Diagnosis and care of patients with mild haemophilia: practical recommendations for clinical management

Extending health equity to people with moderate and mild hemophilia A: revisiting the HAVEN 6 trial

Congenital hemophilia A (HA) disease severity has traditionally been categorized according to intrinsic factor (F)VIII levels, with <1% of normal indicating severe HA, 1% to 5% moderate HA, and 6% to 40% mild HA. However, mounting evidence illustrates considerable variability in bleeding phenotype regardless of FVIII level. Despite treatment advances, people with moderate or mild HA may be neglected, as treatment guidelines and established norms focus on FVIII levels, and many clinical trials do not include people with FVIII > 1%. Data from the HAVEN 6 trial demonstrated that people with moderate or mild HA, for whom prophylaxis was warranted by the treating physician's judgment, experienced a clear clinical benefit from receiving emicizumab prophylaxis. A shift in treatment paradigms to incorporate clinical phenotypes alongside FVIII levels should be encouraged. This change in practice would allow treaters to extend health equity to people with moderate or mild HA.

Exercise-based telerehabilitation for the management of chronic pain in people with severe haemophilia: a mixed-methods feasibility study

BACKGROUND

Chronic pain is reported by between 30 and 71% of people with haemophilia (PWH). Exercise is shown to be effective for pain management in other arthritides, but it remains unclear if such an approach is effective or acceptable to PWH. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a telerehabilitation exercise intervention for PWH living with chronic pain.

METHODS

This was a multisite, non-randomised, pre-post feasibility design, with a nested qualitative study. People with severe haemophilia > 18 years, living with chronic pain, were recruited. The intervention comprised 12 low-impact/moderate intensity, individualised exercise sessions and 3 knowledge-sharing and discussion sessions. Primary objectives assessed according to predefined progression criteria were as follows: (a) recruitment rate (5 participants enrolled per site over 8 weeks), (b) adherence (≥ 75% participants would adhere to ≥ 75% of sessions), (c) follow-up rate (≥ 75% completion of self-reported measures), (d) fidelity (intervention delivered as described in protocol) and (e) safety (≤ 30% participants would report adverse events). Acceptability was evaluated from thematic analysis of post-intervention participant interviews. Preliminary evaluation of self-reported pain, function and quality of life (QoL) was a secondary objective. Results were reported using descriptive statistics integrated with qualitative findings.

RESULTS

Ten PWH were recruited and completed the intervention. Nine agreed to be interviewed post intervention. Attendance at individual sessions was 84.5% compared to 52.1% for the group sessions. Outcome measures were successfully completed for 100% at baseline, 70% at intervention end and 60% at 3-month follow-up. No serious adverse events were recorded. Group median values in outcome measures (pain, function, QoL) showed minimal change post intervention. Participant interviews highlighted high levels of enjoyment, confidence in continuing exercises independently and positive views of virtual delivery and condition-specific exercise.

CONCLUSIONS

Recruitment rate and safety met the predefined progression criteria. Fidelity partially met the progression criteria, but the follow-up rate for self-reported measures did not. The study was acceptable to both participants and physiotherapists. Further intervention development is needed to review approaches to outcome measure collection and refine the usefulness of the knowledge-sharing sessions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was prospectively registered on 9 July 2021: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN 17454597.

Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Persons with Hemophilia A in the United States: Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study Using the ATHNdataset

Introduction

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), a serious complication in persons with hemophilia A (PWHA), causes high rates of mortality and morbidity. Identified ICH risk factors from patient data spanning 1998-2008 require reassessment in light of changes in the current treatment landscape.

Aim and methods

PWHA identified in the ATHNdataset were evaluated retrospectively to assess incidence of ICH and determine the association between ICH risk and key characteristics using time-to-event analyses (Cox proportional-hazards models, survival curves, and sensitivity analyses).

