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Franco-Gonçalo P, Pereira AI, Loureiro C, Alves-Pimenta S, Filipe V, Gonçalves L, Colaço B, Leite P, McEvoy F, Ginja M. Femoral Neck Thickness Index as an Indicator of Proximal Femur Bone Modeling. Vet Sci 2023; 10:371. [PMID: 37368757 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration in the shape of the femoral neck is an important radiographic sign for scoring canine hip dysplasia (CHD). Previous studies have reported that the femoral neck thickness (FNT) is greater in dogs with hip joint dysplasia, becoming progressively thicker with disease severity. The main objective of this work was to describe a femoral neck thickness index (FNTi) to quantify FNT and to study its association with the degree of CHD using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) scheme. A total of 53 dogs (106 hips) were randomly selected for this study. Two examiners performed FNTi estimation to study intra- and inter-examiner reliability and agreement. The paired t-test, the Bland-Altman plots, and the intraclass correlation coefficient showed excellent agreement and reliability between the measurements of the two examiners and the examiners' sessions. All joints were scored in five categories by an experienced examiner according to FCI criteria. The results from examiner 1 were compared between FCI categories. Hips that were assigned an FCI grade of A (n = 19), B (n = 23), C (n = 24), D (n = 24), and E (n = 16) had a mean ± standard deviation FNTi of 0.809 ± 0.024, 0.835 ± 0.044, 0.868 ± 0.022, 0.903 ± 0.033, and 0.923 ± 0.068, respectively (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Therefore, these results show that FNTi is a parameter capable of evaluating proximal femur bone modeling and that it has the potential to enrich conventional CHD scoring criteria if incorporated into a computer-aided diagnosis capable of detecting CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Franco-Gonçalo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Inês Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cátia Loureiro
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia Alves-Pimenta
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vítor Filipe
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering (INESC-TEC), Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lio Gonçalves
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering (INESC-TEC), Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Leite
- Neadvance Machine Vision SA, 4705-002 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fintan McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Franco-Gonçalo P, Alves-Pimenta S, Gonçalves L, Colaço B, Leite P, Ribeiro A, Ferreira M, McEvoy F, Ginja M. Femoral parallelism: evaluation and impact of variation on canine hip dysplasia assessment. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1160200. [PMID: 37215470 PMCID: PMC10196174 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1160200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate radiographic positioning on the X-ray table is paramount for canine hip dysplasia (HD) screening. The aims of this study were to evaluate femoral parallelism on normal ventrodorsal hip extended (VDHE) view and the effect of femoral angulation (FA) on Norberg Angle (NA) and Hip Congruency Index (HCI). The femoral parallelism was evaluated comparing the alignment of the long femoral axis with the long body axis in normal VDHE views and the effect of FA on NA and HCI on repeated VDHE views with different levels of FA. The femoral long axis in normal VDHE views showed a ranged of FA from -4.85° to 5.85°, mean ± standard deviation (SD) of -0.06 ± 2.41°, 95% CI [-4.88, 4.76°]. In the paired views, the mean ± SD femur adduction of 3.69 ± 1.96° led to a statistically significant decrease NA, and HCI, and femur abduction of 2.89 ± 2.12 led to a statistically significant increase in NA and HCI (p < 0.05). The FA differences were also significantly correlated with both NA differences (r = 0.83) and HCI differences (r = 0.44) (p < 0.001). This work describes a methodology that allows evaluation of femoral parallelism in VDHE views and the results suggest that femur abduction yielded more desirable NA and HCI values and adduction impaired NA and HCI values. The positive linear association of FA with NA and HCI allows the use of regression equations to create corrections, to reduce the influence of poor femoral parallelism in the HD scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Franco-Gonçalo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sofia Alves-Pimenta
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lio Gonçalves
- Department of Engineering, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering (INESC-TEC), Technology and Science, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Leite
- Neadvance Machine Vision SA, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Fintan McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Vila Real, Portugal
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Franco-Gonçalo P, Moreira da Silva D, Leite P, Alves-Pimenta S, Colaço B, Ferreira M, Gonçalves L, Filipe V, McEvoy F, Ginja M. Acetabular Coverage Area Occupied by the Femoral Head as an Indicator of Hip Congruency. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172201. [PMID: 36077921 PMCID: PMC9454438 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate radiographic screening evaluation is essential in the genetic control of canine HD, however, the qualitative assessment of hip congruency introduces some subjectivity, leading to excessive variability in scoring. The main objective of this work was to validate a method-Hip Congruency Index (HCI)-capable of objectively measuring the relationship between the acetabulum and the femoral head and associating it with the level of congruency proposed by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI), with the aim of incorporating it into a computer vision model that classifies HD autonomously. A total of 200 dogs (400 hips) were randomly selected for the study. All radiographs were scored in five categories by an experienced examiner according to FCI criteria. Two examiners performed HCI measurements on 25 hip radiographs to study intra- and inter-examiner reliability and agreement. Additionally, each examiner measured HCI on their half of the study sample (100 dogs), and the results were compared between FCI categories. The paired t-test and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed no evidence of a systematic bias, and there was excellent reliability between the measurements of the two examiners and examiners’ sessions. Hips that were assigned an FCI grade of A (n = 120), B (n = 157), C (n = 68), D (n = 38) and E (n = 17) had a mean HCI of 0.739 ± 0.044, 0.666 ± 0.052, 0.605 ± 0.055, 0.494 ± 0.070 and 0.374 ± 0.122, respectively (ANOVA, p < 0.01). Therefore, these results show that HCI is a parameter capable of estimating hip congruency and has the potential to enrich conventional HD scoring criteria if incorporated into an artificial intelligence algorithm competent in diagnosing HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Franco-Gonçalo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Moreira da Silva
