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Interferon therapies in small animals. Vet J 2021; 271:105648. [PMID: 33840487 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that play an important role in the immune response of animals and humans. A number of studies reviewed here have evaluated the use of human, canine and feline IFNs as treatments for infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic disease in dogs and cats. Recombinant canine IFN-γ is deemed an efficacious therapy for canine atopic dermatitis. Recombinant feline IFN-ω is effective against canine parvoviral enteritis and has also been recommended for canine atopic dermatitis. Based on limited evidence, recombinant canine IFN-α could be a topical treatment option for dogs with gingivitis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Conclusive evidence is lacking for other diseases and large randomised controlled trials are needed before IFNs can be recommended for other indications.
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2
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Zhang J, Li Z, Huang J, Chen S, Yin H, Tian J, Qu L. miR-101 inhibits feline herpesvirus 1 replication by targeting cellular suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 (SOCS5). Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108707. [PMID: 32456815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline viral rhinotracheitis is a prevalent disease among cats caused by feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1). microRNAs (miRNAs), which serve as important regulatory factors in the host, participate in the regulation of the host innate immune response to virus infection. However, the roles of miRNAs in the FHV-1 life cycle remain unclear. In this study, we found that a new miRNA, miR-101, could suppress FHV-1 replication. FHV-1 infection upregulated the expression level of miR-101 in a cGAS-dependent manner. Furthermore, miR-101 could significantly enhance type I interferon antiviral signaling by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 (SOCS5), a negative regulator of the JAK-STAT pathway. Likewise, knockdown of cellular SOCS5 also suppressed FHV-1 replication due to the enhancement of IFN-I-induced signaling cascades. Taken together, our data demonstrated a new strategy for miR-101-mediated defense against FHV-1 infection by enhancing IFN-I antiviral signaling and increased the knowledge of miRNAs regulating innate immune signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhijie Li
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jiapei Huang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Hang Yin
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jin Tian
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Liandong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
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3
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Fiorito F, Cantiello A, Granato GE, Navas L, Diffidenti C, De Martino L, Maharajan V, Olivieri F, Pagnini U, Iovane G. Clinical improvement in feline herpesvirus 1 infected cats by oral low dose of interleukin-12 plus interferon-gamma. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 48:41-7. [PMID: 27638118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a widespread cat pathogen inducing rhinitis, conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers. To alleviate acute FHV-1-induced disease, antiviral agents are used often with antibiotics. But sometimes, these treatments, as well as conventional doses of cytokines have moderate efficacy and/or collateral effects. Herein we have investigated the effects of low dose interleukin (IL)-12 plus interferon (IFN)-gamma, prepared by Sequential Kinetic Activated (SKA), on the treatment of FHV-1 infection. Twenty-five, unvaccinated FHV-1-positive cats were recruited into a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. Fifteen cats were treated for 6 months with oral low doses of SKA IL-12 plus IFN-gamma and 10 cats were treated with placebo. At 1, 6 and 12 months (follow-up) after the beginning of treatment, clinical assessment, PCR assay and blood count were carried out. At follow-up, in treated group, we observed significant (p<0.05) improvements in clinical signs and PCR became negative in 12/15 cats (80%). In placebo, 10/10 cats were PCR-positive, with improvements (30%) or worsening (70%) in clinical signs. Blood values were normal in both groups. Our results show that the low dose therapy, based on activated solutions of IL-12 plus IFN-gamma, represents a novel approach to treat FHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Cantiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Elvira Granato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Navas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. A review of antiviral drugs and other compounds with activity against feline herpesvirus type 1. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:119-30. [PMID: 27091747 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a common and important cause of ocular surface disease, dermatitis, respiratory disease, and potentially intraocular disease in cats. Many antiviral drugs developed for the treatment of humans infected with herpesviruses have been used to treat cats infected with FHV-1. Translational use of drugs in this manner ideally requires methodical investigation of their in vitro efficacy against FHV-1 followed by pharmacokinetic and safety trials in normal cats. Subsequently, placebo-controlled efficacy studies in experimentally inoculated animals should be performed followed, finally, by carefully designed and monitored clinical trials in client-owned animals. This review is intended to provide a concise overview of the available literature regarding the efficacy of antiviral drugs and other compounds with proven or putative activity against FHV-1, as well as a discussion of their safety in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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5
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Ballin AC, Schulz B, Helps C, Sauter-Louis C, Mueller RS, Hartmann K. Limited efficacy of topical recombinant feline interferon-omega for treatment of cats with acute upper respiratory viral disease. Vet J 2014; 202:466-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Groth AD, Contreras MT, Kado-Fong HK, Nguyen KQ, Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. In vitrocytotoxicity and antiviral efficacy against feline herpesvirus type 1 of famciclovir and its metabolites. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:268-74. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson D. Groth
