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Peterson C, Chandler HL. Insulin facilitates corneal wound healing in the diabetic environment through the RTK-PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111611. [PMID: 35231580 PMCID: PMC9053186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients can develop degenerative corneal changes, termed diabetic keratopathy, during the course of their disease. Topical insulin has been shown to reduce corneal wound area and restore sensitivity in diabetic rats, and both the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) stimulate cell signaling of the PI3K-Akt pathway. The purpose of this study was to assess a mechanism by which improved wound healing occurs by characterizing expression within the PI3K-Akt pathway in corneal epithelial and stromal cells. In vitro scratch tests were used to evaluate wound healing outcomes under variable glucose conditions in the presence or absence of insulin. Protein expression of intracellular kinases in the PI3K pathway, stromal cell markers, and GLUT-1 was evaluated by immunoblotting.TGF-β1 expression was evaluated by ELISA. Insulin promoted in vitro wound healing in all cell types. In human corneal epithelial cells, insulin did not induce PI3K-Akt signaling; however, in all other cell types evaluated, insulin increased expression of PI3K-Akt signaling proteins compared to vehicle control. Fibroblasts variably expressed α-SMA under all treatment conditions, with significant increases in α-SMA and TGF-β1 occurring in a dose-dependent manner with glucose concentration. These results indicate that insulin can promote corneal cellular migration and proliferation by inducing Akt signaling. Exogenous insulin therapy may serve as a novel target of therapeutic intervention for diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Vision Science, The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - H L Chandler
- Department of Vision Science, The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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2
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Neumann S, Linek J, Loesenbeck G, Schüttler J, Gaedke S. TGF-β1 serum concentrations and receptor expressions in the lens capsular of dogs with diabetes mellitus. Open Vet J 2017; 7:12-15. [PMID: 28180095 PMCID: PMC5283055 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis as complication of diabetes mellitus is known in humans. Because TGF-β1induces fibrosis and is elevated in humans suffering from diabetes mellitus we measured this growth factor in serum of dogs with diabetes mellitus and compared it with healthy dogs and those with fibrotic diseases. Further we measured the expression of TGF-β1receptor on lens capsule to investigate possible association between diabetes mellitus and cataract associated alterations. TGF-β1 was measured in serum of 12 dogs with diabetes mellitus, 20 healthy controls and 12 dogs with fibrotic diseases. Dogs with diabetes mellitus and fibrotic diseases have significantly increased TGF-β1 serum concentrations compared to healthy controls. Some dogs with diabetes mellitus showed increased expression of TGF-β1 receptor in lens capsule. Based on our observations we can conclude that TGF-β1 elevation in dogs with diabetes mellitus may induces complications of the disease and may participates on lens alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Neumann
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Linek
- Veterinary specialists, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Schüttler
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Gaedke
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
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3
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Comparison of microbiological, histological, and immunomodulatory parameters in response to treatment with either combination therapy with prednisone and metronidazole or probiotic VSL#3 strains in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94699. [PMID: 24722235 PMCID: PMC3983225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic enteropathy in dogs. There are no published studies regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of canine IBD. The objectives were to compare responses to treatment with either combination therapy (prednisone and metronidazole) or probiotic strains (VSL#3) in dogs with IBD. Methodology and Principal Findings Twenty pet dogs with a diagnosis of IBD, ten healthy pet dogs, and archived control intestinal tissues from three euthanized dogs were used in this open label study. Dogs with IBD were randomized to receive either probiotic (D-VSL#3, n = 10) or combination drug therapy (D-CT, n = 10). Dogs were monitored for 60 days (during treatment) and re-evaluated 30 days after completing treatment. The CIBDAI (P<0.001), duodenal histology scores (P<0.001), and CD3+ cells decreased post-treatment in both treatment groups. FoxP3+ cells (p<0.002) increased in the D-VSL#3 group after treatment but not in the D-CT group. TGF-β+ cells increased in both groups after treatment (P = 0.0043) with the magnitude of this increase being significantly greater for dogs in the D-VSL#3 group compared to the D-CT group. Changes in apical junction complex molecules occludin and claudin-2 differed depending on treatment. Faecalibacterium and Turicibacter were significantly decreased in dogs with IBD at T0, with a significant increase in Faecalibacterium abundance observed in the animals treated with VSL#3 strains. Conclusions A protective effect of VSL#3 strains was observed in dogs with IBD, with a significant decrease in clinical and histological scores and a decrease in CD3+ T-cell infiltration. Protection was associated with an enhancement of regulatory T-cell markers (FoxP3+ and TGF-β+), specifically observed in the probiotic-treated group and not in animals receiving combination therapy. A normalization of dysbiosis after long-term therapy was observed in the probiotic group. Larger scale studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of VSL#3 in canine IBD.
