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Rujirekasuwan N, Sattasathuchana P, Theerapan W, Thengchaisri N. Comparative analysis of ocular biometry, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dog breeds. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024. [PMID: 38682866 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared skull morphology and ocular parameters in brachycephalic (BC, n = 16) and nonbrachycephalic (NB, n = 16) dogs using head CT scans. The results of a Schirmer tear test I (STT I), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular biometry, external structure, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions were evaluated and compared between BC and NB dogs. There were no statistically significant differences in the STT I results, IOP, globe dimensions, globe volume, internal structure, and external structure between BC and NB dogs (P > .05). Brachycephalic dogs exhibited significantly greater ocular protrusion and significantly larger palpebral fissure dimensions compared with NB dogs. For all dogs, we found a strong positive correlation between globe volume and body weight (r = 0.836, P = .0000). The globe volumes, external structure parameters, and ocular protrusion were normalized by body weight and were also significantly larger in BC dogs compared with NB dogs (P < .001). The ocular protrusion (r = 0.521, P < .0000) and horizontal palpebral fissure (r = 0.372, P = .0024) showed a moderate positive correlation with the cephalic index (CI). Additionally, normalized globe volume (r = 0.435, P = .0003), normalized orbital depth (r = 0.419, P = .0005), and normalized retrobulbar depth (r = 0.444, P = .0002) had a moderate positive correlation with the CI. The study emphasizes how the distinctive skull structure of BC dogs, with shortened facial bones and thickened retrobulbar soft tissue, influences their ocular appearance and raises the risk of eye problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuanwan Rujirekasuwan
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ophthalmology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wutthiwong Theerapan
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Martinelli L, Foote BC, Zhu X, Johnson JG, Durrett J, Buckner C, Sheldon JD. INTRAOCULAR PRESSURES OF AQUARIUM-HOUSED COWNOSE RAYS ( RHINOPTERA BONASUS) WITH NORMAL AND ABNORMAL OPHTHALMIC EXAMS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:704-712. [PMID: 38251993 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) are common elasmobranchs in zoos and aquaria; however, there is a lack of published information regarding ocular findings in this species. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured in a total of 52 cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) from two unrelated aquaria (n = 22 from A1, n = 30 from A2) using a TonoVet rebound tonometer on two settings (dog = D, and unidentified species = P) as part of a full ophthalmologic examination. Adult (n = 38) and juvenile (n = 14) rays were sampled out of water briefly in sternal recumbency. Intraocular pressure (mean ± SD [range]) in the D setting (9.10 ± 2.57 [4-18] mmHg) was higher than the P setting (5.21 ± 2.32 [0-12] mmHg) (P<0.001). Statistical analysis revealed no difference in IOP between right and left eyes, and no correlation between body weight and IOP. No differences in IOP between sex, age group, and location were identified in either setting. However, a significant difference was observed between levels of severity of corneal disease in IOP D setting (P=0.006) and P setting (P=0.024), and levels of severity of intraocular disease in IOP D setting (P=0.034) only. This study provides baseline IOP values using rebound tonometry in aquarium-housed cownose rays with apparent corneal and intraocular lesions and reveals that the D setting may be more sensitive in identifying IOP changes in eyes with intraocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Braidee C Foote
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- The Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37919 USA
| | - James G Johnson
- Living Exhibits, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ. 85254
- Animal Health Department, Denver Zoological Foundation, Denver, CO 80205 USA
| | - Jared Durrett
- Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA
| | - Chris Buckner
- Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies, Gatlinburg, TN 37738 USA
| | - Julie D Sheldon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA,
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Feline Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:367-387. [PMID: 36813391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Feline glaucoma is best categorized as either secondary, congenital and anterior segment dysgenesis associated, or primary. More than 90% of all feline glaucoma develops secondary to uveitis or intraocular neoplasia. The uveitis is usually idiopathic and assumed to be immune-mediated, whereas lymphosarcoma and diffuse iridal melanoma account for many of the intraocular neoplastic-induced glaucoma in cats. Several topical and systemic therapies are useful in the control of the inflammation and elevated intraocular pressures associated with feline glaucoma. Enucleation remains the recommended therapy for blind glaucomatous feline eyes. Enucleated globes from cats with chronic glaucoma should be submitted to an appropriate laboratory for histologic confirmation of the type of glaucoma.