Results

Over a median follow-up time of 10.7 patient-years, 135 of 7837 PWHA over 2 years of age in the ATHNdataset (1.7%) experienced an ICH. Stratification by prophylaxis status and inhibitor status resulted in an incidence rate (IR) ratio (IRR) (IR+/IR-) of 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.94; P=0.020) and 1.76 (95% CI, 0.97-3.20; P=0.059), respectively. Characteristics associated with greater risk of developing ICH include being aged 2-12 years; being covered by Medicaid; having had HIV, hepatitis C, or hypertension; and never having received factor VIII or prophylactic treatment. In multivariable analysis with interaction, the estimated hazard ratio for PWHA never receiving prophylaxis was 7.67 (95% CI, 2.24-26.30), which shrunk to 2.03 (95% CI, 1.30-9.12) in bootstrapping analysis and 3.09 in the highest-penalty ridge-regression analysis but was still significant. Inhibitor status was found not to be statistically associated with ICH in all analyses.

Conclusion

These results align with previous studies demonstrating that prophylaxis confers a protective effect against ICH. Previously, inhibitor positivity had been shown to increase risk for ICH; however, this study did not corroborate those findings.

Factor VIII as a Novel Biomarker for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy Prediction in Human Cancer and Other Disorders

Coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential cofactor in the coagulation cascade, encoded by the F8 gene on the long arm of chromosome X (Xq28). FVIII is normally circulated in complex with Von Willebrand factor (VWF) and has relevant emerging extracoagulative functions. Dysregulation of FVIII is associated with tumor progression, and could be used as a novel biomarker for tumor screening and monitoring. In breast cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer, F8 is regarded as an oncogene. In coronary heart disease, hemophilia A and liver disease, F8 dysregulation has been recognized as a potential biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis. However, the basis of these differential expression levels remains to be understood. In this review, which is a mixture of literature review and bioinformatics analysis we described the biological functions and characteristics of FVIII, and also its expression level in non-malignant disorders and various cancers.

Patient perspective on living with mild hemophilia in Germany: results from a nationwide survey

Introduction

The disease burden and bleeding risk of patients with mild hemophilia may be underestimated. Their health-related quality of life (QoL) may be negatively impacted by insufficient treatment and bleed-related joint damage connected to a potentially delayed diagnosis.

Aim

This study aims to gain information on the care reality and QoL of patients aged ≥12 years with mild hemophilia in Germany.

Methods

An anonymous cross-sectional patient survey using standardized questionnaires was conducted in a validated electronic patient-reported outcome system. Medical specialists, hemophilia centers, patient organizations, and support groups across Germany invited the patients.

Results

A total of 43 patients (35 patients with hemophilia A, 5 patients with hemophilia B, and 3 patients for whom the information was missing) with a median age of 33 years were analyzed. The median age at diagnosis was 6.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 2.0-15.0), and the median factor activity was 14.0% (IQR 12.0-25.0). Nearly 85% of the patients received factor concentrates in the past, and the most common reasons for the treatment were surgery or joint bleeding (each 65.6%). Half of the patients who provided feedback experienced complications during bleeding episodes. Prophylactic treatment with factor concentrates was rare (10.3%). The patients had minor problems regarding their health status.

Conclusion

Bleeding complications and joint bleeding, in particular, may be highly underestimated in patients with mild hemophilia, highlighting a medical need in this population. Patients with a potential benefit from prophylaxis need to be identified. Mild hemophilia has a negative impact on patients' QoL. Hemophilia centers satisfied the patients' needs. Further research is needed to address the current lack of awareness and improve adequate treatment in the future.

Association of Genetic Variant FVIII Gene and Factor VIII: A Pilot Study Among Hemophilia A Female Relatives in Saudi Arabia

Hemophilia A (HA) is an X-linked recessive disorder that results from mutations in the factor VIII gene (FVIII). Most affected patients are males due to the inheritance of mutations in the FVIII gene from their mothers. Females are mostly found to be carriers unless they inherited the mutation from both parents. Obligate carriers of HA are mothers whose sons are affected with HA, or daughters who inherit the mutation from their affected fathers. A possible carrier of HA could be any female who has one or more affected relatives with HA in her family. Hemophilia A carriers (HACs) could present with similar symptoms to affected patients, including low factor VIII level, and risk of bleeding especially after surgical procedures or postpartum hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES

 Assessing the phenotype of possible HAC and its association with genetic variants in the FVIII gene for better screening methods for HAC.