- School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Leite
- Neadvance Machine Vision SA, 4705-002 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia Alves-Pimenta
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Lio Gonçalves
- School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering (INESC-TEC), Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Filipe
- School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering (INESC-TEC), Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fintan McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mário Ginja
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Bouchgua M, Alexander K, Carmel EN, d'Anjou MA, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Use of routine clinical multimodality imaging in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis--part II: bone mineral density assessment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:197-204. [PMID: 18757215 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess bone mineral density (BMD) at different depths from the articular surface in vivo and temporally in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA) using clinical computed tomography (CT) equipment. METHODS The knee joints of rabbits (N=10 with Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and contralateral sham joints, and N=6 unoperated controls) were scanned in a transverse image plane with a single-slice helical CT scanner. BMD was calculated at defined depths from the articular surface to the growth plate in the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral tibial plateau (LTP) and medial tibial plateau (MTP). Baseline BMD was measured at 2 weeks before surgery, and then repeated at weeks 2, 4 and 8 post-surgery in all 10 operated rabbits, and again at week 12 in five of the operated rabbits and at weeks -2 and 8 in the six control rabbits. RESULTS In the control joints, BMD decreased with increasing distance into the epiphysis and remained stable over time within each depth. A significant reduction in BMD was observed at week 2 post-operatively in three compartments (LFC, MFC and MTP) in the ACLT joints and persisted to week 12. A modest reduction in BMD occurred in the LTP and MTP of the sham joints at week 12 alone. CONCLUSION Clinical CT equipment permitted rapid, repeated, in vivo, non-invasive BMD assessment in a rabbit model of OA. A marked BMD reduction was measured with progression of OA until the end point at 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchgua
- Département de Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Daubs BM, Markel MD, Manley PA. Histomorphometric analysis of articular cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone plate in femoral heads from clinically normal dogs and dogs with moderate or severe osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1719-24. [PMID: 17014322 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify and compare the microscopic changes in articular cartilage (AC), zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC), and subchondral bone plate in femoral heads from clinically normal dogs and dogs with moderate or severe osteoarthritis. SAMPLE POPULATION Femoral heads from clinically normal dogs (n = 16) and dogs with moderate (24) or severe (14) osteoarthritis. PROCEDURES Femoral heads were allocated to 3 categories (normal, moderate, or severe osteoarthritis) on the basis of radiographic findings, macroscopic findings, and histologic grade determined by use of a modified Mankin scale. Equally spaced 2-mm sections were cut in each femoral head in a coronal or transverse plane. Thickness of the AC, ZCC, and subchondral bone plate was recorded. RESULTS Mean thickness of AC was significantly greater in samples with moderate and severe osteoarthritis than those considered normal. Mean thickness of the ZCC was significantly greater in samples with moderate and severe osteoarthritis than those considered normal. Mean thickness of the subchondral bone plate in samples with severe osteoarthritis was significantly greater than those with moderate osteoarthritis and those considered normal. A significant decrease in AC thickness was detected in the proximomedial area of femoral heads with severe osteoarthritis, compared with those considered normal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A cause and effect association between thickening of subchondral structures and thinning and loss of the overlying AC was not detected. Changes in AC were associated with changes in the subchondral bone plate, which is compatible with the theory of adaptation in response to altered load distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Daubs
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Chalmers HJ, Dykes NL, Lust G, Farese JP, Burton-Wurster NI, Williams AJ, Todhunter RJ. Assessment of bone mineral density of the femoral head in dogs with early osteoarthritis. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:796-800. [PMID: 16649912 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.5.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with and without early osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia. ANIMALS 24 dogs (3 Greyhounds, 6 Labrador-Greyhound crossbreeds, and 15 Labrador Retrievers). PROCEDURE Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis, including a bone-density phantom, was performed for each dog. Centrally located transverse CT slices and a computer workstation were used to identify 16 regions of interest (ROIs) in the proximal portion of the femur. For each ROI, the mean Hounsfield unit value was recorded; by use of the bone-density phantom and linear regression analysis, those values were converted to equivalent BMD (eBMD). Mean eBMD values for the subchondral and nonsubchondral ROIs in dogs with and without osteoarthritis (determined at necropsy) were compared. A mixed-model ANOVA and post hoc linear contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of osteoarthritis, breed, and sex on the BMD value. RESULTS At necropsy, osteoarthritis was detected in 14 hip joints in 9 dogs; all lesions included early cartilage fibrillation. After adjusting for breed and sex, eBMD in subchondral ROIs 8 and 12 (adjacent to the fovea) were 8% and 6% higher, respectively, in osteoarthritis-affected dogs, compared with unaffected dogs; in the nonsubchondral ROIs, eBMD was 10% higher in osteoarthritis-affected dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Compared with findings in unaffected dogs, increased eBMD in hip joints of dogs with early osteoarthritis supports a strong relationship between the subchondral and epiphyseal regions and articular cartilage in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Chalmers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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