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Columbano N, Duffee LR, Melosu V, Scanu A, Dore S, Sotgiu G, Driessen B, Careddu GM. Determination of minimum alveolar concentration and cardiovascular effects of desflurane in positive-pressure ventilated sheep. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:727-732. [PMID: 29943635 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.7.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane (MACDES) and effects on cardiovascular variables in positive-pressure ventilated sheep. ANIMALS 13 adult female sheep. PROCEDURES Anesthesia was induced with desflurane. After a 30-minute equilibration at an end-tidal concentration of desflurane (etDES) of 10.5%, an electrical stimulus (5 Hz/ms and 50 mA) was applied for 1 minute or until gross purposeful movement occurred. The etDES was then changed by 0.5% (modified up-down method), depending on whether a positive motor response had been elicited, and stimulation was repeated. The MACDES was the etDES midway between a positive and negative response. After MACDES was determined, etDES was increased to 1.3 and 1.6 MACDES. Animals were allowed to equilibrate for 15 minutes, and cardiovascular, blood gas, acid-base, and hematologic variables were measured. Times to induction of anesthesia, extubation, attainment of sternal position, and standing and duration of anesthesia were recorded. RESULTS Mean ± SD MACDES was 9.81 ± 0.79%. Times to intubation, extubation, and standing were 4.81 ± 2.21 minutes, 14.09 ± 4.05 minutes, and 32.4 ± 12.5 minutes, respectively. Duration of anesthesia was 226 ± 22 minutes. Heart rate increased significantly at induction of anesthesia but otherwise remained at preanesthetic rates. Arterial blood pressures progressively decreased with increasing etDES; pressures increased slightly only in response to noxious stimulation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The MACDES determined here compared favorably with that determined for other sheep populations and indicated similar anesthetic potency as in other species. Desflurane caused dose-dependent arterial hypotension, which indicated the need for careful blood pressure monitoring.
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Neudeck S, Kästner SBR, Wittenberg-Voges L, Rohn K, Hopster K. Comparison of desflurane and propofol at equipotent doses in combination with a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine on global and peripheral perfusion and oxygenation in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:487-495. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mosing M, Senior JM. Maintenance of equine anaesthesia over the last 50 years: Controlled inhalation of volatile anaesthetics and pulmonary ventilation. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:282-291. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mosing
- Murdoch University School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - J. M. Senior
- Department of Equine Clinical Science; Institute of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
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Fischer B, Clark-Price S. Anesthesia of the Equine Neonate in Health and Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:567-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Tearney CC, Guedes AGP, Brosnan RJ. Equivalence between invasive and oscillometric blood pressures at different anatomic locations in healthy normotensive anaesthetised horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:357-61. [PMID: 25790220 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Accurate blood pressure measurement is essential for effective clinical assessment and appropriate interventions in anaesthetised horses. Information on the accuracy of oscillometry for blood pressure measurement on the appendages of mature horses is limited. OBJECTIVES To assess equivalence between invasive and oscillometric blood pressures at different anatomic locations in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study using 6 healthy mature horses. METHODS Blood pressure was measured invasively in the right transverse facial artery and noninvasively by oscillometry in nondependent limbs and tail of laterally recumbent sevoflurane- or desflurane-anaesthetised horses. Cuff widths of 5-12 cm were tested on the tail, metatarsus, metacarpus and distal radius/ulna. Equivalence between mean arterial pressure (MAP) oscillometric and MAP invasive was assessed using a linear mixed effects model with a significance level of P≤0.05. RESULTS Twenty paired measurements were obtained for each cuff size in each of the locations, totalling 340 measurements. There was only one location (tail) and one cuff width (6 cm; cuff width-to-tail circumference ratio of 0.25) that resulted in equivalence between MAP measured with the oscillometric and the invasive methods (P = 0.8). All other locations (metacarpus, radius/ulna, metatarsus) and cuff widths were not equivalent (P≤0.01). CONCLUSIONS A cuff width-to-tail circumference ratio of 0.25 is recommended for accurate oscillometric blood pressure measurement in mature, laterally recumbent anaesthetised normotensive horses. Studies with variable haemodynamics are warranted. Oscillometric measurements at other extremities and/or with other cuff sizes cannot be recommended for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Tearney
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - A G P Guedes
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - R J Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