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Scott EM, Esson DW, Fritz KJ, Dubielzig RR. Major breed distribution of canine patients enucleated or eviscerated due to glaucoma following routine cataract surgery as well as common histopathologic findings within enucleated globes. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 16 Suppl 1:64-72. [PMID: 23406449 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the most significantly represented breeds that were enucleated or eviscerated due to intractable glaucoma following elective cataract surgery and to describe the major histopathologic features of enucleated globes. METHODS A retrospective review of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin database revealed 153 canine evisceration or enucleation submissions that met inclusion criteria. The most commonly represented breeds were identified, and enucleated globes of these breeds were further evaluated histologically (n = 69). Following standard hematoxylin & eosin staining, globes were evaluated for the presence of; corneal pathology, goniodysgenesis, pigment dispersion, pre-iridal fibrovascular membranes (PIFVMs), peripheral anterior, and/or posterior synechiation, inflammatory infiltrates, lens pathology, retinal pathology, and/or endophthalmitis. RESULTS The most significantly represented breeds were the Cocker Spaniel (11.7%), Boston Terrier (10.5%), Labrador Retriever (6.5%), Bichon Frise (6.5%), Shih Tzu (5.8%), and Jack Russell Terrier (5.8%). Common histopathologic findings included inflammatory keratitis, the presence of PIFVMs, and lymphoplasmacytic uveal infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS The Cocker Spaniel, Boston Terrier, Labrador Retriever, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Jack Russell Terrier may be at increased risk of the development of glaucoma following elective cataract surgery. These findings have potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Scott
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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Labelle P, Reilly CM, Naydan DK, Labelle AL. Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Normal Canine Eyes. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:860-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811427152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is widely utilized in diagnostic laboratories to study neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. Knowledge of the immunohistochemical characteristics of normal tissue is essential for interpretation of immunoreactivity in pathologic conditions. In this study, immunohistochemistry was performed with a broad panel of diagnostically relevant antibodies on 4 normal canine globes—namely, vimentin, pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 8/18, cytokeratin 20, α–smooth muscle actin, muscle specific actin, desmin, Melan-A, microphthalmia transcription factor, S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, triple neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, laminin and CD31. Results include cytokeratin immunoreactivity limited to the conjunctival epithelium, corneal epithelium, and retinal pigment epithelium; distinct patterns of immunopositivity of muscle markers; and widespread immunoreactivity for vimentin and most neural/neuroendocrine markers. These findings in normal eyes provide the basis for interpretation of ocular immunohistochemistry in dogs. Published immunophenotypes of primary ocular neoplasms are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Labelle
- Antech Diagnostics, Lake Success, New York
| | - C. M. Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
| | - D. K. Naydan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California
| | - A. L. Labelle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Myrna KE, Pot SA, Murphy CJ. Meet the corneal myofibroblast: the role of myofibroblast transformation in corneal wound healing and pathology. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 12 Suppl 1:25-7. [PMID: 19891648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the role of the myofibroblast in corneal wound healing has been extensively studied. The transformation of the corneal keratocyte to the fibroblast and myofibroblast phenotypes is a critical process in normal and pathologic corneal wound healing. This review will introduce this important transformation and its role in corneal wound healing and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathern E Myrna
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
