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Uchimura M, Anno Y, Takigawa H, Yoshida M, Hayashi K. Chronic Encapsulated Intracerebral Hematoma after Carbon Ion Therapy for Chordoma Mimicking Malignant Glioma: A Case Report. NMC Case Rep J 2024; 11:163-168. [PMID: 38966338 PMCID: PMC11223888 DOI: 10.2176/jns-nmc.2023-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma is a rare type of intracerebral hemorrhage. Reportedly, it is associated with vascular malformations, including arteriovenous malformations, cavernous hemangiomas, microaneurysms, and venous malformations. Recently, an association between chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma and stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations has been reported. In general, as the hematoma enlarges, symptoms progress slowly. In this report, we present a case of a 50-year-old woman who had undergone clivus chordoma resection and carbon ion therapy for the clivus respectively 27 and 20 years before developing chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma with rapidly progressing disturbance of consciousness. She was referred to our hospital because of difficulty walking due to left hemiparesis. Head computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a cystic lesion in the right temporal lobe with perifocal edema. On the second day of hospitalization, the patient's consciousness worsened. We suspected a malignant glioma and performed an emergency craniotomy; however, the pathological diagnosis was chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma. After the rehabilitation therapy, the patient became ambulatory and was discharged. To the date of reporting, the patient remained recurrence-free. Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma may be due to invasive craniotomy or carbon ion therapy. It usually progresses slowly; however, in some cases, such as this one, it may cause rapid deterioration of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uchimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuichi Anno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Matsue City Hospital, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Haruo Takigawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Matsue City Hospital, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Manabu Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Matsue City Hospital, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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Balakin VE, Belyakova TA, Rozanova OM, Smirnova EN, Strelnikova NS, Kuznetsova EA. Anti-tumor Effect of High Doses of Carbon Ions and X-Rays during Irradiation of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells Ex Vivo. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 513:S30-S35. [PMID: 38472666 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672924700765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The effect of carbon ions (12C) with the energy of 400 MeV/nucleon on the dynamics of induction and growth rate of solid tumors in mice under irradiation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) ex vivo at doses of 5-30 Gy relative to the action of equally effective doses of X-ray radiation was studied. The dynamics of tumor induction under the action of 12C and X-rays had a similar character and depended on the dose during 3 months of observation. The value of the latent period, both when irradiating cells with 12C and X-ray, increased with increasing dose, and the interval for tumor induction decreased. The rate of tumor growth after ex vivo irradiation of EAC cells was independent of either dose or type of radiation. The dose at which EAC tumors are not induced within 90 days was 30 Gy for carbon ions and 60 Gy for X-rays. The value of the relative biological effectiveness of carbon ions, calculated from an equally effective dose of 50% probability of tumors, was 2.59.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Balakin
- Branch "Physical-Technical Center" of Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Protvino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - T A Belyakova
- Branch "Physical-Technical Center" of Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Protvino, Moscow oblast, Russia.
| | - O M Rozanova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - E N Smirnova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - N S Strelnikova
- Branch "Physical-Technical Center" of Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Protvino, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - E A Kuznetsova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow oblast, Russia
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Nachankar A, Schafasand M, Carlino A, Hug E, Stock M, Góra J, Fossati P. Planning Strategy to Optimize the Dose-Averaged LET Distribution in Large Pelvic Sarcomas/Chordomas Treated with Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4903. [PMID: 37835598 PMCID: PMC10571585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve outcomes in large sarcomas/chordomas treated with CIRT, there has been recent interest in LET optimization. We evaluated 22 pelvic sarcoma/chordoma patients treated with CIRT [large: HD-CTV ≥ 250 cm3 (n = 9), small: HD-CTV < 250 cm3 (n = 13)], DRBE|LEM-I = 73.6 (70.4-73.6) Gy (RBE)/16 fractions, using the local effect model-I (LEM-I) optimization and modified-microdosimetric kinetic model (mMKM) recomputation. We observed that to improve high-LETd distribution in large tumors, at least 27 cm3 (low-LETd region) of HD-CTV should receive LETd of ≥33 keV/µm (p < 0.05). Hence, LETd optimization using 'distal patching' was explored in a treatment planning setting (not implemented clinically yet). Distal-patching structures were created to stop beams 1-2 cm beyond the HD-PTV-midplane. These plans were reoptimized and DRBE|LEM-I, DRBE|mMKM, and LETd were recomputed. Distal patching increased (a) LETd50% in HD-CTV (from 38 ± 3.4 keV/µm to 47 ± 8.1 keV/µm), (b) LETdmin in low-LETd regions of the HD-CTV (from 32 ± 2.3 keV/µm to 36.2 ± 3.6 keV/µm), (c) the GTV fraction receiving LETd of ≥50 keV/µm, (from <10% to >50%) and (d) the high-LETd component in the central region of the GTV, without significant compromise in DRBE distribution. However, distal patching is sensitive to setup/range uncertainties, and efforts to ascertain robustness are underway, before routine clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Nachankar
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
- ACMIT Gmbh, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Mansure Schafasand
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Division Medical Physics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Antonio Carlino
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Eugen Hug
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Markus Stock
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
- Division Medical Physics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Joanna Góra
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Piero Fossati
- MedAustron Ion Therapy Center, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; (M.S.); (A.C.); (E.H.); (M.S.); (J.G.); (P.F.)