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Marcos T. Contreras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Helen K. Kado-Fong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kyvan Q. Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Slack JM, Stiles J, Leutenegger CM, Moore GE, Pogranichniy RM. Effects of topical ocular administration of high doses of human recombinant interferon alpha-2b and feline recombinant interferon omega on naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis in cats. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:281-9. [PMID: 23363355 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether 14-day topical ocular administration of high doses of feline recombinant interferon omega (FelFN) or human recombinant interferon alpha-2b (HulFN) solution improves clinical disease and decreases virus shedding in cats with naturally acquired viral keratoconjunctivitis. ANIMALS 36 cats with upper respiratory tract disease and ocular involvement. PROCEDURES Cats received 1 drop of FelFN solution (1 × 10(6) U/mL), HulFN solution (1 × 10(6) U/mL), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (12 cats/group) in each eye twice daily for 14 days (beginning day 1). Oropharyngeal and conjunctival swab samples were collected from each cat before (day 0) and on day 14 of treatment for virus isolation (VI) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing to detect feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus. Subjective clinical scores were recorded on days 0, 3, 7, 10, and 14. RESULTS The number of cats for which feline herpesvirus-1 was detected via VI or RT-qPCR assay was generally (albeit not always significantly) lower on day 14, compared with day 0 findings; however, findings on days 0 or 14 did not differ among groups. The number of cats for which feline calicivirus was detected via VI or RT-qPCR assay did not differ significantly between days 0 and 14 for any group. Clinical scores significantly decreased over the 14-day period but did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In cats with naturally occurring viral keratoconjunctivitis, bilateral ocular administration of high doses of FelFN or HulFN twice daily for 14 days did not improve clinical disease or virus shedding, compared with treatment with saline solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Slack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Maes R. Felid herpesvirus type 1 infection in cats: a natural host model for alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:495830. [PMID: 23762586 PMCID: PMC3671728 DOI: 10.5402/2012/495830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes feline viral rhinotracheitis, an important viral disease of cats on a worldwide basis. Acute FeHV-1 infection is associated with both upper respiratory and ocular signs. Following the acute phase of the disease lifelong latency is established, primarily in sensory neuronal cells. As is the case with human herpes simplex viruses, latency reactivation can result in recrudescence, which can manifest itself in the form of serious ocular lesions. FeHV-1 infection in cats is a natural host model that is useful for the identification of viral virulence genes that play a role in replication at the mucosal portals of entry or are mediators of the establishment, maintenance, or reactivation of latency. It is also a model system for defining innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms and for immunization strategies that can lead to better protection against this and other alphaherpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Maes
- Departments of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Abstract
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) refers to the characteristic acute presentation of a contagious respiratory or ocular disease caused by one or multiple pathogens. Environmental and host factors impact the transmission, clinical presentation, preventive strategy, and treatment of affected cats. The FRDC is especially problematic in settings where large numbers of cats cohabit, including animal shelters, catteries, and semi-feral colonies. Although elimination of FRDC is an unrealistic goal, improved understanding can lead to strategies to minimize disease impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is a major cause of feline morbidity. Following exposure to the virus, virtually all cats become persistently infected and many of these will develop recrudescent disease on one or more occasions during their lifetime. Acute ocular herpetic disease manifests as conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration and keratitis, and can be severe and painful. Repeated bouts of recrudescent ocular disease can lead to progressive corneal pathology that can be ultimately blinding in affected cats. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE FHV-1 has a worldwide distribution, with reported exposure rates in some cat populations of up to 97%. As such it is a significant cause of clinical disease in the global cat population. PATIENT GROUP Young and adolescent cats are most at risk of acute primary disease, and the vast majority of these will become persistently infected. Around half of all persistently infected cats will shed virus at some stage in their life and these may develop recrudescent ocular disease. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Treatment of FHV-1 ocular disease is challenging. Antiviral medications may be expensive, and require good owner and patient compliance. Clinical responses in patients can be variable. Selecting the appropriate therapeutic approach requires good clinical judgement, with assessment of factors such as severity and stage of clinical disease, patient and owner compliance, and financial considerations. EVIDENCE BASE Although a wide range of antiviral treatments is available, few have been tested in controlled clinical trials. Therapeutic decisions are, therefore, often based on results of in vitro studies, case-based reports and anecdote. Large, masked, controlled clinical trials are required in order to determine the efficacy of the antiviral drugs currently available to treat FHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gould
- Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR, UK.