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Selenium functionalized intraocular lenses inhibit posterior capsule opacification in an ex vivo canine lens capsular bag assay. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:728-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Walker J, Menko AS. Integrins in lens development and disease. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:216-25. [PMID: 18671967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are the major cell surface receptors for proteins in the extracellular matrix. These receptors form major cell signaling centers that are bidirectional, communicating messages between the cell and its environment. They are a large receptor family, with members well-known to regulate cellular processes essential to both development and disease. In this review we examine the literature regarding integrins in the lens. Here we cover integrin function in lens cell differentiation, in the development of the lens and in protection of the lens epithelial cell phenotype. In addition, we analyze the role of integrins in the progression of lens fibrotic diseases, focusing particularly on integrin regulation of TGFbeta signaling pathways in posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Long AC, Agler A, Colitz CMH, Zhang J, Hayek MG, Failla ML, Bomser JA. Isolation and characterization of primary canine lens epithelial cells. Vet Ophthalmol 2008; 11:38-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bras ID, Colitz CMH, Kusewitt DF, Chandler H, Lu P, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA. Evaluation of advanced glycation end-products in diabetic and inherited canine cataracts. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:249-57. [PMID: 16896921 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) increases in the human cataract and should correlate with increased DNA damage and proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs). The purpose of this study was to measure and immunolocalize RAGE in normal and cataractous canine LECs, and to determine whether there was a correlation between RAGE and DNA damage (gadd45), cell-cycle regulation (p21), and LEC proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA). METHODS Thirty-two anterior lens capsules from 22 dogs that underwent cataract surgery and 10 lenses from dogs with normal eyes were evaluated. Eleven of the cataractous lenses were from diabetic patients (n=16), and eleven were from patients with inherited cataracts (n=16). Standard immunohistochemical staining was performed using antibodies against RAGE, gadd45, p21, PCNA, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and TGF-beta. Immunostaining intensity for each antibody was given a score of 0-4+. Standard Western blot analysis on normal and cataractous lens capsules was performed using the same antibodies as in the immunohistochemical staining. Comparisons were also made based on age and sex. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed for RAGE. RESULTS There was an increase in RAGE expression with age in normal LECs, but no significant difference was seen when normal adult LECs were compared to cataractous LECs. The stage of the cataract and the presence of LIU were not associated with a significant increase in RAGE expression. There was no age-dependent difference in the normal lenses for gadd45, p21, or PCNA. Significant up-regulation of p21 (P < 0.05) and PCNA (P < 0.05) was seen in diabetic cataracts compared to inherited cataracts. CONCLUSION RAGE and PCNA expression did not increase with cataractogenesis, possibly due to overexpression associated with normal aging and constant exposure to oxidative stress from sunlight-related ultraviolet irradiation, respectively. However, p21 and PCNA increased in diabetic cataractogenesis suggesting cell cycle and proliferation dysregulation. This may be related to the rapid onset in this type of cataract compared with the more chronic and slower-to-develop inherited cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dineli Bras
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Klosterman E, Colitz CMH, Chandler HL, Kusewitt DF, Saville WJA, Dubielzig RR. Immunohistochemical properties of ocular adenomas, adenocarcinomas and medulloepitheliomas. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:387-94. [PMID: 17076871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ocular medulloepitheliomas, adenomas and adenocarcinomas share a common phenotype and originate from the optic cup neuroectoderm. This can make it very difficult to differentiate between these tumors histopathologically. Therefore, this study focused on identifying a combination of immunologic markers that might be used in the diagnosis of these tumors. These markers included AE1/AE3, CK7, CK20, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Routine immunohistochemical staining was performed on 27 whole globes diagnosed with one of these tumors. The tumors that immunostained for TERT showed increasing immunoreactivity as the tumor types increased in aggressiveness. None of the tumor types were immunopositive for CK7. CK20 immunostaining was found in the adenomas but not in the adenocarcinomas or medulloepitheliomas. AE1/AE3 expression was present more consistently in the adenocarcinomas and less frequently in the adenomas. AE1/AE3 expression was present in only one of six medulloepitheliomas. Furthermore, CK20 and TERT showed inverse expression patterns, i.e. TERT increased in expression and CK20 decreased in expression with increasing aggressiveness. These results may be important diagnostic and prognostic indicators for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Klosterman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Beale AB, Salmon J, Michau TM, Gilger BC. Effect of ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser energy on intraocular lenses after posterior capsulotomy in normal dog eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:335-40. [PMID: 16939462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine Nd:YAG laser energy requirements for posterior