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Luan J, Liu W, Yao Y, Ma B, Niu B, Yang G, Wei Z. Synthesis and Property Examination of Er 2FeSbO 7/BiTiSbO 6 Heterojunction Composite Catalyst and Light-Catalyzed Retrogradation of Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Waste Water under Visible Light Irradiation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5906. [PMID: 36079288 PMCID: PMC9457414 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new photocatalyst, Er2FeSbO7, was prepared by solid phase sintering using the high-temperature synthesis method for the first time in this paper. Er2FeSbO7/BiTiSbO6 heterojunction (EBH) catalyst was prepared by the solvent thermal method for the first time. Er2FeSbO7 compound crystallized in the pyrochlore-type architecture and cubelike crystal system; the interspace group of Er2FeSbO7 was Fd3m and the crystal cellular parameter a of Er2FeSbO7 was 10.179902 Å. The band gap (BDG) width of Er2FeSbO7 was 1.88 eV. After visible light irradiation of 150 minutes (VLGI-150min) with EBH as a photocatalyst, the removal rate (RR) of enrofloxacin (ENR) concentration was 99.16%, and the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration RR was 94.96%. The power mechanics invariable k toward ENR consistency and visible light irradiation (VLGI) time with EBH as a photocatalyzer attained 0.02296 min−1. The power mechanics invariable k which was involved with TOC attained 0.01535 min−1. The experimental results showed that the photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of ENR within pharmaceutical waste water with EBH as a photocatalyzer under VLGI was in keeping with the single-order reactivity power mechanics. The RR of ENR with EBH as a photocatalyzer was 1.151 times, 1.269 times or 2.524 times that with Er2FeSbO7 as a photocatalyst, BiTiSbO6 as a photocatalyst, or N-doping TiO2 (N-TO) as a photocatalyst after VLGI-150min. The photocatalytic activity, which ranged from high to low among above four photocatalysts, was as follows: EBHP > Er2FeSbO7 > BiTiSbO6 > N-TO. After VLGI-150min toward three periods of the project with EBH as a photocatalyst, the RR of ENR attained 98.00%, 96.76% and 95.60%. The results showed that the stability of EBH was very high. With appending trapping agent, it could be proved that the oxidative capability for degrading ENR, which ranged from strong to weak among three oxidic radicals, was as follows: superoxide anion > hydroxyl radicals (HRS) > holes. This work provides a scientific basis for the research and oriented leader development of efficient heterojunction catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Luan
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenlu Liu
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Ye Yao
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Bingbing Ma
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Bowen Niu
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Guangmin Yang
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Zhijie Wei
- School of Physics, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
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Pezzanite LM, Hendrickson DA, Dow S, Stoneback J, Chow L, Krause D, Goodrich L. Intra-articular administration of antibiotics in horses: Justifications, risks, reconsideration of use and outcomes. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:24-38. [PMID: 34459027 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have been injected intra-articularly by equine veterinarians for decades, either prophylactically when other drugs are administered for osteoarthritis or therapeutically to treat septic arthritis. This route of administration has also more recently gained attention in human orthopaedic clinical practice, particularly as an alternative to systemic antibiotic administration to treat infections following prosthetic arthroplasty. While the rationale for injecting antibiotics intra-articularly has been largely focused on achieving high local drug concentrations, there has been relatively little focus on pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics administered by this route, or on the potential for local toxicity. The increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in veterinary and human medicine prompts reconsideration of off-label antibiotic usage and evaluation of evidence-based dosing strategies. The purpose of this review was to summarise the current literature describing intra-articular antibiotic usage, including specific studies where pharmacokinetics, potential safety and toxicity have been evaluated. This review will advance practitioners' understanding of the use of intra-articularly administered antibiotics, including the overall pros and cons of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dean A Hendrickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason Stoneback
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Danielle Krause
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Laurie Goodrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Pezzanite L, Chow L, Hendrickson D, Gustafson DL, Russell Moore A, Stoneback J, Griffenhagen GM, Piquini G, Phillips J, Lunghofer P, Dow S, Goodrich LR. Evaluation of Intra-Articular Amikacin Administration in an Equine Non-inflammatory Joint Model to Identify Effective Bactericidal Concentrations While Minimizing Cytotoxicity. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:676774. [PMID: 34095281 PMCID: PMC8175670 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.676774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis causes significant morbidity and mortality in veterinary and human clinical practice and is increasingly complicated by multidrug-resistant infections. Intra-articular (IA) antibiotic administration achieves high local drug concentrations but is considered off-label usage, and appropriate doses have not been defined. Using an equine joint model, we investigated the effects of amikacin injected at three different doses (500, 125, and 31.25 mg) on the immune and cartilage responses in tibiotarsal joints. Synovial fluid (SF) was sampled at multiple time points over 24 h, the cell counts determined, and amikacin concentrations measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cytokine concentrations and collagen degradation products in SF were measured by ELISA and multiplex immunoassays. The mean amikacin concentrations in SF were greater than or equal to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.004 mg/ml) for most common equine joint pathogens at all time points tested to 24 h for all three amikacin doses evaluated. The inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) increased significantly in SF in the highest amikacin dose group, despite the fact that increases in SF cell counts were not observed. Similarly, the biomarkers of cartilage type II collagen cleavage (C2C and C12C) were increased in SF following amikacin injection. Mechanistically, we further demonstrated using in vitro studies that chondrocytes and synoviocytes killed by exposure to amikacin underwent apoptotic cell death and were phagocytosed by macrophages in a non-inflammatory process resembling efferocytosis. Neutrophils and T cells were susceptible to amikacin cytotoxicity at clinically relevant doses, which may result in blunting of cellular inflammatory responses in SF and account for the lack of increase in total nucleated cell counts following amikacin injection. In summary, decisions on whether to inject cytotoxic antibiotics such as aminoglycosides intra-articularly and what doses to use should take into account the potential harm that antibiotics may cause and consider lower doses than those previously reported in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Pezzanite
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dean Hendrickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jason Stoneback
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gregg M Griffenhagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Gabriella Piquini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Phillips
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Paul Lunghofer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Laurie R Goodrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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4
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McNeal CD, Ryan CA, Berghaus LJ, Credille BC, Lo CP, Fajt VR. Plasma disposition of ceftazidime in healthy neonatal foals following intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:560-567. [PMID: 33511670 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cephalosporin antimicrobials can be utilized for the treatment of sepsis in neonatal foals, particularly when an aminoglycoside is contraindicated. Some cephalosporins, however, are not utilized because of cost, sporadic availability, or uncertainty about efficacy. The plasma disposition of ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria and minimal renal side effects has not been reported in neonatal foals. In this study, the plasma disposition of single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) doses of ceftazidime in neonatal foals was determined. Six healthy one to two-day-old foals were given 25 mg/kg of ceftazidime by IV and IM routes in a cross-over design, with a 48-h washout period between doses. Non-compartmental analysis was used to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters. Median t1/2 was 2 h and median AUC0-last was 364 µg h/ml for both IV and IM administration. Median Cmax after IM administration was 101 µg/ml, with a median Tmax of 0.7 h. Relative bioavailability of IM injection was 90%. There were no statistically significant differences between estimated IV and IM pharmacokinetic parameters. Plasma concentrations remained above the human CLSI susceptible breakpoint for Enterobacteriaceae for over 8 h following IV and IM administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D McNeal
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Londa J Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brenton C Credille
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chih-Ping Lo
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL), College Station, TX, USA
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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5
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Larsen RJ, Garrett KS, Stewart MC, Herzog KK, Kersh ME, Moshage SG, Podico G, Lima FS, Childs BA. Fluoroquinolone exposure in utero did not affect articular cartilage of resulting foals. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:385-396. [PMID: 32479667 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that fluoroquinolones, specifically, enrofloxacin and its active metabolite (ciprofloxacin), cross the equine placenta without causing gross or histological lesions in the first and third trimester fetuses or resulting foal. However, it is possible that in utero exposure to fluoroquinolones may cause subtle lesions not detectable by standard means; thus, a more in-depth assessment of potential toxicity is warranted. OBJECTIVES To use quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI), biomechanical testing, and chondrocyte gene expression to evaluate the limbs of foals exposed to enrofloxacin during the third trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN In vivo and control terminal experiment. METHODS Healthy mares at 280 days gestation were assigned into three groups: untreated (n = 5), recommended therapeutic (7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO, SID, n = 6) or supratherapeutic (15 mg/kg, PO, SID, n = 6) doses for 14 days. Mares carried and delivered to term and nursed their foals for ~30 days. Two additional healthy foals born from untreated mares were treated post-natally with enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg PO, SID, for 5 days). By 30 days, foal stifles, hocks, elbows, and shoulders were radiographed, foals were subjected to euthanasia, and foal limbs were analysed by quantitative MRI, structural MRI, biomechanical testing and chondrocyte gene expression. RESULTS Osteochondral lesions were detected with both radiography and structural MRI in foals from both enrofloxacin-treated and untreated mares. Severe cartilage erosions, synovitis and joint capsular thickening were identified in foals treated with enrofloxacin post-natally. Median cartilage T2 relaxation times differed between joints but did not differ between treatment groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS A small sample size was assessed and there was no long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION While further research is needed to address long-term foal outcomes, no differences were seen in advanced imaging, biomechanical testing or gene expression by 30 days of age, suggesting that enrofloxacin may be a safe and useful antibiotic for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Igor F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kalyn K Herzog
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mariana E Kersh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sara G Moshage
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bronwen A Childs
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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6
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Pezzanite L, Chow L, Piquini G, Griffenhagen G, Ramirez D, Dow S, Goodrich L. Use of in vitro assays to identify antibiotics that are cytotoxic to normal equine chondrocytes and synovial cells. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:579-589. [PMID: 32544273 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular (IA) antibiotic usage is prevalent in equine practice. However, recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance prompts re-evaluation of antibiotic selection, particularly when used prophylactically. Furthermore, many commonly used antibiotics exert direct cytotoxicity to equine cells, and appropriate IA doses have not been defined. OBJECTIVES To screen antibiotics in vitro as an initial assessment of cytotoxicity against normal equine joint cells in monolayer culture and explant tissues. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experimental study. METHODS Chondrocytes and synovial cells were harvested from three horses and plated on 24-well plates (100 000 cells/wells in triplicate) for 48 hours prior to addition of antibiotics. Joint cells were exposed to antibiotics (n = 15) at various doses (25-0.39 mg/mL in complete DMEM media) for 24 hours and viability was assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for each antibiotic. Cartilage explants were obtained from 3 horses, minced and exposed to antibiotics (n = 5) for 72 hours. Live/dead staining was performed, and fluorescence was visualised using Olympus IX83 spinning disk confocal microscope. Percentage of live vs dead cells was quantified. RESULTS Antibiotics from different antimicrobial classes expressed dose-dependent but variable cytotoxicity to equine joint cells in vitro. Aminoglycosides and doxycycline had the lowest IC50 (most toxic). Ampicillin sulbactam, imipenem, tobramycin, ceftiofur sodium and amoxicillin had IC50 > 25 mg/mL for at least one cell line, representing potentially less cytotoxic alternatives. MAIN LIMITATIONS Further studies are necessary to extrapolate these in vitro data results to the in vivo joint environment. CONCLUSIONS Targeted IA antibiotic therapy would involve selection of the safest antibiotics (highest IC50) with efficacy based on bacterial culture/sensitivity. Antimicrobial selection and evidence-based dosing may minimise damage to native articular cartilage and synovial cells and development of antimicrobial resistance when IA antibiotics are used in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Pezzanite
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gabriella Piquini
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gregg Griffenhagen
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dominique Ramirez
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Laurie Goodrich
- Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Wong DM. Clinical insights: Recent development in equine neonatology and foal medicine (2017-2019). Equine Vet J 2020; 52:7-10. [PMID: 31821613 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Wong
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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8
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Podico G, Roady PJ, Uhl E, Lima FS, Li Z. Diffusion of fluoroquinolones into equine fetal fluids did not induce fetal lesions after enrofloxacin treatment in early gestation. Vet J 2019; 253:105376. [PMID: 31685134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While recent work demonstrated that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reach the fetoplacental unit without causing obvious lesions in the 9-month-old equine fetus or resulting foal, many practitioners still hesitate to prescribe a fluoroquinolone during pregnancy. Since early gestation is a critical time for fetal skeletal development, if fluoroquinolones are chondrotoxic to the fetus at any point during gestation, this period would be important. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 2 weeks' exposure to enrofloxacin on the equine fetus between 46 and 60 days gestation. Twelve pregnancies from nine healthy mares were allocated into two groups: untreated (n=7), or treatment (7.5mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO×14days, n=6). Abortion was induced with prostaglandin 24h after the last enrofloxacin dose, or on the equivalent day of gestation for untreated mares. Four of nine mares were rebred for a second cycle and were assigned to the opposite treatment to serve as their own controls. Fetal fluids from treated mares were analysed for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations. Fetal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, kidney, and liver) and limbs were examined histopathologically. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin diffused to the fetal fluids during early gestation and did not result in detectable abnormalities in the fetus after 14 days of treatment. While current research does not determine long-term foal outcomes, enrofloxacin may be useful for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - G Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - E Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Z Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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9