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Okur S, Yanmaz LE, Senocak MG, Ersoz U, Orhun OT, Kadak M. Effects of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure, pupil size, and tear secretion in clinically normal Ghezel sheep. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, TEAR PRODUCTION, AND OCULAR BIOMETRY IN HEALTHY ADULT CHEETAHS ( ACINONYX JUBATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 50:634-643. [PMID: 33517633 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular biometry were measured in 58 healthy cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) between the ages of 2 and 14 yr in two captive groups. During routine health examination under immobilization, each animal underwent ophthalmic examination including STT, IOP, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasonography. Mean ± SD values for STT and IOP were 13.58 ± 5.29 mm/min and 31.40 ± 5.01 mm Hg, respectively. The time between immobilization and examination significantly influenced both STT and IOP measurements. For IOP measurements, a significant group effect was also demonstrated, possibly due to the different anesthetic drug combinations used. Mean ± SD values for biometry were as follows: globe length (32.73 ± 1.74 mm), lens thickness (7.25 ± 1.09 mm), anterior chamber (8.54 ± 1.21 mm), and posterior segment (16.31 ± 2.06 mm). Surprisingly, all of the biometry measurements differed significantly between the two groups. Establishing STT, IOP, and biometric reference values is important for evaluating the ocular health status of the species. These reference values will assist veterinarians working with cheetahs to perform a full and informed ophthalmic examination.
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Camacho-Luna P, Alling C, Boykin K, Liu CC, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:489-496. [PMID: 32012425 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius) are popular pets and can be affected by a range of ocular disorders. Our objective was to report ocular findings in a group of healthy captive leopard geckos and to establish reference ranges for commonly performed ocular diagnostic tests. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty-six healthy male geckos aged 1 year old (n = 4) and >2 years old (n = 22). PROCEDURES All animals underwent ophthalmic examination, corneal esthesiometry, modified Schirmer tear test (mSTT), rebound tonometry, conjunctival bacterial aerobic and fungal culture, and measurement of ocular dimensions. Student's t test was used to compare values of corneal esthesiometry, tonometry and mSTT between groups. Multiple correlations were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS All animals had a normal ocular examination. Tear production as measured with a mSTT (mean ± SD) technique was 3.1 ± 1.3 mm/min and tonometry values (mean ± SD) were 8.2 ± 1.7 mm Hg. Corneal touch threshold (median, range) was 4.4 cm, 2.5-5.0. Younger animals had a significantly increased corneal sensitivity compared to older animals (P = .0383). Results of culture showed no growth for fungal organism in any animals. Conjunctival bacterial isolation rates were low, with only 7/26 samples positive for nine bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS Leopard geckos are amenable to ophthalmic examination and ocular diagnostic database testing with minimal manual restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kimberly Boykin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Choi MG, Chun YS, Kim JT. A Case of Atypical Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease Preceded by Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2018.59.10.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyu Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeoun Sook Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Taek Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Yanmaz LE, Dogan E, Okur S, Okumus Z, Ersoz U. Comparison of the effects of intranasal and intramuscular administrations of zolazepam-tiletamine combination on intraocular pressure in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:115-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Latif Emrah Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ataturk University; Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - Elif Dogan
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ataturk University; Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - Sitkican Okur
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ataturk University; Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - Zafer Okumus
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ataturk University; Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - Ugur Ersoz
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ataturk University; Erzurum 25240 Turkey
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McDonald JE, Kiland JA, Kaufman PL, Bentley E, Ellinwood NM, McLellan GJ. Effect of topical latanoprost 0.005% on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in normal and glaucomatous cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19 Suppl 1:13-23. [PMID: 26183373 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of latanoprost on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in cats with inherited primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and normal cats. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES IOP and PD were measured in both eyes (OU) of 12 adult cats (six normal, six PCG), three times per week for 3 weeks prior to, for 3 weeks during, and for 2 weeks following twice-daily treatment with 0.005% latanoprost to the right eye (OD) and vehicle to the left (control) eye (OS). IOP and PD were measured hourly, for 8 h, 1 day prior to, and on the first and last days of treatment. Aqueous humor flow rate (AHF) was determined at baseline and at the end of the treatment phase in six normal cats. RESULTS Mean IOP was significantly lower in treated vs. control eyes of PCG cats, for up to 8 h following a single latanoprost treatment, and a maximal IOP reduction of 63% occurred in treated eyes at 3 h. Latanoprost acutely lowered IOP in cats with PCG, but this effect appeared to diminish over 3 weeks of treatment. AHF was modestly increased in the treated eyes of normal cats after 3 weeks of latanoprost treatment, although IOP was not significantly affected. Latanoprost caused miosis, with rebound mydriasis at 24 h posttreatment, in the treated eyes of all cats. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to determine the suitability and efficacy of latanoprost treatment for long-term IOP-lowering in cats with PCG or other forms of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ellison Bentley