capsulotomy and intraocular lens (IOL) damage threshold for foldable acrylic IOLs as compared to traditional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES: Four groups of five-six fresh canine cadaver eyes were used in this study. The groups included (1) unaltered eyes (2) aphakic eyes (3) eyes implanted with PMMA IOLs, and (4) eyes implanted with acrylic IOLs. Laser energy was delivered to the posterior capsule in grid fashion for 10 sites each of five levels of laser energy ranging from 0.5 mJ to 9 mJ. Number of successful capsulotomy sites was recorded based on slit-lamp observation. Sites of IOL damage were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis of number of capsulotomies and IOL defects per laser energy level was conducted among and between groups using anova with Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS When comparing groups (a) including all energy levels (n = 25) and (b) by specific energy levels (n = 5), there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in number of successful capsulotomy sites between IOL types. The 50% incidence threshold for successful capsulotomy was 2.74 mJ for acrylic IOLs and 2.64 mJ for PMMA IOLs. Energy-dependent damage to both types of IOL was detected for medium, high-medium, and high laser energy. Calculated 50% damage threshold was 4.9 mJ for acrylic IOL and 5.7 mJ for PMMA IOL. Damage to the IOL varied subjectively between IOL type, but there was no significant difference in number of defects caused, with the exception of high-medium energy. CONCLUSIONS Both posterior lens capsules and IOLs were disrupted in an energy-dependent manner with minimal difference in number of capsulotomy sites or damage to the IOL between acrylic and PMMA IOLs. A therapeutic margin between capsulotomy threshold (2.6-2.7 mJ) and IOL damage threshold (4.9-5.7 mJ) was determined to reliably achieve capsulotomies with minimal IOL damage for both acrylic and PMMA IOLs in normal canine cadaver eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brady Beale
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC, USA
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Bras ID, Colitz CMH, Saville WJA, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA. Posterior capsular opacification in diabetic and nondiabetic canine patients following cataract surgery. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:317-27. [PMID: 16939460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common postoperative complication of contemporary cataract surgery. Limited information is available regarding PCO formation and factors that influence PCO development in the dog. Two hundred sixty-five eyes (144 from diabetic dogs and 121 from dogs with breed-related cataracts) were prospectively evaluated for PCO formation for up to 12 months postoperatively. The mean age of all dogs in the study was 7.77 years and diabetic dogs were significantly older than dogs with breed-related cataracts. There were 73 males (61 neutered, 12 intact) and 74 females (70 neutered, 4 intact) in the study. Statistical analysis was performed based on age, breed/size, gender, stage of cataract at the time of surgery, PCO score at each time point, breed-related vs. diabetic cataract, right eyes compared to left eyes, and presence/absence of uveitis. Age and gender did not significantly influence PCO formation. Small and medium-sized breeds developed significantly more PCO in comparison to the large/giant breeds at 2 weeks and 2-4 months postoperatively, but the differences were not significant at later time points. There was an overall significant increase in PCO formation in eyes with early immature cataracts when compared to other stages of cataract up to 4 months postoperatively but not at later time points. There were no statistical differences in PCO score at 6 months or at 1 year postoperatively in eyes with breed-related and diabetic cataracts. Right eyes did not differ from left eyes in PCO score. PCO score significantly increased over time in breed-related and diabetic groups and in the overall population. No difference was found in the degree of PCO formation in eyes with inflammation prior to or after surgery compared with those without inflammation. In summary, age, gender, presence of inflammation, and cause of cataract (breed-related vs. diabetes mellitus) do not influence the development of PCO in canine cataract dogs. Small and medium-sized breeds develop significant PCO earlier than larger breeds. It is important to note that all eyes from all dogs in this study developed PCO in a time dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dineli Bras