- Division Radiation Oncology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Oike T, Kakoti S, Sakai M, Matsumura A, Ohno T, Shibata A. Analysis of the relationship between LET, γH2AX foci volume and cell killing effect of carbon ions using high-resolution imaging technology. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:335-344. [PMID: 36621883 PMCID: PMC10036109 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The strong cell killing effect of high linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ions is dependent on lethal DNA damage. Our recent studies suggest that induction of clusters of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in close proximity is one of the potential mechanisms. However, the relationship between LET, the degree of DSB clustering and the cell killing effect of carbon ions remains unclear. Here, we used high-resolution imaging technology to analyze the volume of γH2AX foci induced by monoenergetic carbon ions with a clinically-relevant range of LET (13-100 keV/μm). We obtained data from 3317 γH2AX foci and used a gaussian function to approximate the probability (p) that 1 Gy-carbon ions induce γH2AX foci of a given volume (vth) or greater per nucleus. Cell killing effects were assessed in clonogenic assays. The cell killing effect showed high concordance with p at vth = 0.7 μm3 across various LET values; the difference between the two was 4.7% ± 2.2%. This relationship was also true for clinical carbon ion beams harboring a mixed LET profile throughout a spread-out Bragg peak width (30-120 mm), with the difference at vth = 0.7 μm3 being 1.6% ± 1.2% when a Monte Carlo simulation-derived dose-averaged LET was used to calculate p. These data indicate that the cell killing effect of carbon ions is predictable by the ability of carbon ions to induce γH2AX foci containing clustered DSBs, which is linked to LET, providing the biological basis for LET modulation in the planning of carbon ion radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oike
- Corresponding author. Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 339-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan. Tel: +81-27-220-8383; E-mail:
| | - Sangeeta Kakoti
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Navi Mumbai 410210
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsumura
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Bai J, Wang S, Xu F, Dong M, Wang J, Sun X, Xiao G. L. reuteri JMR-01 adjuvant 12C 6+ irradiation exerts anti-colon carcinoma effects by modulating the gut microbiota in mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:779-790. [PMID: 36731457 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2142979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics such as Lactobacillus could modulate the intestinal microbiota and have been considered as an effective strategy for ameliorating colon carcinoma. Nevertheless, its efficiency remains the biggest challenge. METHODS We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri JMR-01 adjuvant 12C6+ irradiation on CT-26 syngeneic mouse models. Meanwhile, intestinal flora and innate immunity were examined to outline mechanisms. RESULTS Anti-proliferation effect of live probiotic combined with inactivated probiotic JMR-01 (LP + IP) on CT-26 reached a maximum of 39.55% among other experiment groups at 24 h when the ratio of cell to CFU was 1:1 in vitro. These activities have been fully validated in vivo, tumor-bearing mice treated by 12C6+ irradiation combining with living and inactivated probiotics JMR-01 (IR + LP + IP) for 50-day held the highest survival rate (71.4%) and complete remission rate (14.3%). We also demonstrated significant fluctuation in gut microbiota, including the decreased abundance of Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens related to tumorigenesis and development, and the increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium closely associated with health restoration in fecal of mice treated with JMR-01 LP + IP adjuvant 12C6+ irradiation (IR + LP + IP). Similarly, the decreasing nitroreductase activities and increasing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations were observed in IR + LP + IP group compared with tumor control group, which further confirmed the changes of gut microbiota. Additionally, we found that the strongest stimulation index of splenocyte (2.47) and the phagocytosis index peritoneal macrophage (3.68) were achieved by LP + IP compared with single live JMR-01 (LP) and inactivated JMR-01 (IP). CONCLUSIONS JMR-01 LP + IP adjuvant 12C6+ irradiation could mitigate cancer progression by modulating innate immunity as well as intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bai
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China.,College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuyang Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China.,College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China.,College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Miaoyin Dong