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Di Girolamo N, Andreani V, Guandalini A, Selleri P. Evaluation of intraocular pressure in conscious ferrets (Mustela putorius furo
) by means of rebound tonometry and comparison with applanation tonometry. Vet Rec 2013; 172:396. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Di Girolamo
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
| | - V. Andreani
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - A. Guandalini
- Department of Ophthalmology; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS); Via Sandro Giovannini 53 Rome 00137 Italy
| | - P. Selleri
- Clinica per Animali Esotici; Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Rome Italy
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Reuter A, Müller K, Arndt G, Eule JC. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. J Avian Med Surg 2012; 25:165-72. [PMID: 22216716 DOI: 10.1647/2009-056.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with the TonoVet rebound tonometer in 10 raptor species, and possible factors affecting IOP were investigated. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed, and IOP was assessed in 2 positions, upright and dorsal recumbency, in 237 birds belonging to the families Accipitridae, Falconidae, Strigidae, and Tytonidae. Mean IOP values of healthy eyes were calculated for each species, and differences between families, species, age, sex, left and right eye, as well as the 2 body positions were evaluated. Physiologic fluctuations of IOP were assessed by measuring IOP serially for 5 days at the same time of day in 15 birds of 3 species. Results showed IOP values varied by family and species, with the following mean IOP values (mm Hg +/- SD) determined: white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), 26.9 +/- 5.8; red kite (Milvus milvus), 13.0 +/- 5.5; northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), 18.3 +/- 3.8; Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), 15.5 +/- 2.5; common buzzard (Buteo buteo), 26.9 +/- 7.0; common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), 9.8 +/- 2.5; peregrine falcon, (Falco peregrinus), 12.7 +/- 5.8; tawny owl (Strix aluco), 9.4 +/- 4.1; long-eared owl (Asio otus), 7.8 +/- 3.2; and barn owl (Tyto alba), 10.8 +/- 3.8. No significant differences were found between sexes or between left and right eyes. In goshawks, common buzzards, and common kestrels, mean IOP was significantly lower in juvenile birds than it was in adult birds. Mean IOP differed significantly by body position in tawny owls (P = .01) and common buzzards (P = .04). By measuring IOP over several days, mean physiologic variations of +/- 2 mm Hg were detected. Differences in IOP between species and age groups should be considered when interpreting tonometric results. Physiologic fluctuations of IOP may occur and should not be misinterpreted. These results show that rebound tonometry is a useful diagnostic tool in measuring IOP in birds of prey because it provides rapid results and is well tolerated by birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Reuter
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Gomes FE, Bentley E, Lin TL, McLellan GJ. Effects of unilateral topical administration of 0.5% tropicamide on anterior segment morphology and intraocular pressure in normal cats and cats with primary congenital glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 14 Suppl 1:75-83. [PMID: 21923827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of topical 0.5% tropicamide on anterior segment morphology (ASM) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal and glaucomatous cats. ANIMALS USED: Normal cats and cats with inherited primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). PROCEDURES Control IOP curves were performed in untreated normal and PCG cats. In the first experiment, tropicamide was applied OD in eight normal and nine PCG cats. IOP and pupillary diameter (PD) were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min, then hourly until 8 h post-treatment. In a second experiment, six normal and seven PCG cats received tropicamide OD. High-resolution ultrasound images were obtained at 0, 1, 5, and 10 h post-treatment to measure ASM changes. IOP and PD were measured OD at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 h. RESULTS In untreated normal cats IOP OU decreased throughout the day. In PCG cats IOP OU had wide fluctuations over time. In normal cats IOP response varied in the treated eye but did not change significantly in untreated eyes. IOP significantly increased from baseline in both eyes of all treated PCG cats. Increases in IOP were associated with some ASM changes. Cats with PCG had a significantly smaller angle recess areas, diminished ciliary clefts and decreased iris-lens contact. ASM changes were not strongly correlated with IOP in all cats. CONCLUSIONS The ASM of PCG cats is markedly different from normal cats, and clinically significant increases in IOP OU occur in cats with PCG after tropicamide treatment. The mechanism for this increase remains unclear.