METHODS

From the period between 25 June and 25 October 2021, the study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We recruited seven mothers whose sons were affected with HA, and 18 possible HAC who are relatives to sever affected patients with HA. All 25 candidates were assessed for the FVIII level, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and bleeding risk and sequenced a part of Exon14 in their FVIII gene.

RESULTS

Twenty-five percent of the participants show a low level of FVIII, however, none of them have prolonged bleeding nor suffer from bleeding tendency. We also identified two missense variants in six of the candidates, but the clinical significance of these variants has not been determined previously.

CONCLUSION

This pilot study is the first to explore the phenotype of several HAC in Saudi Arabia. A larger scale study with more HA patients and their female relatives is needed to understand the correlation between phenotype and genotype for better screening for HAC.

Practices and challenges for hemophilia management under resource constraints in Thailand

Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a specific coagulation factor. Factor VIII deficiency is responsible for hemophilia A while factor IX deficiency is responsible for hemophilia B. As per the 2020 annual global survey by the World Federation of Hemophilia, only 1828 Thai hemophiliacs have been registered to the national healthcare system. The reason for the low number is the underdiagnosis which is a major concern in the real-world practice among Asian countries. In Thailand, most hemophiliacs are diagnosed by general practitioners, pediatricians or internists at rural hospitals and are referred to hemophilia specialists at the Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs). Despite the challenges pertaining to infrastructure and cost of treatment, Thailand has progressed substantially in providing the required hemophilia care, as evidenced by an evolution in acquiring and sharing knowledge as well as collaborative efforts among multiple stakeholders over the past three decades. In this letter-to-the-editor, the authors have summarized the practices for and challenges faced with hemophilia management in Thailand.

Transfusion of fibrinogen concentrate before dental extractions in patients with afibrinogenemia: a narrative review supported by a case report with a proposed treatment protocol

Afibrinogenemia is a coagulation disorder that occurs with a frequency of 1-2 cases/1,000,000 population and is characterized by a lack of capacity to synthesize fibrinogen. The predominant symptoms related to fibrinogen deficiency are mucocutaneous bleeding, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, genital tract or other vascularized tissues as well as excessive bleeding after minor injuries or accidental cuts. Thromboembolic complications and impaired wound healing may also occur. Due to the rarity of the disease, there are no recommendations about fibrinogen substitution before dental procedures (including dental surgery). The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications for the transfusion of a coagulation factor in the preparation of a patient with afibrinogenemia for dental extraction. The article is a narrative review with a proposed management protocol for the dental procedure. The authors have included information from previously published case reports, research studies, and review papers as well as their own case report.

Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Non-Severe Hemophilia

(1) Background: Mild and moderate hemophilia, synonymous with non-severe hemophilia (NSH), are of constant interest for the clinicians. Bleeding occurs usually after trauma, injury, surgery, or inhibitor development, sometimes leading to a shift of the clinical phenotype from mild to severe, even with life-threatening and unexpected outcomes. (2) Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study conducted on 112 persons with congenital coagulopathies, 26 of them with NSH, admitted to our clinic in the period 2000 to 2022. For the diagnosis, we used laboratory studies (complete blood cell count, coagulation assays, biochemistry, thromboelastography, genetic tests) and imaging investigations (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI). We selected four cases confronted with pitfalls of diagnosis and evolution in order to illustrate the sometimes provocative field of NSH. (3) Results: Confronted with challenging cases with under-, missed or delayed diagnosis and severe consequences, we aimed at presenting four such selected cases with mild or moderate hemophilia, real pitfalls in our clinical activity. (4) Conclusions: In the field of NSH, if not timely recognized, tending sometimes to remain ignored by caregivers and patients themselves, we can be confronted with challenging diagnostic situations and life-threatening bleeds.