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Sigle KJ, Nasisse MP. Long-term complications after phacoemulsification for cataract removal in dogs: 172 cases (1995–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:74-9. [PMID: 16426170 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine common postoperative complications and risk factors for development of postoperative glaucoma or failure to preserve vision after phacoemulsification for cataract removal in dogs. Design-Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 172 dogs (290 eyes) that underwent phacoemulsification surgery for cataract removal. PROCEDURE Medical records were reviewed for postoperative complications; prevalence rates for each complication were calculated for follow-up periods of 3 months, > 3 to 6 months, > 6 months to 1 year, > 1 to 2 years, > 2 to 3 years, > 3 to 4 years, and > 4 years. Odds ratios for breed, age, sex, cataract hypermaturity, lens-induced uveitis, and diabetes mellitus were determined with respect to glaucoma and failure (ie, blindness, enucleation, or evisceration). RESULTS The most common complication was mild posterior capsule opacification. Retinal detachment was uncommon (1% to 2%) for all time periods. Prevalence of glaucoma increased with time, although it remained < 10% until after the 1-year follow-up period. Boston Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, Cocker Spaniel-Poodle crosses, and Shih Tzus had increased risk of developing glaucoma. Eyes with hypermature cataracts were more likely to develop glaucoma. Prevalence of failure increased with time, although it remained < 10% until after the 3-year follow-up period. Cocker Spaniel-Poodle cross and Shih Tzus were more likely to have failure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Evaluation of breed and cataract hypermaturity may aid in the selection of patients. The increasing prevalence of postoperative complications with time indicated that longterm monitoring is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Sigle
- Carolina Veterinary Specialists, 501 Nicholas Rd, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA
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15
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de Iongh RU, Wederell E, Lovicu FJ, McAvoy JW. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the lens: a model for cataract formation. Cells Tissues Organs 2005; 179:43-55. [PMID: 15942192 DOI: 10.1159/000084508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate lens has a distinct polarity and structure that are regulated by growth factors resident in the ocular media. Fibroblast growth factors, in concert with other growth factors, are key regulators of lens fiber cell differentiation. While members of the transforming growth factor (TGFbeta) superfamily have also been implicated to play a role in lens fiber differentiation, inappropriate TGFbeta signaling in the anterior lens epithelial cells results in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that bears morphological and molecular resemblance to forms of human cataract, including anterior subcapsular (ASC) and posterior capsule opacification (PCO; also known as secondary cataract or after-cataract), which occurs after cataract surgery. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that this TGFbeta-induced EMT is part of a wound healing response in lens epithelial cells and is characterized by induced expression of numerous extracellular matrix proteins (laminin, collagens I, III, tenascin, fibronectin, proteoglycans), intermediate filaments (desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin) and various integrins (alpha2, alpha5, alpha7B), as well as the loss of epithelial genes [Pax6, Cx43, CP49, alpha-crystallin, E-cadherin, zonula occludens-1 protein (ZO-1)]. The signaling pathways involved in initiating the EMT seem to primarily involve the Smad-dependent pathway, whereby TGFbeta binding to specific high affinity cell surface receptors activates the receptor-Smad/Smad4 complex. Recent studies implicate other factors [such as fibroblast growth factor (FGFs), hepatocyte growth factor, integrins], present in the lens and ocular environment, in the pathogenesis of ASC and PCO. For example, FGF signaling can augment many of the effects of TGFbeta, and integrin signaling, possibly via ILK, appears to mediate some of the morphological features of EMT initiated by TGFbeta. Increasing attention is now being directed at the network of signaling pathways that effect the EMT in lens epithelial cells, with the aim of identifying potential therapeutic targets to inhibit cataract, particularly PCO, which remains a significant clinical problem in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U de Iongh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Carter RT, Giudice C, Dubielzig RR, Colitz CMH. Telomerase activity with concurrent loss of cell cycle regulation in feline post-traumatic ocular sarcomas. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:235-45. [PMID: 16154137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Paraffin wax-embedded ocular globes of cats with post-traumatic ocular sarcomas were examined for the presence of TERT, the active subunit of telomerase. The latter is a ribonucleoprotein complex essential for immortalization and expressed by most malignant tumours, germ line cells, lens epithelial cells, and some stem cells. Due to the frequent loss of cell cycle control with the increased expression of telomerase activity, post-traumatic ocular sarcomas were also examined for loss of p16 expression and alterations in p53, the findings being related to mitotic score, tumour grade, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. These sarcomas expressed telomerase at a high frequency (62.5%); in addition, the majority showed alterations in cell cycle control, as evaluated by lack of p16 immunolabelling (66.7%). Alterations in p53 were the sole mechanism by which cell cycle control was dysregulated in only two tumours expressing TERT (13%). These findings suggest that p16, and not p53, represents the primary mechanism by which post-traumatic ocular sarcomas that express telomerase activity escape cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Carter
