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Toholova J, Hornak S, Kuricova M. Non-surgical pain management for hip joint disease in veterinary medicine. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:261-272. [PMID: 39296629 PMCID: PMC11406501 DOI: 10.17221/19/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The most common orthopaedic developmental disease in dogs is hip dysplasia. This condition results in coxofemoral laxity due to incongruity and lack of stabilisation of the joint by the soft tissues. Currently, there is no therapeutic plan to correct hip dysplasia without surgical intervention at a very early age. The goal of the non-surgical treatment is to relieve pain and stiffness and to increase the muscle strength, usually through hydrotherapy and the beneficial physical properties of water. Recently, there has been growing interest in regenerative medicine, which involves the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their products to alleviate the characteristic clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA). In vivo studies with canine MSCs have shown that an intra-articular injection of MSCs into cartilage lesions leads to the excellent regeneration of the hyaline cartilage. Regenerative medicine has undergone rapid development in recent years thanks to new therapies based on the application and combination of innovative biomaterials. One of the first known regenerative methods to be used in clinical practice was platelet-rich plasma (PRP). This review summarises the use and potential of MSCs and PRP, including their in vitro properties, their therapeutic effects in the treatment of cartilage lesions in preclinical in vivo studies, their clinical efficacy in the treatment of naturally occurring OA in dogs, and the current limitations of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Toholova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Slavomir Hornak
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Kuricova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Lawson ZT, Hollenbeck DL, Silveira CJ, Moreno MR, Robbins AB, Saunders WB. Quasi-static mechanical evaluation of canine cementless total hip replacement broaches: effect of tooth design on broach and stem insertion. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:222. [PMID: 38783269 PMCID: PMC11118540 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomedtrix BFX® cementless total hip replacement (THR) requires the use of femoral broaches to prepare a press-fit envelope within the femur for subsequent stem insertion. Current broaches contain teeth that crush and remove cancellous bone; however, they are not particularly well-suited for broaching sclerotic (corticalized) cancellous bone. In this study, three tooth designs [Control, TG1 (additional V-grooves), TG2 (diamond tooth pattern)] were evaluated with a quasi-static testing protocol and polyurethane test blocks simulating normal and sclerotic bone. To mimic clinical broaching, a series of five sequential broach insertions were used to determine cumulative broaching energy (J) and peak loads during broach insertion. To determine the effect of broach tooth design on THR stem insertion, a BFX® stem was inserted into prepared test blocks and insertion and subsidence energy and peak loads were determined. RESULTS Broach tooth design led to significant differences in broaching energy and peak broaching loads in test blocks of both densities. In low density test blocks, TG1 required the lowest cumulative broaching energy (10.76 ±0.29 J), followed by Control (12.18 ±1.20 J) and TG2 (16.66 ±0.78 J) broaches. In high density test blocks, TG1 required the lowest cumulative broaching energy (32.60 ±2.54 J) as compared to Control (33.25 ±2.16 J) and TG2 (59.97 ±3.07 J). During stem insertion and subsidence testing, stem insertion energy for high density test blocks prepared with Control broaches was 14.53 ± 0.81 J, which was significantly lower than blocks prepared with TG1 (22.53 ± 1.04 J) or TG2 (19.38 ± 3.00 J) broaches. For stem subsidence testing in high density blocks, TG1 prepared blocks required the highest amount of energy to undergo subsidence (14.49 ± 0.49 J), which was significantly greater than test blocks prepared with Control (11.09 ±0.09 J) or TG2 (12.57 ± 0.81 J) broaches. CONCLUSIONS The additional V-grooves in TG1 broaches demonstrated improved broaching performance while also generating press-fit envelopes that were more resistant to stem insertion and subsidence. TG1 broaches may prove useful in the clinical setting; however additional studies that more closely simulate clinical broach impaction are necessary prior to making widespread changes to THR broaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Lawson
- College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Danielle L Hollenbeck
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Catrina J Silveira
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Michael R Moreno
- College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andrew B Robbins
- College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - W Brian Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA.