IDELVION: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Trial and Real-World Data

Hemophilia B is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of coagulation factor IX (FIX). Treatment with FIX replacement products can increase FIX activity levels to minimize or prevent bleeding events. However, frequent dosing with standard-acting FIX products can create a high treatment burden. Long-acting products have been developed to maintain bleed protection with extended dosing intervals. Recombinant factor IX–albumin fusion protein (rIX-FP) is a long-acting product indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of bleeding events and perioperative management in adult and pediatric patients. This review outlines data from all previously treated patients in the Prophylaxis and On-Demand Treatment using Longer Half-Life rIX-FP (PROLONG-9FP) clinical trial program and summarizes real-world data evaluating the use of rIX-FP in routine clinical practice. In the PROLONG-9FP program, rIX-FP demonstrated effective hemostasis in all patients at dose regimens of up to 21 days in patients aged ≥ 18 years and up to 14 days in patients aged < 12 years. rIX-FP has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and an excellent safety and tolerability profile. Extended dosing intervals with rIX-FP led to high levels of adherence and reduced consumption compared with other FIX therapies. Data from real-world practice are encouraging and reflect the results of the clinical trials.

Haemophilia in France: Modelisation of the Clinical Pathway for Patients

Process-of-care studies participate in improving the efficiency of the care pathway for patient with haemophilia (CPPH) and rationalize the multidisciplinary management of patients. Our objective is to establish a current overview of the different actors involved in the management of patients with haemophilia and to provide an accurate description of the patient trajectory. This is a qualitative exploratory research based on interviews of the principal health professionals of four haemophilia services, between November 2019 and February 2020, in France. Mapping of the CPPH processes within the different institutions and/or services, as well as the rupture zones, were identified. Treatment delivery and biological analyses were carried out exclusively in healthcare institutions. The main liberal health professionals solicited were nurses, physiotherapists and general practitioner. Obstacles and barriers within the specialized service, with other hospital services and external hospital or private services, community health care providers et community environment and individual one was complex and multiples. Our research identified potential concerns that need to be addressed to improve future studies to identify influential elements. Similarly, other qualitative studies will have to be conducted on the perceptions and literacy of patients with haemophilia to develop a global interactive mapping of their trajectories.

Esophageal ulcer associated with mild hemophilia A: case report

In this paper, we present the case of a 68-year-old male with personal medical history of coagulopathy issues, who presented to our Emergency Room (Emergency County Hospital, Arad, Romania) with bleeding of the superior tract of the digestive system; the case was difficult to manage, thus warranting the intervention of the Department of Gastroenterology. Endoscopy was performed to localize the site of bleeding and to stop the hemorrhage. This procedure was not successful. The patient was transferred to our Intensive Care Unit where different medications, such as proton pump inhibitor, hemostatic agent and prokinetic drugs were administered. Unfortunately, our attempt to stop bleeding failed; this led us to expand our investigation. We focused on a possible hemophilia as the cause of bleeding, which was confirmed as hemophilia A through the coagulometry test after a period of three days. Patient medical history and coagulation test led us to believe that this is a very rare case of a mild hemophilia A. Finally, the correction of Factor VIII deficiency and repeated endoscopic hemostasis clip was able to stop patients bleeding and ensured a favorable clinical evolution of the patient.

Surgical management of endometriosis in a severe Hemophilia A female patient and the role of transfusion medicine specialist: A case report with review of literature

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder occurs due to deficiency of factor VIII (FVIII). The disease manifests exclusively in males though it rarely occurs in females due to complex pathophysiological mechanisms. We present a rare case of female hemophilia due to skewed X-inactivation which adversely affected the quality of patient life. She presented with recurrent abdominal pain and was diagnosed with severe endometriosis and underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with left salpingo-oophorectomy and appendicectomy. She was infused recombinant factor VIII both prophylactically and postoperatively as per the World Federation of Hemophilia guidelines. Recombinant Factor VIII was supplemented every 12^th hourly and Factor VIII activity levels were monitored daily. She was discharged uneventfully on the postoperative day 21 after screened negative for acquired inhibitors.

Expert opinion on the UK standard of care for haemophilia patients with inhibitors: a modified Delphi consensus study

Background and Aims:

Despite advances in haemophilia care, inhibitor development remains a significant complication. Although viable treatment options exist, there is some divergence of opinion in the appropriate standard approach to care and goals of treatment. The aim of this study was to assess consensus on United Kingdom (UK) standard of care for child and adult haemophilia patients with inhibitors.