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Junkai Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xisi Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China.,College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guoqing Xiao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, PR China.,College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Nachankar A, Oike T, Hanaoka H, Kanai A, Sato H, Yoshida Y, Obinata H, Sakai M, Osu N, Hirota Y, Takahashi A, Shibata A, Ohno T. 64Cu-ATSM Predicts Efficacy of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Associated with Cellular Antioxidant Capacity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246159. [PMID: 34944777 PMCID: PMC8699283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbon ion radiotherapy is an emerging cancer treatment modality that has a greater therapeutic window than conventional photon radiotherapy. To maximize the efficacy of this extremely scarce medical resource, it is important to identify predictive biomarkers of higher carbon ion relative biological effectiveness (RBE) over photons. Here we show that the carbon ion RBE in human cancer cells correlates with the cellular uptake of 64Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), a potential radioligand that reflects an over-reduced intracellular environment. High RBE/64Cu-ATSM cells show greater steady-state levels of antioxidant proteins and increased capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species in response to X-rays than low RBE/64Cu-ATSM counterparts. These data suggest that the cellular antioxidant activity is a possible determinant of carbon ion RBE predictable by 64Cu-ATSM uptake. Abstract Carbon ion radiotherapy is an emerging cancer treatment modality that has a greater therapeutic window than conventional photon radiotherapy. To maximize the efficacy of this extremely scarce medical resource, it is important to identify predictive biomarkers of higher carbon ion relative biological effectiveness (RBE) over photons. We addressed this issue by focusing on cellular antioxidant capacity and investigated 64Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), a potential radioligand that reflects an over-reduced intracellular environment. We found that the carbon ion RBE correlated with 64Cu-ATSM uptake both in vitro and in vivo. High RBE/64Cu-ATSM cells showed greater steady-state levels of antioxidant proteins and increased capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species in response to X-rays than low RBE/64Cu-ATSM counterparts; this upregulation of antioxidant systems was associated with downregulation of TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) sensitized high RBE/64Cu-ATSM cells to X-rays, thereby reducing RBE values to levels comparable to those in low RBE/64Cu-ATSM cells. These data suggest that the cellular activity of Nrf2-driven antioxidant systems is a possible determinant of carbon ion RBE predictable by 64Cu-ATSM uptake. These new findings highlight the potential clinical utility of 64Cu-ATSM imaging to identify high RBE tumors that will benefit from carbon ion radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Nachankar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (A.N.); (H.S.); (N.O.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (A.N.); (H.S.); (N.O.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8383
| | - Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Department of Radiotheranostics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (H.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Ayaka Kanai
- Department of Radiotheranostics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (H.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (A.N.); (H.S.); (N.O.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Laboratory for Analytical Instruments, Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Naoto Osu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (A.N.); (H.S.); (N.O.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Yuka Hirota
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (A.N.); (H.S.); (N.O.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (A.N.); (H.S.); (N.O.); (Y.H.); (T.O.)
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
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Averbeck D, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C. Role of Mitochondria in Radiation Responses: Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Signaling Impacts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011047. [PMID: 34681703 PMCID: PMC8541263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, radiation effects have been considered to be mainly due to nuclear DNA damage and their management by repair mechanisms. However, molecular biology studies reveal that the outcomes of exposures to ionizing radiation (IR) highly depend on activation and regulation through other molecular components of organelles that determine cell survival and proliferation capacities. As typical epigenetic-regulated organelles and central power stations of cells, mitochondria play an important pivotal role in those responses. They direct cellular metabolism, energy supply and homeostasis as well as radiation-induced signaling, cell death, and immunological responses. This review is focused on how energy, dose and quality of IR affect mitochondria-dependent epigenetic and functional control at the cellular and tissue level. Low-dose radiation effects on mitochondria appear to be associated with epigenetic and non-targeted effects involved in genomic instability and adaptive responses, whereas high-dose radiation effects (>1 Gy) concern therapeutic effects of radiation and long-term outcomes involving mitochondria-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses. Both effects depend on radiation quality. For example, the increased efficacy of high linear energy transfer particle radiotherapy, e.g., C-ion radiotherapy, relies on the reduction of anastasis, enhanced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and immunogenic (antitumor) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Averbeck
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Radiobiology, PRISME, UMR CNRS 5822/IN2P3, IP2I, Lyon-Sud Medical School, University Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins, France;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
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