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Stewart HL, Gilbert D, Stefanovski D, Garman Z, Albro MB, Bais M, Grinstaff MW, Snyder BD, Schaer TP. A missed opportunity: A scoping review of the effect of sex and age on osteoarthritis using large animal models. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:501-513. [PMID: 38408635 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to critically analyze the published literature accounting for sex differences and skeletal age (open vs. closed physis) in preclinical animal models of OA, including the disaggregation of data by sex and skeletal maturity when data is generated from combined sex and/or multi-aged cohorts without proper confounding. METHOD A scoping literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SCOPUS was performed for studies evaluating the effect of sex and age in experimental studies and clinical trials utilizing preclinical large animal models of OA. RESULTS A total of 9727 papers were identified in large animal (dog, pig, sheep, goat, horse) models for preclinical OA research, of which 238 ex vivo and/or in vivo studies disclosed model type, animal species, sex, and skeletal age sufficient to analyze their effect on outcomes. Dogs, followed by pigs, sheep, and horses, were the most commonly used models. A paucity of preclinical studies evaluated the effect of sex and age in large animal models of naturally occurring or experimentally induced OA: 26 total studies reported some kind of analysis of the effects of sex or age, with 4 studies discussing the effects of sex only, 11 studies discussing the effects of age only, and 11 studies analyzing both the effects of age and sex. CONCLUSION Fundamental to translational research, OARSI is uniquely positioned to develop recommendations for conducting preclinical studies using large animal models of OA that consider biological mechanisms linked to sex chromosomes, skeletal age, castration, and gonadal hormones affecting OA pathophysiology and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Derek Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Zoe Garman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael B Albro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Manish Bais
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Jones GMC, Pitsillides AA, Meeson RL. Moving Beyond the Limits of Detection: The Past, the Present, and the Future of Diagnostic Imaging in Canine Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:789898. [PMID: 35372534 PMCID: PMC8964951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.789898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common orthopedic condition in dogs, characterized as the chronic, painful end-point of a synovial joint with limited therapeutic options other than palliative pain control or surgical salvage. Since the 1970s, radiography has been the standard-of-care for the imaging diagnosis of OA, despite its known limitations. As newer technologies have been developed, the limits of detection have lowered, allowing for the identification of earlier stages of OA. Identification of OA at a stage where it is potentially reversible still remains elusive, however, yet there is hope that newer technologies may be able to close this gap. In this article, we review the changes in the imaging of canine OA over the past 50 years and give a speculative view on future innovations which may provide for earlier identification, with the ultimate goal of repositioning the limit of detection to cross the threshold of this potentially reversible disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth M. C. Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biological Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Meeson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Effects of Interval Exercise Training on Serum Biochemistry and Bone Mineral Density in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092528. [PMID: 34573494 PMCID: PMC8468388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, six male beagle dogs underwent 12 weeks of interval exercise following the Frequency, Intensity, Time/duration, Type, Volume, and Progression (FITT-VP) training principle. The heart rate (HR) response was measured during the entire exercise period, and changes in bone mineral density (BMD), muscle volume (MV), and hematology and serum biomarkers were evaluated at the pre-exercise training period and post-exercise training period. We showed that exercise training increased BMD in the femur and serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP), aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase levels. In addition, our data suggest a positive correlation between BMD and TALP, demonstrating that increased TALP might be an important contributing factor for enhancing BMD with physical training in dogs. Abstract Exercise has been suggested as a powerful intervention for health care and fitness management in humans; however, few studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise training in dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise training on heart rate (HR), bone mineral density (BMD), muscle volume (MV), and hematological and serum biomarkers in dogs. Six healthy beagles completed the interval treadmill exercise, developed on the basis of the FITT principle, two times a week for 12 weeks. To evaluate the physiological parameters, the HR values were analyzed using the Polar H10 system during the entire exercise period. At pre-and post-exercise, quantitative computed tomography and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. The interval exercise resulted in a normal HR response and no adverse behavioral or physiological effects on the dogs. We showed that exercise improved BMD in the femur (541.6 ± 16.7 vs. 610.2 ± 27.8 HA, p < 0.01) and increased serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP; 68.6 ± 9.2 vs. 81.3 ± 17.2, p < 0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (23.5 ± 1.0 vs. 33.5 ± 1.6, p < 0.01), and creatine kinase (114.8 ± 5.3 vs. 214.0 ± 20.8, p < 0.01) levels. There was a positive relationship between BMD and TALP (femur: r = 0.760, p = 0.004; vertebrae: r = 0.637; p = 0.025). Our findings suggest that interval exercise training is beneficial to increase BMD in the femur, and an increased TALP level would be a concomitant mechanism for enhancing BMD with exercise in dogs.