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Roady PJ, Litsky A, Durgam S, Podico G, Li Z, Lima FS. Administration of enrofloxacin during late pregnancy failed to induce lesions in the resulting newborn foals. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:136-143. [PMID: 31009093 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study demonstrated that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin cross the equine placenta without causing gross cartilage or tendon lesions in the 9-month fetus; however, long-term effects of in utero fluoroquinolone exposure remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of fetal exposure to enrofloxacin on the resulting foal's cartilage and tendon strength. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Healthy mares at 280 days' gestation were allocated into four groups: untreated (n = 5), therapeutic treatment (7.5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, PO × 14 days, n = 6), supratherapeutic treatment (15 mg/kg, PO × 14 days, n = 6) and no mare treatment with treatment of the foals post-partum (n = 2). Mares were allowed to carry pregnancy to term, and foals were maintained on pasture for 5 weeks. After that foals were euthanized, and their articular cartilage and extensor and flexor tendons were examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. Tendon strength was tested by loading until failure. RESULTS Administration of enrofloxacin at recommended doses in late gestation did not result in cartilaginous lesions or clinical lameness in any foal by 5 weeks old. Tensile strength was greater in hind tendons than front tendons, but no difference was found between foals born from treated and control mares. Expectedly, osteochondral changes were present both in foals born from enrofloxacin-treated mares and in negative control foals with no apparent association with fluoroquinolone treatment during pregnancy. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one time point in gestation was evaluated, and mares treated in the study were healthy at time of treatment. Additionally, it is possible that the assessments performed herein were not sensitive enough to detect subtle or functional changes in the articular cartilage. Further studies are needed to determine if enrofloxacin administration during late pregnancy potentiates osteochondral alterations in the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS While this study did not assess other stages of gestation or long-term foal outcomes, short-term administration of enrofloxacin to late gestation mares did not result in macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the resulting foals by 5 weeks of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A Litsky
- Department of Orthopaedics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S Durgam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - G Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Z Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Sehonova P, Tokanova N, Hodkovicova N, Kocour Kroupova H, Tumova J, Blahova J, Marsalek P, Plhalova L, Doubkova V, Dobsikova R, Chloupek P, Dolezalova P, Faldyna M, Svobodova Z, Faggio C. Oxidative stress induced by fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin in zebrafish (Danio rerio) can be ameliorated after a prolonged exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:87-93. [PMID: 30769281 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our experiment was to evaluate the effect of enrofloxacin on biotransformation, oxidative stress and mRNA expression of related genes in fish as a non-target organisms. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) juveniles were treated with enrofloxacin at concentrations of 5, 10 and 500 μg/L for 14 days. A three-day-long test caused changes of catalytic activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase. Moreover, lipid peroxidation was observed at the highest concentration. No significant changes either in catalytic activity of antioxidant enzymes or elevated lipid peroxidation were observed from sampling day 7 on. mRNA expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes was also not affected by enrofloxacin after a 14-day exposure. This suggests the ability of D. rerio juveniles to adapt to enrofloxacin in a short time period. Moreover, enrofloxacin was not shown to affect collagen, cathepsin K, optic atrophy 1 and pyruvate kinase L/R mRNA expression in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Sehonova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Tokanova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Tumova
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blahova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marsalek
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plhalova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Doubkova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Dobsikova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chloupek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Dolezalova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166, Agata-Messina, Italy.
