1
|
Robin N, Crespo M, Ishihara T, Carien R, Brechbuhl C, Hue O, Dominique L. Pre-, Per- and post-cooling strategies used by competitive tennis players in hot dry and hot humid conditions. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1427066. [PMID: 39359487 PMCID: PMC11445033 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1427066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research investigated the pre-, per- and post cooling strategies used by competitive tennis players from various levels of play who occasionally train and compete in hot (>28°C) and humid (>60% rH), and dry (<60% rH) environments. Methods 129 male tennis players (Mage = 24.9) competing at regional (N = 54), national (N = 30) and international (N = 45) levels, completed an online questionnaire regarding their use (i.e., timing, type, justification and effectiveness) of pre- (i.e., before practice), per- (i.e., during exercise) and post-cooling strategies when playing tennis in hot dry (HD) and hot humid (HH) conditions. Individual follow-up interviews were also carried on 3 participants to gain an in-depth understanding of the player's experience. Results Competitive tennis players used both internal and external cooling strategies to combat the negative effects of HD and HH conditions, but considered the HH to be more stressful than HD and experienced more heat-related illness in HH environments. International players used cold packs and cold towel more frequently than the regional and national players in hot environments, and used cold water immersion and cold vest more frequently than the latter in HH. Differences in strategy use were mostly observed during per-cooling where regional and national players more frequently used cold drinks than international players who more frequently used cold packs in HD and cold towel in HH conditions. Moreover the latter more frequently used cold towel, cold packs and cold water immersion as post-cooling strategies than regional players. Conclusion When playing tennis in the heat, it is strongly recommended to employ cooling strategies to maintain health, limit declines in performance, and promote recovery. We also recommend improving education regarding the appropriate use and effectiveness of cooling strategies, and increasing their availability in tournaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Robin
- Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Miguel Crespo
- International Tennis Federation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Robbin Carien
- Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | | | - Olivier Hue
- Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Laurent Dominique
- Laboratory IRISSE (EA 4070), Sport Sciences Faculty, University of La Reunion, Le Tampon, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palucci Vieira LH, Carling C, Kalva-Filho CA, Santinelli FB, Velluto LAG, da Silva JP, Clemente FM, Kellis E, Barbieri FA. Recovery of kicking kinematics and performance following repeated high-intensity running bouts in the heat: Can a rapid local cooling intervention help young soccer players? J Sports Sci 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37279300 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2220194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a cooling strategy following repeated high-intensity running (RHIR) on soccer kicking performance in a hot environment (>30ºC) were investigated in youth soccer players. Fifteen academy under-17 players participated. In Experiment 1, players completed an all-out RHIR protocol (10×30 m, with 30s intervals). In Experiment 2 (cross-over design), participants performed this running protocol under two conditions: (1) following RHIR 5 minutes of cooling where ice packs were applied to the quadriceps/hamstrings, (2) a control condition involving passive resting. Perceptual measures [ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), pain and recovery], thigh temperature and kick-derived video three-dimensional kinematics (lower limb) and performance (ball speed and two-dimensional placement indices) were collected at baseline, post-exercise and intervention. In Experiment 1, RHIR led to small-to-large impairments (p < 0.03;d = -0.42--1.83) across perceptual, kinematic and performance measures. In experiment 2, RPE (p < 0.01; Kendall's W = 0.30) and mean radial error (p = 0.057; η2 = 0.234) increased only post-control. Significant small declines in ball speed were also observed post-control (p < 0.05; d = 0.35). Post-intervention foot centre-of-mass velocity was moderately faster in the cooling compared to control condition (p = 0.04; d = 0.60). In youth soccer players, a short cooling period was beneficial in counteracting declines in kicking performance, in particular ball placement, following intense running activity in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Dept, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Christopher Carling
- FFF Research Centre, French Football Federation, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-En-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Carlos A Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Dept, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Santinelli
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Dept, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo A G Velluto
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Dept, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - João Pedro da Silva
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Dept, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto E Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana Do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial E Comercial de Nun'álvares, Viana Do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Fabio A Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Faculty of Sciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Physical Education Dept, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao Y, Lei TH, Wang F, Yang B, Mündel T. Head, Face and Neck Cooling as Per-cooling (Cooling During Exercise) Modalities to Improve Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Narrative Review and Practical Applications. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:16. [PMID: 35092517 PMCID: PMC8800980 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that uncompensable heat stress greatly impairs endurance and team sport-related performance because an increase in the core temperature directly induces a greater magnitude of the central fatigue in the heat than in thermal neutral environments. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to discover reliable cooling strategies for improving endurance performance and repeated sprint ability while exercising in the heat. Whole-body pre-cooling has been shown to improve endurance performance in both dry and humid heat. Despite this, the reduction in thermal perceptions associated with pre-cooling gradually narrows during intense exercise. Hence, effective per-cooling strategies to improve athletic performance in the heat are required. Unfortunately, due to practical issues, adopting pre-cooling approaches as a per-cooling (cooling during exercise) modality to improve athletic performance is impractical. Thus, we sought to examine the impact of head, neck and face cooling on athletic performance in heat. According to current evidence, cooling the head, neck and face reduced local skin temperature in the areas where cooling was applied, resulting in improved local perceptual sensations. In the heat, neck cooling during exercise improves athletic performance in both endurance and team sports athletes. Furthermore, from a practical standpoint, neck cooling is preferred over head, face and combined head/face and neck cooling for both endurance and team sport athletes in the heat. Nonetheless, for all athletes who have access to water, face cooling is a recommended cooling strategy. There is a lack of research on the systematic selection of per-cooling modalities to improve athletic performance based on environmental conditions and the nature of sports. In addition, powerful but portable head, neck and face cooling systems are urgently needed to assist athletes in improving their performance in hot conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhang Cao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Tze-Huan Lei
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, China
| | - Faming Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Jiulong Lake Campus, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Energy and Safety Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|