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Kwon D, Kim J, Lee H, Kim B, Han H, Oh H, Kim M, Yoon H, Lee B, Eom K. Quantitative computed tomographic evaluation of bone mineral density in beagle dogs: comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry as a gold standard. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:620-628. [PMID: 29415919 PMCID: PMC5938190 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the higher accuracy and reproducibility of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a gold standard for measuring canine bone mineral density (BMD). Seven middle-aged beagle dogs underwent lumbar vertebral and bilateral femoral DXA and QCT scans. BMD (mg/cm2) was measured at the vertebral body from L2 to L6, femoral neck, and proximal and distal femoral diaphyses. The BMD values were measured 3 times and compared. The BMD value on QCT was higher than that on DXA for femoral BMD but not for vertebral BMD. The correlation was strong for the lumbar vertebrae (r=0.66) and was strongest for L3 (r=0.85). No correlation was found for the femoral neck (P=0.35), and only moderate correlations were found for the proximal and distal femoral diaphyses (r=0.43 and r=0.40, respectively). The limits of agreement were narrower for vertebral BMD than for femoral BMD, and L3 had the narrowest limits of agreement. The intraclass correlation (ICC) was higher for DXA than for QCT at all lumbar and femoral sites measured, but the ICC of QCT was higher than 0.7. In conclusion, L3 can be used to monitor changes in BMD, and relative values and sequential monitoring of femoral BMD can also be useful because of the high reproducibility of QCT measurements. QCT would be a useful technique for evaluation of BMD in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbee Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Hyeeun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Byeol Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - HyunHee Han
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - HyunJu Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - MinJung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - ByeongChun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kidong Eom
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Lucas K, Behrens BA, Nolte I, Galindo-Zamora V, Betancur S, Almohallami A, Bouguecha A, Mostafa A, Lerch M, Stukenborg-Colsman C, Wefstaedt P. Comparative investigation of bone mineral density using CT and DEXA in a canine femoral model. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2667-2672. [PMID: 28387962 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone density measurements using computed tomography (CT) instead of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) are currently of great interest in human and veterinary medical research as it would be beneficial to use CT scans obtained for other indications also for determining bone density. For Hounsfield units (HU) measured with CT in specific regions of interests (ROIs) in one or several slice/s a correlation with bone mineral density (BMD) measured by DEXA in humans and dogs of between 0.44 and 0.77 is reported in the literature. In the present study, instead certain volumes of interest (VOIs) obtained by CT scan and the corresponding HU to the respective VOIs were compared with the bone mineral density of the corresponding areas measured by DEXA. The aim of the study was to investigate whether this procedure gives more accurate information about bone density of the bones as three-dimensional objects of the respective patient. Correlation between measured HU in the respective VOI and BMD measured with DEXA in the corresponding ROI showed a very good correlation of 0.93. Linear regression with R2 = 0.85 (p = 0.0262) was calculated. Except for VOI5, similar distribution of values and significant differences (p < 0.0001-0.0087) between ROIs/VOIs were detected. Determining HU for assessing bone mineral density in a certain volume provides more accurate results than those previously reported from two-dimensional (2D) CT measurements. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2667-2672, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lucas
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Bernd-Arno Behrens
- Institute of Forming Technology and Machines, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Vladimir Galindo-Zamora
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Stefanie Betancur
- Institute of Forming Technology and Machines, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amer Almohallami
- Institute of Forming Technology and Machines, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anas Bouguecha
- Institute of Forming Technology and Machines, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ayman Mostafa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Matthias Lerch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Wefstaedt
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, 30559, Germany
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Abstract
First identified in 1935, canine hip dysplasia is thought to be the most common orthopedic condition diagnosed in the dog. It is most prevalent in large and giant breed dogs, with a complex polygenic mode of inheritance, and relatively low heritability. External factors including caloric intake when growing have a significant effect on phenotypic expression. Initial joint laxity progresses to osteoarthritis due to subluxation and abnormal wearing. Selective breeding programs to attempt to decrease prevalence have shown modest results so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D King
- Department of Surgery, Canada West Veterinary Specialists & Critical Care Hospital, 1988 Kootenay Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5M 4Y3, Canada.