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Colitz CMH, Whittington A, Carter R, Warren J. The effects of oxidative stress on telomerase activity and other stress-related proteins in lens epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:235-42. [PMID: 14729356 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for maintaining the ends of chromosomes and for repair of DNA strand breaks. While telomerase activity is generally found in cells that have unlimited proliferative potential such as neoplastic cells, germline cells and some stem cells, lens epithelial cells (though not highly proliferative) have telomerase activity. Our previous studies indicated that lens epithelial cells express high levels of telomerase despite their low proliferative potential, thus we hypothesized that telomerase expression protects lens epithelial cells from oxidative stress. We also determined levels of the stress proteins gadd45 and p16 and the stress and proliferation-related protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In acute studies, lenses were exposed to TBHP for 0-120 min. In recovery studies, lenses were exposed to TBHP for 1 hr, then allowed to recover for up to 18 hr. In acute studies, telomerase activity was increased, p16 initially decreased then normalized, PCNA levels did not change significantly even in the overnight recovery groups, and gadd45 was decreased in some TBHP exposed groups. In recovery studies, telomerase activity was increased in all groups, gadd45 decreased then became elevated, and p16 levels were decreased at later recovery times. PCNA levels remained constant during the studies, indicating that there was no change in proliferation. These studies showed that elevated telomerase activity did not correlate with increased proliferation in lens epithelial cells; instead, increased telomerase activity was associated with increased levels of the stress-related protein gadd45 only in the later recovery times. These findings support the hypothesis that telomerase plays a protective rather than a proliferative role in lens epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M H Colitz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Abstract
In this second article of a series of papers listing first case reports of animal diseases published since 2000, the following nine cases of cat diseases are discussed: Congenital spongiform change in the brain stem nuclei. Enterococcus hirae enteropathy. Focal cerebral angiomatosis. Glomus tumor. Intraocular extramedullary plasmacytoma. Lens epithelial neoplasias. Phaeohyphomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Systemic amyloidosis in a Devon rex. After a short introduction, the bibliographical data, the abstract of the author(s) and some additional information derived from the article are given. The article will be regularly updated adding overlooked as well as new first reports.
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Zeiss CJ, Johnson EM, Dubielzig RR. Feline intraocular tumors may arise from transformation of lens epithelium. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:355-62. [PMID: 12824506 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-4-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline ocular sarcomas are malignant intraocular neoplasms that are frequently associated with a history of ocular trauma. They usually present as fibrosarcomas, but some have both epithelial and mesenchymal features. The purpose of this study was to determine the cell of origin of a subset of feline intraocular sarcomas that display a mixed epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype, with elaboration of basement membrane-type matrix. We examined the morphology and histochemical and immunohistochemical phenotypes of nine feline intraocular sarcomas. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed to detect expression of crystallin alpha A. In addition, tumors were examined for expression of vimentin, cytokeratin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, melan A, neural cell adhesion molecule, S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, nerve growth factor receptor, and collagen type IV. Animals ranged from 7 to 17 years of age--no breed or sex predilection for tumor occurrence was present. Tumors were characterized by mixed epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, both of which elaborated basement membrane-type material and expressed vimentin highly. On the basis of collagen type IV and crystallin alpha A immunopositivity, we established that three of nine tumors were of lens epithelial origin. Expression of desmin and smooth muscle actin identified one tumor as a leiomyosarcoma. The remainder were undifferentiated sarcomas of myofibroblastic origin. This is the first report of lens epithelial neoplasia in clinical material from any species. The history and morphologic features of feline ocular sarcomas are reminiscent of feline vaccine-induced sarcomas. These tumors may share pathophysiologic similarities unique to this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 375 Congress Avenue, LSOG 126, New Haven, CT 06437, USA.