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11
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Ellerbrock RE, Canisso IF, Roady PJ, Rothrock LT, Zhong L, Wilkins P, Dirikolu L, Lima FS, Honoroto J. Diffusion of enrofloxacin to pregnancy fluids and effects on fetal cartilage after intravenous administration to late pregnant mares. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:544-551. [PMID: 30449030 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In selective cases, enrofloxacin may be an alternative antibacterial agent to treat unresponsive infections in pregnant mares. Supratherapeutic doses of enrofloxacin are toxic to adult horses and also to newborn foals, however, it is unknown if enrofloxacin crosses the equine placenta or if it is toxic to the fetus. OBJECTIVES To assess the diffusion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite to fetal fluids and its effects on fetal cartilage when administered to pregnant mares. STUDY DESIGN In vivo and terminal controlled experiment. METHODS Healthy mares at 260 days of gestation were allocated into three groups: untreated (n = 3), therapeutic treatment (5 mg/kg enrofloxacin, i.v., n = 7) or supratherapeutic treatment (10 mg/kg, i.v., n = 6) for 11 days. Fetal fluids were collected on days 1, 5 and 11 of treatment. Premature delivery was induced on day 11 with oxytocin and fetal fluids and plasma were collected during delivery. Plasma and fetal fluid enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fetal articular cartilage was examined macroscopically and histologically for lesions. RESULTS Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin reached the minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogens in all fluids. Ciprofloxacin did not increase with the double enrofloxacin dose in maternal plasma, but allantoic fluid showed a 10-fold increase relative to fetal trough plasma concentrations. Administration of enrofloxacin at recommended doses did not result in cartilaginous lesions in fetuses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only one time point in gestation was evaluated and mares treated in the study were healthy at the time of treatment. It remains to be determined if enrofloxacin shows toxicity at other stages of pregnancy, after a longer duration of treatment, or once the foals are delivered and articular surfaces are weightbearing. CONCLUSIONS Short-term administration of enrofloxacin to late gestation mares resulted in detectable enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations in fetal fluids and did not result in macroscopic or microscopic lesions in the fetus. While further research is needed to address long-term foal outcomes, enrofloxacin may be useful for select bacterial infections in pregnant mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ellerbrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - I F Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - L T Rothrock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - L Zhong
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - P Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - L Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - J Honoroto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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12
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A retrospective analysis of adverse effects of an in vivo fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin treatment on oocyte quality in the common marmoset. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 75:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Magdesian KG. Antimicrobial Pharmacology for the Neonatal Foal. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:47-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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14
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O'Sullivan P, Gudehus T, Kamm L, Bridge IS. Treatment of a Standardbred racehorse for septic infraspinatus and intertubercular bursitis caused by haematogenous bacterial spread. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. O'Sullivan
- Troytown Grey Abbey Equine Veterinary Services; Kildare Ireland
| | | | - L. Kamm
- Veterinary Associates Equine and Farm; Karaka New Zealand
| | - I. S. Bridge
- Veterinary Associates Equine and Farm; Karaka New Zealand
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Abstract
Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, systemic inflammatory response to infection and is a common condition in horses. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with bacterial infection is a hallmark of sepsis. Sepsis in neonatal foals is a common sequela of failure of passive transfer and, in addition to development of SIRS, may be characterised by bacteraemia, pneumonia, enterocolitis, omphalophlebitis, meningoencephalitis or arthritis. Sepsis in mature horses is most commonly observed secondary to gastrointestinal lesions that result in disrupted mucosa and bacterial translocation into circulation (endotoxaemia). Pleuropneumonia and metritis may also cause sepsis in mature horses. Diagnosis of sepsis is based on SIRS criteria as well as suspected or confirmed infection. Due to the relatively low sensitivity of microbial culture and the subjectivity of sepsis scoring, many sepsis biomarkers are being studied for their usefulness in diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in horses. Treatment of sepsis requires an intensive care approach that includes antimicrobial drug administration, fluid resuscitation and pressure support, and treatment for inflammation, endotoxaemia and coagulopathy. Early recognition of sepsis and prompt antimicrobial drug treatment are critical for a successful outcome. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may occur in severe cases of sepsis, with common manifestations including laminitis and coagulopathies. Although prognosis for septic mature horses depends highly on the primary disease process, the overall survival rate in septic neonatal foals ranges from 26 to 86%, with most studies indicating a survival rate of 45-60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taylor
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
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16
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Theelen MJP, Wilson WD, Edman JM, Magdesian KG, Kass PH. Temporal trends inin vitroantimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from foals with sepsis: 1979-2010. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:161-8. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. P. Theelen
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - W. D. Wilson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; USA