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Abstract
Cats with glaucoma typically present late in the course of disease. It is likely that glaucoma in cats is under-diagnosed due to its insidious onset and gradual progression, as well as limitations of some commonly used tonometers in this species. Treatment of glaucoma in feline patients presents a clinical challenge, particularly as glaucoma is often secondary to other disease processes in cats. In this review, we consider the clinical features, pathophysiology, and classification of the feline glaucomas and provide current evidence to direct selection of appropriate treatment strategies for feline glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Shore LS, Cuneah O, Shemesh M. Effects of environmental estrogens on animals in Israel: implications for effects on humans. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2010; 25:337-343. [PMID: 21268447 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2010.25.4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade interest has increased in the possible effects of endocrine disruptor compounds. Numerous papers have appeared as to their possible effects on humans, but definitive effects are hard to demonstrate. In the field of animal husbandry, however, the effects of the endocrine disruptors are well documented. This paper discussed the effects of the endocrine disruptors seen in animals and the possible implications for humans. The areas considered are reproductive disorders, premature udder/breast development, prolapsed oviduct/uterus, scrotal atrophy, and skewed sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence S Shore
- Department of Endocrinology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Yucel I, Akar M, Durukan A, Akar Y, Taskin O, Dora B, Yilmaz N. The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on the Optic Nerve Head Analysis of Migrainous Women. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:163-9. [PMID: 15804741 DOI: 10.1080/02713680590931745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of the menstrual cycle on the optic nerve head topographic analysis of normally menstruating migrainous women. MATERIAL AND METHODS Randomly selected one eye of 44 migrainous and 49 healthy control women with regular menstrual cycles were included in the study. All subjects underwent complete ocular examination. Optic nervehead topographic analysis were performed using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, HRT II (Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II, software version 1.6;Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). They were repeated for two times during the menstrual cycle: in follicular phase (7th to 10th day of the cycle) and in the luteal phase (days 3 to 4 before the menstrual bleeding). Serum estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone measurements were repeated at each menstrual phase. RESULTS The mean age of migrainous and control subjects were 31.5 + 5.1 years and 33.4 +/- 3.7 years, respectively (P > 0.05). Their mean disc areas were 2.26 +/- 0.46 mm(2) and 1.95 +/- 0.39 mm(2), respectively(P < 0.05). Control subjects did not demonstrate any difference in the disc topography (P > 0.05). The parameter rim volume decreased, while the parameters cup volume and cup shape measure increased significantly in the luteal phase of the migrainous women (all P values <0.05). Mean intraocular pressure of the migrainous women decreased significantly in luteal phase (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Significant differences exist in the optic rim and cup parameters during the menstrual cycle of the migrainous women. Further clinical trials on ocular blood flow changes during the menstrual cycle of the migrainous women may highlight the role of sex steroids in the optic nerve head of the migrainous women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iclal Yucel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Ofri R, Steinmetz A, Thielebein J, Horowitz IH, Oechtering G, Kass PH. Factors affecting intraocular pressure in lions. Vet J 2008; 177:124-9. [PMID: 17561420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed analysis of the relationship between age and intraocular pressure (IOP) in lions. Tonometry was conducted in 33 lions aged 5 days to 80 months. Age was significantly associated with IOP (P<0.005). Mean IOP was 12.8+/- and 23.9+/-4.1 mmHg in lions < or =1 year old and >1 year old, respectively. IOP linearly rose with age during the first 20 months of life, plateaued until approximately 40 months, and then gradually declined (r=0.85). Age-related changes in IOP were highly correlated with ultrasonographic measurements of intraocular dimensions (r > or = 0.72), and may be a determinant factor in developmental ocular growth. The dramatic rise in IOP of young lions is similar to that