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Valente ACS, Brosnan RJ, Guedes AGP. Desflurane and sevoflurane elimination kinetics and recovery quality in horses. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:201-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Inhaled agents represent an important and useful class of drugs for equine anesthesia. This article reviews the ether-type anesthetics in contemporary use, their uptake and elimination, their mechanisms of action, and their desirable and undesirable effects in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Brosnan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Granados MM, Domínguez JM, Fernández-Sarmiento A, Funes FJ, Morgaz J, Navarrete R, Carrillo JM, Rubio M, Muñoz-Rascón P, Gómez de Segura IA, Gómez-Villamandos R. Anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of a constant-rate infusion of alfaxalone in desflurane-anaesthetised sheep. Vet Rec 2012; 171:125. [PMID: 22791525 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A prospective, randomised, blinded controlled study was performed to determine the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of a constant-rate infusion (CRI) of alfaxalone in 12 sheep anaesthetised with desflurane, and undergoing experimental orthopaedic surgery. Sheep were sedated with dexmedetomidine (4 μg/kg, intravenously) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg, intravenously). Anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (1 mg/kg/minute to effect, intravenously) and maintained with desflurane in oxygen and alfaxalone 0.07 mg/kg/minute or saline for 150 minutes (range 150-166 minutes). The anaesthetic induction dose of alfaxalone, the desflurane expiratory fraction required for anaesthetic maintenance, cardiorespiratory measurements and blood-gases were recorded at predetermined intervals. Quality of sedation, anaesthetic induction and recovery were assessed. The alfaxalone induction dose was 1.7 mg/kg (1.2 to 2.6 mg/kg). The desflurane expiratory fraction was lower (22 per cent) in sheep receiving alfaxalone CRI (P=0). Also, heart rate (P=0), cardiac index (P=0.002), stroke index (P=0) and contractility (P=0) were higher, and systemic vascular resistance (P=0.002) was lower. Although respiratory rate tended to be higher with alfaxalone, there was no difference in PCO2 between the groups. Recovery times were significantly longer in sheep given alfaxalone (25.4 v 9.5 minutes) but recovery quality was similar. Alfaxalone reduced requirements of desflurane and maintained similar cardiorespiratory function, but recovery time was more prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Granados
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Anaesthesia Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Rezende ML, Boscan P, Stanley SD, Mama KR, Steffey EP. Evaluation of cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical effects, and anesthetic induction and recovery behavior in horses anesthetized with a 5% micellar microemulsion propofol formulation. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:440-50. [PMID: 20712611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical effects and recovery behavior associated with a 3-hour continuous infusion of a micellar microemulsion propofol formulation in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS Six healthy adult horses, 9 +/- 2 years old and weighing 557 +/- 14 kg. METHODS All horses received xylazine (1 mg kg(-1), IV) 5 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Each horse was anesthetized on two occasions with a 5% micellar microemulsion propofol formulation (2 mg kg(-1), IV); first as a single bolus (phase I) and then as a 3-hour continuous infusion (phase II). Propofol pharmacokinetics were obtained from phase I and used to determine the starting infusion rates in phase II. Anesthetic induction and recovery characteristics were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical parameters were monitored during anesthesia and recovery. RESULTS Induction quality varied, ranging from good to poor. Standing and overall recovery quality scores were consistently excellent in phase I but more variability was observed among horses in phase II. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were adequately maintained but marked hypoventilation developed. There were only minimal changes in blood biochemical analytes following anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The micellar microemulsion propofol formulation, administered as a 3-hour continuous infusion, showed similar results compared to those previously described with a commercially available propofol preparation. However, based on present findings, use of propofol as a primary anesthetic in horses for prolonged periods of anesthesia requires further study to determine the limits of safety and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlis L Rezende
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Steffey EP, Brosnan RJ, Galuppo LD, Mama KR, Imai A, Maxwell LK, Cole CA, Stanley SD. Use of propofol-xylazine and the Anderson Sling Suspension System for recovery of horses from desflurane anesthesia. Vet Surg 2010; 38:927-33. [PMID: 20017849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the behavior of horses recovering in the Anderson Sling Suspension System after 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia and postdesflurane intravenous (IV) administration of propofol and xylazine. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Healthy horses (n=6), mean+/-SEM age 12.3+/-1.8 years; mean weight 556+/-27 kg. METHODS Each horse was anesthetized with xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine IV and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane in O(2). At the end of 4 hours of desflurane, each horse was positioned in the sling suspension system and administered propofol-xylazine IV. Recovery events were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Venous blood was obtained before and after anesthesia for biochemical and propofol analyses. RESULTS Anesthetic induction and maintenance were without incident. Apnea commonly accompanied propofol administration. All horses had consistent recovery behavior characterized by a smooth, careful, atraumatic return to a standing posture. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study support careful, selective clinical use of desflurane, propofol-xylazine, and the Anderson Sling Suspension System to atraumatically transition horses with high anesthetic recovery risk to a wakeful standing posture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Technique choices to facilitate individualized, atraumatic recovery of horses from general anesthesia are desirable. Use of IV propofol and xylazine to transition horses from desflurane anesthesia during sling recovery to standing posture may facilitate improved recovery management of high-injury risk equine patients requiring general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Steffey EP, Mama KR, Brosnan RJ, Imai A, Maxwell LK, Cole CA, Stanley SD. Effect of administration of propofol and xylazine hydrochloride on recovery of horses after four hours of anesthesia with desflurane. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:956-63. [PMID: 19645576 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.8.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare characteristics of horses recovering from 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia with and without immediate postanesthetic IV administration of propofol and xylazine. Animals-8 healthy horses (mean +/- SEM age, 6.6 +/- 1.0 years; mean body weight, 551 +/- 50 kg). PROCEDURES Horses were anesthetized twice. Both times, anesthesia was induced with a combination of xylazine hydrochloride, diazepam, and ketamine hydrochloride and then maintained for 4 hours with desflurane in oxygen. Choice of postanesthetic treatment was randomly assigned via a crossover design such that each horse received an IV injection of propofol and xylazine or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution after the anesthetic episode. Recovery events were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Venous blood samples were obtained before and after anesthesia for determination of serum creatine kinase activity and plasma propofol concentration. RESULTS Anesthetic induction and maintenance were unremarkable in all horses. Compared with administration of saline solution, postanesthetic administration of propofol and xylazine resulted in an increased interval to emergence from anesthesia but improved quality of recovery-related transition to standing. Compared with administration of saline solution, administration of propofol also delayed the rate of decrease of end-tidal concentrations of desflurane and carbon dioxide and added to conditions promoting hypoxemia and hypoventilation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propofol and xylazine administered IV to horses after 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia improved the quality of transition from lateral recumbency to standing but added potential for harmful respiratory depression during the postanesthetic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Steffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mohamadnia AR, Hughes G, Clarke KW. Maintenance of anaesthesia in sheep with isoflurane, desflurane or sevoflurane. Vet Rec 2008; 163:210-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.7.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Mohamadnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, 2 Saman Road; University of Shahrekord; Shahrekord 88186/34141 Iran
| | - G. Hughes
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
| | - K. W. Clarke
- Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
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Keegan RD, Greene SA, Valdez RA, Knowles DK. Cardiovascular effects of desflurane in mechanically ventilated calves. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:387-91. [PMID: 16506897 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine cardiovascular effects of desflurane in mechanically ventilated calves. ANIMALS 8 healthy male calves. PROCEDURE Calves were anesthetized by face mask administration of desflurane to permit instrumentation. Administration of desflurane was temporarily discontinued until mean arterial blood pressure increased to >or= 100 mm Hg, at which time baseline cardiovascular values, pulmonary arterial temperature, end-tidal CO(2) tension, and end-tidal desflurane concentration were recorded. Cardiac index and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were calculated. Arterial blood gas variables were measured and calculated. Mean end-tidal concentration of desflurane at this time was 3.4%. After collection of baseline values, administration of 10% end-tidal concentration of desflurane was resumed and calves were connected to a mechanical ventilator. Cardiovascular data were collected at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes, whereas arterial blood gas data were collected at 15 and 45 minutes after collection of baseline data. RESULTS Mean +/- SD duration from beginning desflurane administration to intubation of the trachea was 151 +/- 32.8 seconds. Relative to baseline, desflurane anesthesia was associated with a maximal decrease in arterial blood pressure of 35% and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance of 34%. Pulmonary arterial blood temperature was decreased from 15 through 45 minutes, compared with baseline values. There were no significant changes in other measured variables. All calves recovered from anesthesia without complications. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of desflurane for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in calves was smooth, safe, and effective. Cardiopulmonary variables remained in reference ranges throughout the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Keegan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, USA
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