Methods:

A modified Delphi study was conducted using a two-round online survey. A haemophilia expert steering committee and published literature informed the Round 1 questionnaire. Invited participants included haematologists, haemophilia nurses and physiotherapists who had treated at least one haemophilia patient with inhibitors in the past 5 years. Consensus for 6-point Likert scale questions was pre-defined as ⩾70% participants selecting 1–2 (disagreement) or 5–6 (agreement).

Results:

In all, 46.7% and 35.9% questions achieved consensus in Rounds 1 (n = 41) and 2 (n = 34), respectively. Consensus was reached on the importance of improving quality of life (QoL) and reaching clinical goals such as bleed prevention, eradication of inhibitors and pain management. There was agreement on criteria constituting adequate/inadequate responses to immune tolerance induction (ITI) and the appropriate factor VIII dose to address suboptimal ITI response. Opinions varied on treatment aims for adults and children/adolescents, when to offer prophylaxis with bypassing agents and expectations of prophylaxis. Consensus was also lacking on appropriate treatment for mild/moderate patients with inhibitors.

Conclusion:

UK healthcare professionals appear to be aligned on the clinical goals and role of ITI when managing haemophilia patients with inhibitors, although novel treatment developments may require reassessment of these goals. Lack of consensus on prophylaxis with bypassing agents and management of mild/moderate cases identifies a need for further research to establish more comprehensive, evidence-based treatment guidance, particularly for those patients who are unable/prefer not to receive non-factor therapies.

Effect of Neurodynamics Nerve Flossing on Femoral Neuropathy in Haemophilic Patients: A randomized controlled study

OBJECTIVE

Heamophilia is considered a disorder in both children and adolescents which may affect their quality of life seriously than their normal peers; this study investigated the impact of the Neurodynamics Nerve Flossing Technique (NFT) on femoral neuropathy in patients with haemophilia.

METHOD

Thirty haemophilic children with Femoral Neuropathy were randomly allocated into two equivalent groups; the study group which received Neurodynamics NFT of the femoral nerve and conventional therapy program, and the control group which received only the conventional therapy program, three sessions/week for 12 weeks. Femoral nerve motor conduction velocity (MCV) and level of pain sensation according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), were assessed pre and post interventions.

RESULTS

post-treatment comparison between both groups revealed that there was a significant increase in femoral nerve MCV and reduction of pain sensation of the study group compared to the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Neurodynamics Nerve flossing had a clear effect in the treatment of femoral neuropathy in children with haemophilia.

Real-world data demonstrate improved bleed control and extended dosing intervals for patients with haemophilia B after switching to recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) for up to 5 years

Introduction

In clinical trials, recombinant factor IX fusion protein (rFIXFc) has demonstrated safety, efficacy and prolonged activity with extended dosing intervals for treatment of haemophilia B.

Aim

To assess the real‐world clinical utility of rFIXFc in a variable patient population and routine clinical practice.

Methods

A multicentre, retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with haemophilia B who had received rFIXFc prophylaxis or on‐demand treatment for ≥6 months across six sites in the United States.

Results

Sixty‐four eligible patients were identified who had a median (range) duration on rFIXFc of 2.7 (0.5‐5.0) years. Of 32 patients on rFIXFc prophylaxis who switched from prophylaxis with another factor treatment (ie pre‐rFIXFc) and had a known pre‐rFIXFc dosing interval, the initial dosing interval was lengthened for 26 (81%) patients and maintained for the remaining 6 (19%) patients. Most (n = 48 [91%]) patients who received rFIXFc prophylaxis from the beginning to the end of the chart review period (n = 53) maintained or lengthened the dosing interval from first through last dose of rFIXFc. For patients receiving rFIXFc prophylaxis, there was an approximate 50% reduction in weekly factor consumption compared with pre‐rFIXFc prophylaxis. Overall annualized bleed rates, annualized spontaneous bleed rates and annualized joint bleed rates decreased after switching to rFIXFc prophylaxis (n = 24 with bleed data). Compliance to recommended treatment improved or remained stable in most patients with available data (30/31).