observed in children, but has not been previously demonstrated in animals. Significant IOP differences between lion sub-species were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Stadtbäumer K, Frommlet F, Nell B. Effects of mydriatics on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the normal feline eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2006; 9:233-7. [PMID: 16771758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of various mydriatics (1% atropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 0.5% tropicamide, 10% phenylephrine) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size (PS) in normal cats. ANIMALS STUDIED The mydriatics were tested in 10 adult ophthalmoscopically normal European Domestic Short-haired cats. Procedure Single-dose drug studies were divided into placebo (vehicle of phenylephrine), 10% phenylephrine, 0.5% tropicamide, 1% cyclopentolate and 1% atropine. After measurement of IOP and pupil size (PS) at 8 a.m. on the first day, one drop of the tested drug was applied to one randomly selected eye. The IOP and PS were measured for a minimum of 36 h until the pupil returned to pretest size. RESULTS Ten per cent phenylephrine had no significant effect on IOP, and the effect on the pupil size was minimal (<or= 1 mm difference). One per cent atropine showed a maximal mean difference of 4.3 mmHg +/- 4.1 mmHg in IOP compared to the untreated eye. These differences were statistically significant at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 16 h post-treatment. At 1, 1.5 and 2 h after unilateral application of 1% cyclopentolate, the IOP in the treated eye was significantly higher than the IOP in the untreated eye with a maximal mean difference of 4.1 mmHg +/- 4.5 mmHg. With 0.5% tropicamide, IOP of the treated eye was significantly higher than IOP of the untreated eye at 1 and 1.5 h after treatment with a maximal mean difference of 3.5 mmHg +/- 3.3 mmHg. One per cent atropine caused the greatest increase in IOP, followed by 1% cyclopentolate and 0.5% tropicamide. The dilating effect of atropine, cyclopentolate and tropicamide lasted longer than the effect on intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS The parasympatholytics 1% atropine, 1% cyclopentolate and 0.5% tropicamide caused a statistically significant elevation of IOP and produced mydriasis in the treated eye in normal cats, while the sympathomimetic 10% phenylephrine had no significant effect on IOP or pupil size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Stadtbäumer
- Clinic for Surgery and Ophthalmology, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Abramov Y, Borik S, Yahalom C, Fatum M, Avgil G, Brzezinski A, Banin E. Does Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Affect Intraocular Pressure? J Glaucoma 2005; 14:271-5. [PMID: 15990606 DOI: 10.1097/01.ijg.0000169390.17427.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on intraocular pressure (IOP). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional controlled study, including 107 women aged 60 to 80 years receiving HRT and 107 controls who have never received HRT. All subjects underwent IOP assessment and funduscopic photography for cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios, and completed questionnaires regarding personal and family history of glaucoma, hormone replacement therapy, lifetime estrogen and progesterone exposure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Main Outcome Measures included IOP, prevalence of increased IOP, and C/D ratios. RESULTS The groups did not differ in mean IOP (15.3 versus 15.3 mm Hg), mean vertical (0.18 versus 0.21) and horizontal (0.17 versus 0.14) C/D ratios, and in prevalence of increased IOP (15% versus 14%), C/D ratio (7% versus 7%), or glaucoma (9% versus 11%). A personal history of ischemic heart disease was the only risk factor associated with increased IOP (O.R. = 4.63, P = 0.003). Lifetime estrogen and progesterone exposure, including pregnancies, deliveries, menstruation years, and the use of oral contraceptives did not significantly affect the risk for increased IOP. CONCLUSION Hormone replacement therapy and lifetime estrogen and progesterone exposure do not seem to affect IOP or the risk for increased IOP. A personal history of ischemic heart disease may be associated with a higher risk for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Abramov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Hughes GJ, Mioulet V, Kitching RP, Woolhouse MEJ, Alexandersen S, Donaldson AI. Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of sheep: implications for diagnosis and control. Vet Rec 2002; 150:724-7. [PMID: 12081308 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.23.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Hughes
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey
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