| | - J. M. Edman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; USA
| | - K. G. Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; USA
| | - P. H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; USA
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17
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Lallemand E, Trencart P, Tahier C, Dron F, Paulin A, Tessier C. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Local Tolerance at Injection Site of Marbofloxacin Administered by Regional Intravenous Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses. Vet Surg 2013; 42:649-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lallemand
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes; France
| | | | - Carine Tahier
- Department of Diagnostic Medical Imaging; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes; France
| | | | | | - Caroline Tessier
- Department of Equine Surgery; ONIRIS Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering; Nantes; France
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18
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Adverse effects of antimicrobials via predictable or idiosyncratic inhibition of host mitochondrial components. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:4046-51. [PMID: 22615289 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00678-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview explores mitochondria as a site for antibiotic-host interactions that lead to pathophysiologic responses manifested as nonantibacterial side effects. Mitochondrion-based side effects are possibly related to the notion that these organelles are archaic bacterial ancestors or commandeered remnants that have co-evolved in eukaryotic cells; thus, this minireview focuses on mitochondrial damage that may be analogous to the antibacterial effects of the drugs. Special attention is devoted to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones and their respective single side effects related to mitochondrial disturbances. Linezolid/oxazolidinone multisystemic toxicity is also discussed. Aminoglycosides and oxazolidinones are inhibitors of bacterial ribosomes, and some of their side effects appear to be based on direct inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes. Chloramphenicol and fluoroquinolones target bacterial ribosomes and gyrases/topoisomerases, respectively, both of which are present in mitochondria. However, the side effects of chloramphenicol and the fluoroquinolones appear to be based on idiosyncratic damage to host mitochondria. Nonetheless, it appears that mitochondrion-associated side effects are a potential aspect of antibiotics whose targets are shared by prokaryotes and mitochondria-an important consideration for future drug design.
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PARKER RA, CLEGG PD, TAYLOR SE. The in vitro effects of antibiotics on cell viability and gene expression of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:355-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Paxson JA, Paradis MR. Pharmacokinetics of aztreonam after intravenous administration in foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:92-4. [PMID: 21219352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Paxson
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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21
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The effects of enrofloxacin on canine tendon cells and chondrocytes proliferation in vitro. Vet Res Commun 2007; 32:243-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-9024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Atherton RP, McKenzie HC. Alternative antimicrobial agents in the treatment of proliferative enteropathy in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Neonatal infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the equine industry, despite advances in prevention and treatment. Many factors can influence a foal's risk for the development of sepsis in the peripartum period. This article discusses those factors, causative organisms, and therapeutic options. Factors that influence prognosis and potential preventative strategies also are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, 2015 S.W. 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
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24
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Carrillo NA, Giguère S, Gronwall RR, Brown MP, Merritt KA, O'Kelley JJ. Disposition of orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil in foals and adult horses and minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug against common bacterial pathogens of horses. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:30-5. [PMID: 15691032 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the disposition of orally administered cefpodoxime proxetil in foals and adult horses and measure the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the drug against common bacterial pathogens of horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses and 6 healthy foals at 7 to 14 days of age and again at 3 to 4 months of age. PROCEDURE A single dose of cefpodoxime proxetil oral suspension was administered (10 mg/kg) to each horse by use of a nasogastric tube. In 7- to 14-day-old foals, 5 additional doses were administered intragastrically at 12-hour intervals. The MIC of cefpodoxime for each of 173 bacterial isolates was determined by use of a commercially available test. RESULTS In 7- to 14-day-old foals, mean +/- SD time to peak serum concentration (Tmax) was 1.7 +/- 0.7 hours, maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 0.81 +/- 0.22 microg/mL, and elimination half-life (harmonic mean) was 7.2 hours. Disposition of cefpodoxime in 3- to 4-month-old foals was not significantly different from that of neonates. Adult horses had significantly higher Cmax and significantly lower Tmax, compared with values for foals. The MIC of cefpodoxime required to inhibit growth of 90% of isolates for Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp, Klebsiella spp, and beta-hemolytic streptococci was 0.38, 1.00, 0.16, 0.19, and 0.09 microg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg every 6 to 12 hours would appear appropriate for the treatment of equine neonates with bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Carrillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA
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25
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Wright I. Arthroscopic surgery in the management of contamination and infection of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1053/ctep.2002.35587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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