Conclusion

Recombinant factor IX fusion protein prophylaxis improved bleed control, reduced overall consumption, reduced frequency of infusion and improved compliance for patients with haemophilia B in a real‐world setting.

Further Evidence That MicroRNAs Can Play a Role in Hemophilia A Disease Manifestation: F8 Gene Downregulation by miR-19b-3p and miR-186-5p

Hemophilia A (HA) is a F8 gene mutational disorder resulting in deficiency or dysfunctional FVIII protein. However, surprisingly, in few cases, HA is manifested even without mutations in F8. To understand this anomaly, we recently sequenced microRNAs (miRNAs) of two patients with mild and moderate HA with no F8 gene mutations and selected two highly expressing miRNAs, miR-374b-5p and miR-30c-5p, from the pool to explain the FVIII deficiency that could be mediated by miRNA-based F8/FVIII suppression. In this report, an established orthogonal in vivo RNA-affinity purification approach was utilized to directly identify a group of F8-interacting miRNAs and we tested them for F8/FVIII suppression. From this pool, two miRNAs, miR-19b-3p and miR-186-5p, were found to be upregulated in a severe HA patient with a mutation in the F8 coding sequence and two HA patients without mutations in the F8 coding sequence were selected to demonstrate their role in F8 gene expression regulation in mammalian cells. Overall, these results provide further evidence for the hypothesis that by targeting the 3′UTR of F8, miRNAs can modulate FVIII protein levels. This mechanism could either be the primary cause of HA in patients who lack F8 mutations or control the severity of the disease in patients with F8 mutations.

Bridging the Missing Link with Emicizumab: A Bispecific Antibody for Treatment of Hemophilia A

Hemophilia A, characterized by absent or ineffective coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), is a serious bleeding disorder that entails severe and potentially life-threatening bleeding events. Current standard therapy still involves replacement of FVIII, but is often complicated by the occurrence of neutralizing alloantibodies (inhibitors). Management of patients with inhibitors is challenging and necessitates immune tolerance induction for inhibitor eradication and the use of bypassing agents (activated prothrombin complex concentrates or recombinant activated factor VII), which are expensive and not always effective. Emicizumab is the first humanized bispecific monoclonal therapeutic antibody designed to replace the hemostatic function of activated FVIII by bridging activated factor IX and factor X (FX) to activate FX and allow the coagulation cascade to continue. In the majority of hemophilic patients with and without inhibitors, emicizumab reduced the annualized bleeding rate to almost zero in several clinical trials and demonstrated a good safety profile. However, the concurrent use of emicizumab and activated prothrombin complex concentrate imposes a high risk of thrombotic microangiopathy and thromboembolic events on patients and should be avoided. Yet, the management of breakthrough bleeds and surgery remains challenging with only limited evidence-based recommendations being available. This review summarizes published clinical trials and preliminary reports of emicizumab and discusses the clinical implications of emicizumab in treatment of hemophilia A.

Emicizumab for the treatment of haemophilia A: a narrative review

One of the most serious complications of the treatment of severe haemophilia A is the development of alloantibodies against exogenous factor VIII (FVIII). Inhibitors render factor replacement therapy ineffective, exposing patients to a remarkably high risk of morbidity and mortality. Besides the well-known bypassing agents (i.e. activated prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant activated factor VII) used to treat or prevent bleeding in haemophilia patients with inhibitors, there is growing interest in newer haemostatic therapies that are not based on the replacement of the deficient FVIII. This review will focus on the most interesting among these innovative therapies, emicizumab, and will provide an update on its current stage of clinical development.

Intracranial haemorrhage in children and adults with haemophilia A and B: a literature review of the last 20 years

Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious event in haemophiliacs, resulting in high rates of mortality and disability. Although the use of a prophylaxis regimen has improved outcomes, the mortality caused by ICH is still around 20%. ICH is more frequent at two different ages: in childhood (mostly in children aged ≤2 years) and in adulthood (with known risk factors such as hypertension and age ≥60 years). Our review shows how ICH remains one of the worst problems of patients with haemophilia. Greater attention to risk factors and early symptoms, together with an appropriate early prophylaxis, may reduce the risk of severe intracranial haemorrhagic events.