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KOTOYORI Y, ENDO Y, MURASE H, SATO F, KOROSUE K. Changes in aspects of hoof and distal limb conformation in foals by radiographic evaluation. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:421-427. [PMID: 38403663 PMCID: PMC11061566 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated age-related radiographic changes in the distal parts of the forelimbs by radiographic evaluation and identified the radiographic changes associated with diseases specific to foals. The hoof angle (HA), distal phalanx angle (P3A), distal phalanx palmer angle (P3PA), distal interphalangeal joint angle (DIPJA), and metacarpophalangeal joint angle (MPJA) on lateromedial radiographs of forelimbs were measured on the day after birth (Day 1); at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age; and then at monthly intervals until 12 months of age. HA and P3A significantly increased from 1 day to 4 weeks and 4 weeks to 3 months of age. The P3PA increased dramatically from 1 day to 1 week, 1 week to 2 weeks, and 2 weeks to 8 weeks of age, and then decreased after 3 months of age. DIPJA significantly decreased from 1 day to 2 weeks of age before increasing from 3 to 5 months of age. MPJA increased with age until 4 weeks, slightly decreased from 2 to 4 months of age, and then gradually decreased from 4 to 6 months of age. The findings indicate that foals' forelimbs typically show flexion of the fetlock and a broken backward hoof-pastern axis just after birth, an upright fetlock until 4 months of age, and a change to a mature conformation after 6 months of age. Physiological variants were correlated with the occurrence of common foal diseases during the radiographic evaluation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu KOTOYORI
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing
Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiro ENDO
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing
Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Harutaka MURASE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing
Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Kenji KOROSUE
- Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing
Association, Hokkaido, Japan
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Malacarne BD, Martins RR, Paz CFR, Alves JVA, Dias LA, Cavalcante MA, Santos AM, Silva AGM, Leise BS, Carvalho AM, Faleiros RR. Histological comparison of the lamellar tissue of Iberian origin breed horses created in semi-feral conditions or in an intensive system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286536. [PMID: 37262053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the external conformation of wild horse hooves has been proposed as an ideal model for domesticated modern horses, histological signs of laminitis have been reported among them. With the hypothesis that the lamellar tissue of horses of Iberian origin raised in semi-feral is healthier than those raised in an intensive management system (stall confinement and high-calorie diet intake), the objective was to compare their lamellar tissues. Lamellar tissue samples were taken from the forelimb hoof of eight domesticated Mangalarga Marchador (MM) horses and from six semi-feral Marajoara (MJ) and Puruca (MP) horses. Primary epidermal lamella (PEL) and secondary epidermal lamella (SEL) were measured (length and width) in several regions, and their shapes were morphologically classified into different types. Breed groups were compared using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey or Dunn tests (P<0.05). Early signs of laminitis such as abnormal keratinization of the abaxial primary dermal lamella, tapered tips of the axial PELs, pointed tips of the SEL, nuclei condensation, and abnormal spatial orientation of the secondary epidermal basal cells (SELBC), were seen only in MM horses. MP horses had a greater interface of epidermis/dermis contact than MJ horses and more rounded nuclei in the round SELBC than MM horses. In agreement with the study hypothesis, semi-feral MJ and MP horses' lamellae were classified as healthier than MM horses, which showed early signs of endocrinopathic laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dondoni Malacarne
- Marion DuPont Equine Medical Center, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Martins
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Mineiros-UNIFIMES, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cahuê Francisco Rosa Paz
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Antunes Dias
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Alison Miranda Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Britta Sigrid Leise
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Vincelette AR, Renders E, Scott KM, Falkingham PL, Janis CM. Hipparion tracks and horses' toes: the evolution of the equid single hoof. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230358. [PMID: 37351494 PMCID: PMC10282582 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The traditional story of the evolution of the horse (family Equidae) has been in large part about the evolution of their feet. How did modern horses come to have a single toe (digit III), with the hoof bearing a characteristic V-shaped keratinous frog on the sole, and what happened to the other digits? While it has long been known that the proximal portions of digits II and IV are retained as the splint bones, a recent hypothesis suggested that the distal portion of these digits have also been retained as part of the frog, drawing upon the famous Laetoli footprints of the tridactyl (three-toed) equid Hipparion as part of the evidence. We show here that, while there is good anatomical and embryological evidence for the proximal portions of all the accessory digits (i.e. I and V, as well as II and IV) being retained in the feet of modern horses, evidence is lacking for the retention of any distal portions of these digits. There is also good ichnological evidence that many tridactyl equids possessed a frog, and that the frog has been part of the equid foot for much of equid evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise Renders
- Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University (Ret.), Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen M. Scott
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, 08854, NJ, USA
| | - Peter L. Falkingham
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Christine M. Janis
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, 02912, RI, USA
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Hoof Matters: Developing an Athletic Thoroughbred Hoof. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223119. [PMID: 36428348 PMCID: PMC9686713 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformation of the hooves and distal limbs of foals and factors influencing their morphological development have not been reported in detail for the Thoroughbred breed. In this paper we explore morphogenesis of the equine distal limb in Thoroughbred foals with emphasis on adaptations in response to weight bearing early in life that prepare the foal for an athletic career. Novel data from four studies are presented chronologically during key time periods to illustrate specific aspects of distal limb growth and adaptation. Dorsal epidermal thickness increased from 2.84 ± 0.41 mm in utero to 4.04 ± 1.10 mm by 4 months of age. The increase in thickness was accompanied by decreased tubular density, increased inter-tubular material, and an increase in number and size of tubules at the quarters, which provided a malleable hoof capsule to allow for skeletal growth. Between 4−6 months of age, the hoof widens, and higher loading on the medial side (>60%) vs. the lateral side (<40%) may be factors that influence mature asymmetric hoof shape. Shortly after 12 months-of-age, the dorsal hoof wall angle and dorsal parietal angle of the distal phalanx become parallel, thus optimizing the functional capacity of the hoof capsule in the weanling Thoroughbred.
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Gerard MP. Anatomy and Physiology of the Equine Foot. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:529-548. [PMID: 34674910 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of foot anatomy and physiology, with a focus on fundamental knowledge. The foot is defined as the epidermal hoof capsule and all structures enveloped by the capsule. The anatomy is described using terminology published in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P Gerard
- Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Moeller S, Patan-Zugaj B, Däullary T, Tichy A, Licka TF. The influence of trimming of the hoof wall on the damage of laminar tissue after loading: An in vitro study. Vet J 2019; 250:63-70. [PMID: 31383422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Laminitis is associated with failure of the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx (SADP) connecting the distal phalanx to the hoof wall. The specific aim of this study was to examine in vitro whether thinning of the hoof wall leading to increased deformability influences the damage of the laminar tissue created by loading of the hoof. Paired cadaver forelimbs from twelve horses were used. For each pair, the hoof wall from one hoof was thinned by 25%; this was ascertained by radiography. The contralateral hooves were used as controls. In a material testing machine, hooves were loaded in a proximodistal direction at 0.5mm/s until a cut-off value of 8kN or 14mm was reached. Afterwards, samples of the SADP were taken for histology. Image-based evaluation of the destruction of the SADP was performed using quantitative histogram analysis. Additionally, three examiners masked to treatment (trimmed/untrimmed) qualitatively evaluated SADP destruction. During hoof loading with forces from 0.5 to 1.8 times the body mass of the donor horses, hooves with thinned hoof wall underwent significantly more deformation (P<0.05). Quantitative histogram analysis detected a shift to higher brightness values and a higher pixel intensity in control hooves, representing disruption in the histologic analysis. Qualitative evaluation of histology sections showed significantly more disruption of the SADP in untrimmed hooves (P=0.03). These results confirm the hypothesis that reduced hoof wall thickness can decrease disruption of laminar tissue in vitro, thus supporting the evaluation of hoof wall reduction as a prophylactic measure in horses at imminent risk of SADP failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moeller
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - B Patan-Zugaj
- Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Däullary
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T F Licka
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
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Hampson BA, Studies MA, de Laat MA, Mills PC, Pollitt CC. Evaluation of primary epidermal lamellar density in the forefeet of near-term fetal Australian feral and domesticated horses. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:871-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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FARAMARZI B. Morphological spectrum of primary epidermal laminae in the forehoof of Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:732-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kawasako K, Higashi T, Nakaji Y, Komine M, Hirayama K, Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Hashimoto H, Tagami M, Tsunoda N, Taniyama H. Histologic evaluation of the diversity of epidermal laminae in hooves of horses without clinical signs of laminitis. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:186-93. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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