of a high rate of basal cell division throughout the treatment period. Thus, these tumors grow as robust cell mixtures of basal bipotential tumor initiating cells alongside a luminal majority, and the cellular response to drug administration is dominated by the distinct biology of the two cell types. Given the ability to separate basal and luminal cells, and the discovery potential of this approach, we propose that this mouse model could be a convenient one for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen DH, Martinez-Ruiz H, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Consequences of epithelial or stromal TGFβ1 depletion in the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:147-55. [PMID: 21590374 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ) affects stroma and epithelial composition and interactions that mediate mammary development and determine the course of cancer. The reduction of TGFβ in Tgfβ1 heterozygote mice, which are healthy and long-lived, provides an important model to dissect the contribution of TGFβ in mammary gland biology and cancer. We used both intact mice and mammary chimeras in conjunction with Tgfβ1 genetic depletion and TGFβ neutralizing antibodies to evaluate how stromal or epithelial TGFβ depletion affect mammary development and response to physiological stimuli. Our studies of radiation carcinogenesis have revealed new aspects of TGFβ biology and suggest that the paradoxical TGFβ switch from tumor suppressor to tumor promoter can be resolved by assessing distinct stromal versus epithelial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Nguyen
- Endocrinology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Tao L, Roberts AL, Dunphy KA, Bigelow C, Yan H, Jerry DJ. Repression of mammary stem/progenitor cells by p53 is mediated by Notch and separable from apoptotic activity. Stem Cells 2011; 29:119-27. [PMID: 21280161 DOI: 10.1002/stem.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common tumor among women with inherited mutations in the p53 gene (Li-Fraumeni syndrome). The tumors represent the basal-like subtype, which has been suggested to originate from mammary stem/progenitor cells. In mouse mammary epithelium, mammosphere-forming potential was increased with decreased dosage of the gene encoding the p53 tumor suppressor protein (Trp53). Limiting dilution transplantation also showed a 3.3-fold increase in the frequency of long-term regenerative mammary stem cells in Trp53-/- mice. The repression of mammospheres by p53 was apparent despite the absence of apoptotic responses to radiation indicating a dissociation of these two activities of p53. The effects of p53 on progenitor cells were also observed in TM40A cells using both mammosphere-forming assays and the DsRed-let7c-sensor. The frequency of long-term label-retaining epithelial cells was decreased in Trp53-/- mammary glands indicating that asymmetric segregation of DNA is diminished and contributes to the expansion of the mammary stem cells. Treatment with an inhibitor of γ-secretase (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester) reduced the number of Trp53-/- mammospheres to the level found in Trp53+/+ cells. These results demonstrate that basal levels of p53 restrict mammary stem/progenitor cells through Notch and that the Notch pathway is a therapeutic target to prevent expansion of this vulnerable pool of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Tao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Inactivation of p53 in breast cancers correlates with stem cell transcriptional signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22745-50. [PMID: 21149740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer comprises a heterogeneous set of diseases distinguishable from one another by pathologic presentation and molecular signatures. However, each breast cancer subtype is also heterogeneous. Some of the heterogeneity may be attributable to genetic instability, but recent data emphasize that developmental plasticity may also contribute. The p53 tumor suppressor could constitute a nodal control point underlying both sources of heterogeneity because it is frequently inactivated during malignant progression and has recently been shown to function as a potent barrier preventing fully differentiated cells from reverting to pluripotent stem cells after expression of appropriate oncogenes. Using archival microarray datasets, we tested the hypothesis that a p53 mutation could allow cells within a tumor to acquire a stem cell-like state by looking for coordinate expression of stem cell identity genes. We show that breast and lung cancers with p53 mutations do exhibit stem cell-like transcriptional patterns. Such tumors were also depleted for differentiation genes regulated by the polycomb repressor complex 2. These data are consistent with a model in which loss of p53 function enables acquisition of stem cell properties, which are positively selected during tumor progression.
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