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Kolliari-Turner A, Lima G, Wang G, Malinsky FR, Karanikolou A, Eichhorn G, Tanisawa K, Ospina-Betancurt J, Hamilton B, Kumi PY, Shurlock J, Skiadas V, Twycross-Lewis R, Kilduff L, Martin RP, Ash GI, Potter C, Guppy FM, Seto JT, Fossati C, Pigozzi F, Borrione P, Pitsiladis Y. An observational human study investigating the effect of anabolic androgenic steroid use on the transcriptome of skeletal muscle and whole blood using RNA-Seq. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:94. [PMID: 37138349 PMCID: PMC10157927 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are largely illustrated through Androgen Receptor induced gene transcription, yet RNA-Seq has yet to be conducted on human whole blood and skeletal muscle. Investigating the transcriptional signature of AAS in blood may aid AAS detection and in muscle further understanding of AAS induced hypertrophy. METHODS Males aged 20-42 were recruited and sampled once: sedentary controls (C), resistance trained lifters (RT) and resistance trained current AAS users (RT-AS) who ceased exposure ≤ 2 or ≥ 10 weeks prior to sampling. RT-AS were sampled twice as Returning Participants (RP) if AAS usage ceased for ≥ 18 weeks. RNA was extracted from whole blood and trapezius muscle samples. RNA libraries were sequenced twice, for validation purposes, on the DNBSEQ-G400RS with either standard or CoolMPS PE100 reagents following MGI protocols. Genes were considered differentially expressed with FDR < 0.05 and a 1.2- fold change. RESULTS Cross-comparison of both standard reagent whole blood (N = 55: C = 7, RT = 20, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 14, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 10, RP = 4; N = 46: C = 6, RT = 17, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 12, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 8, RP = 3) sequencing datasets, showed that no genes or gene sets/pathways were differentially expressed between time points for RP or between group comparisons of RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. C, RT, or RT-AS ≥ 10. Cross-comparison of both muscle (N = 51, C = 5, RT = 17, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 15, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 11, RP = 3) sequencing (one standard & one CoolMPS reagent) datasets, showed one gene, CHRDL1, which has atrophying potential, was upregulated in RP visit two. In both muscle sequencing datasets, nine differentially expressed genes, overlapped with RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. RT and RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. C, but were not differentially expressed with RT vs. C, possibly suggesting they are from acute doping alone. No genes seemed to be differentially expressed in muscle after the long-term cessation of AAS, whereas a previous study found long term proteomic changes. CONCLUSION A whole blood transcriptional signature of AAS doping was not identified. However, RNA-Seq of muscle has identified numerous differentially expressed genes with known impacts on hypertrophic processes that may further our understanding on AAS induced hypertrophy. Differences in training regimens in participant groupings may have influenced results. Future studies should focus on longitudinal sampling pre, during and post-AAS exposure to better control for confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kolliari-Turner
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Giscard Lima
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
- Muscle Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Guan Wang
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Fernanda Rossell Malinsky
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
| | - Antonia Karanikolou
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
| | - Gregor Eichhorn
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Blair Hamilton
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- The Gender Identity Clinic, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paulette Y.O. Kumi
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Vasileios Skiadas
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard Twycross-Lewis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Liam Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise, and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - Renan Paulo Martin
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | | | - Fergus M. Guppy
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- Institute for Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane T. Seto
- Muscle Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Heath Sciences, University of Brighton Welkin House, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN UK
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2019/2020. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:8-35. [PMID: 33185038 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry-based research in sports drug testing has been a dynamic endeavor for several decades, with technology-driven innovations continuously contributing to significant improvements in various regards including analytical sensitivity, comprehensiveness of target analytes, differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds, assessment of alternative matrices for doping control purposes, and so forth. The resulting breadth of tools being investigated and developed by anti-doping researchers has allowed to substantially improve anti-doping programs and data interpretation in general. Additionally, these outcomes have been an extremely valuable pledge for routine doping controls during the unprecedented global health crisis that severely affected established sports drug testing strategies. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2019 and September 2020 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2020 Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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