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Lovicu FJ, Schulz MW, Hales AM, Vincent LN, Overbeek PA, Chamberlain CG, McAvoy JW. TGFbeta induces morphological and molecular changes similar to human anterior subcapsular cataract. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:220-6. [PMID: 11815351 PMCID: PMC1771017 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) has been shown to induce subcapsular plaques in cultured rat lenses as well as in lenses of transgenic mice. In the present study the authors have extended their analysis of these cataract models to determine how closely they mimic human cataract. In particular, they studied the maturation of cataract in the transgenic model to determine if it develops similar features as previously described for anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) in humans. Furthermore, they investigated whether both of these animal models express the range of molecular markers that have now been shown to be present in human ASC. METHODS Histology and periodic acid Schiff staining were used to study the development and maturation of subcapsular plaques in transgenic mice overexpressing TGFbeta1 in the lens. Immunolabelling methods were used to identify the molecular markers for ASC in both the transgenic mouse model and in rat lenses cultured with TGFbeta2. RESULTS Histological analysis showed that the subcapsular plaques that develop in adult transgenic mouse lenses bear a striking similarity to mature human ASC, including the formation of a new epithelial-like layer extending between the subcapsular plaque and the underlying fibre mass. All known molecular markers for human ASC were induced in both rodent models, including collagen types I and III, tenascin, and fibronectin. They also identified the presence of desmin in these plaques, a putative novel marker for human cataract. CONCLUSIONS In both transgenic mouse and rat lens culture models TGFbeta induces markers similar to those found in human ASC. Atypical expression of these cataract markers is also characteristic of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). The molecular markers expressed are typical of a myofibroblastic/fibroblastic phenotype and suggest that a common feature of ASC and PCO may be induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition by TGFbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Lovicu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Gerardi J, Colitz C, Dubielzig R, Davidson M. Immunohistochemical analysis of lens epithelial-derived membranes following cataract extraction in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2001; 2:163-168. [PMID: 11397259 DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-5224.1999.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to characterize the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of lens epithelial-derived proliferative membranes from the anterior segment of canine globes. These features were correlated with those previously identified for diseases resulting from lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation including posterior capsular opacification, traumatic subcapsular cataract, and subcapsular plaques associated with hypermature cataracts. Sixteen canine globes were removed as a result of glaucoma or other complications following cataract extraction. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical analysis was performed on sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded globes. The tissues were stained with a variety of antibodies for cellular markers for LECs, growth factors or other cellular constituents relevant to cellular metaplasia and proliferation. The membranes were composed of monolayers or multilayers of spindle-shaped cells on the external surfaces of the anterior and posterior lens capsule, ciliary processes, iris leaflets, and iridocorneal angle, and they could be seen extending from an obvious monolayer of LEC within the capsular sac. Variably, scattered pigment cells, presumably of uveal origin, were concurrently present. Cellular components of the membranes stained positive for vimentin, transforming growth factor-beta, basic fibroblast growth factor, and smooth muscle actin. An amorphous eosinophilic extracellular matrix consisting predominately of collagen was associated with the membranes. Proliferative anterior segment membranes following cataract surgery were morphologically and immunohistochemically similar to cellular and matrix components of posterior capsular opacification and capsular plaques seen with hypermature cataracts, both of which result from metaplasia and proliferation of LEC. The presence of these LEC-derived membranes in association with secondary glaucoma suggests that exuberant proliferation of LEC outside the confines of the lens capsular sac may cause pathologic alterations in the eye following cataract surgery in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.G. Gerardi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WS, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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