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Mathes RL, Dietrich UM, Krunkosky TM, Hurley DJ, Reber AJ. Establishing a reproducible method for the culture of primary equine corneal cells. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12 Suppl 1:41-9. [PMID: 19891651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a reproducible method for the culture of primary equine corneal epithelial cells, keratocytes, and endothelial cells and to describe each cell's morphologic characteristics, immunocytochemical staining properties and conditions required for cryopreservation. PROCEDURES Corneas from eight horses recently euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study were collected aseptically and enzymatically separated into three individual layers for cell isolation. The cells were plated, grown in culture, and continued for several passages. Each cell type was characterized by morphology and immunocytochemical staining. RESULTS All three equine corneal cell types were successfully grown in culture. Cultured corneal endothelial cells were large, hexagonal cells with a moderate growth rate. Keratocytes were small, spindloid cells that grew rapidly. Epithelial cells had heterogeneous morphology and grew slowly. The endothelial cells and keratocytes stained positive for vimentin and were morphologically distinguishable from one another. The epithelial cells stained positive for cytokeratin. Keratocytes and endothelial cells were able to be cryopreserved and recovered. The cryopreserved cells maintained their morphological and immunocytochemical features after cryopreservation and recovery. DISCUSSION This work establishes reproducible methods for isolation and culture of equine corneal keratocytes and endothelial cells. Cell morphology and cytoskeletal element expression for equine corneal epithelial cells, keratocytes, and endothelial cells are also described. This has not previously been reported for equine corneal cells. This report also demonstrates the ability to preserve equine keratocytes and endothelial cells for extended periods of time and utilize them long after the primary-cell collection, a feature that has not been reported for veterinary corneal cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Mathes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Although the normal cornea is devoid of vasculature and lymphatics, there are still several immune-mediated corneal conditions that can occur in dogs and cats. An overview of corneal immunology is presented. Diseases of dogs, including chronic superficial keratitis, superficial punctate keratitis, and canine adenovirus endotheliitis, as well as feline diseases, including eosinophilic keratitis and herpesvirus-related conditions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E Andrew
- Georgia Veterinary Specialists, 455 Abernathy Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30328, USA
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Haid C, Kaps S, Gönczi E, Hässig M, Metzler A, Spiess BM, Richter M. Pretreatment with feline interferon omega and the course of subsequent infection with feline herpesvirus in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:278-84. [PMID: 17760705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recombinant feline interferon omega (rFeIFN-omega), a type I IFN, may have the potential to limit virus replication and associated clinical signs when administered early on in the course of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) infection and reactivation, respectively. The effect of rFeIFN-omega pretreatment on the course of subsequent FHV-1 infection in cats was investigated. ANIMALS STUDIED Nine SPF cats were divided into an IFN group (n = 5) and a control-group (n = 4). PROCEDURES The IFN group was pretreated for 2 days with 10 000 units rFeIFN-omega twice a day topically into both eyes and 20 000 units rFeIFN-omega once a day orally, whereas the control group was mock-treated. Subsequently all cats were infected with FHV-1. Samples for FHV-1 DNA detection and quantitation, virus isolation, and titration of FHV-1 antibodies were collected. Clinical and ocular signs were recorded and scored. RESULTS Courses of median individual clinical and ocular scores and virus load did not differ significantly between both groups using anova for repeated measurements. Analysis (anova) of each individual ocular parameter revealed significantly high scores for epithelial keratitis (P = 0.016) in the IFN group compared to the control group. Periods of virus shedding did not differ significantly between both groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated a lack of beneficial effects of rFeIFN-omega pretreatment in the course of primary FHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Haid
- Department of Small Animals, Ophthalmology Unit, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterhurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Gaskell R, Dawson S, Radford A, Thiry E. Feline herpesvirus. Vet Res 2007; 38:337-54. [PMID: 17296160 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1; felid herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1)) is an alphaherpesvirus of cats closely related to canine herpesvirus-1 and phocine herpesvirus-1. There is only one serotype of the virus and it is relatively homogenous genetically. FeHV-1 is an important cause of acute upper respiratory tract and ocular disease in cats. In addition, its role in more chronic ocular disease and skin lesions is increasingly being recognised. Epidemiologically, FeHV-1 behaves as a typical alphaherpesvirus whereby clinically recovered cats become latently infected carriers which undergo periodic episodes of virus reactivation, particularly after a stress. The primary site of latency is the trigeminal ganglion. Conventional inactivated and modified-live vaccines are available and protect reasonably well against disease but not infection, although viral shedding may be reduced. Genetically engineered vaccines have also been developed, both for FeHV-1 and as vector vaccines for other pathogens, but none is as yet marketed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Gaskell
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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