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De Lasalle J, Alexander K, Olive J, Laverty S. COMPARISONS AMONG RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR EX VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF STIFLE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE HORSE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:489-501. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Lasalle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 7C6, QC Canada
| | - Kate Alexander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Julien Olive
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; 3200 Sicotte, PO Box 5000 Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 7C6, QC Canada
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10
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Ballegeer EA. Computed Tomography of the Musculoskeletal System. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:373-420, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bertuglia A, Lacourt M, Girard C, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Osteoclasts are recruited to the subchondral bone in naturally occurring post-traumatic equine carpal osteoarthritis and may contribute to cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:555-66. [PMID: 26505663 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of osteoclasts in osteochondral degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) has rarely been investigated in spontaneous disease or animal models of OA. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the current study were to investigate osteoclast density and location in post-traumatic OA (PTOA) and control specimens from racehorses. METHOD Cores were harvested from a site in the equine third carpal bone, that undergoes repetitive, high intensity loading. Histological and immunohistochemical (Cathepsin K and Receptor-activator of Nuclear Factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL)) stained sections were scored (global and subregional) and the osteoclast density calculated. The cartilage histological scores were compared with osteoclast density and RANKL scores. RESULTS There was a greater density of osteoclasts in PTOA samples and they were preferentially located in the subchondral bone plate. RANKL scores positively correlated to the scores of cartilage degeneration and the osteoclast density. The relationship between hyaline articular cartilage RANKL score and osteoclast density was stronger than that of the subchondral bone RANKL score suggesting that cartilage RANKL may have a role in recruiting osteoclasts. The RANKL score in the articular calcified cartilage correlated with the number of microcracks also suggesting that osteoclasts recruited by RANKL may contribute to calcified cartilage degeneration in PTOA. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that osteoclasts are recruited during the progression of spontaneous equine carpal PTOA by cartilage RANKL, contributing to calcified cartilage microcracks and focal subchondral bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertuglia
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - M Lacourt
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - C Girard
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie Vétérinaires, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - G Beauchamp
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie Vétérinaires, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - H Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - S Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Schachner ER, Lopez MJ. Diagnosis, prevention, and management of canine hip dysplasia: a review. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2015; 6:181-192. [PMID: 30101105 PMCID: PMC6070021 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s53266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a polygenic and multifactorial developmental disorder characterized by coxofemoral (hip) joint laxity, degeneration, and osteoarthritis (OA). Current diagnostic techniques are largely subjective measures of joint conformation performed at different stages of development. Recently, measures on three-dimensional images generated from computed tomography scans predicted the development of OA associated with CHD. Continued refinement of similar imaging methods may improve diagnostic imaging techniques to identify dogs predisposed to degenerative hip joint changes. By current consensus, joint changes consistent with CHD are influenced by genetic predisposition as well as environmental and biomechanical factors; however, despite decades of work, the relative contributions of each to the development and extent of CHD signs remain elusive. Similarly, despite considerable effort to decipher the genetic underpinnings of CHD for selective breeding programs, relevant genetic loci remain equivocal. As such, prevention of CHD within domestic canine populations is marginally successful. Conservative management is often employed to manage signs of CHD, with lifelong maintenance of body mass as one of the most promising methods. Surgical intervention is often employed to prevent joint changes or restore joint function, but there are no gold standards for either goal. To date, all CHD phenotypes are considered as a single entity in spite of recognized differences in expression and response to environmental conditions and treatment. Identification of distinct CHD phenotypes and targeting evidence-based conservative and invasive treatments for each may significantly advance prevention and management of a prevalent, debilitating condition in canine companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Schachner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA,
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA,
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Armstrong J, da Costa RC, Martin-Vaquero P. Cervical vertebral trabecular bone mineral density in Great Danes with and without osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1799-804. [PMID: 25312453 PMCID: PMC4330089 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Great Danes (GDs) with osseous‐associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) have osteoarthritis (OA) of the cervical vertebrae. OA is often associated with increases in bone mineral density (BMD) in people and dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare the trabecular BMD of the cervical vertebrae between clinically normal (control) GDs and GDs with osseous‐associated CSM by using computed tomography (CT). We hypothesized that the vertebral trabecular BMD of CSM‐affected GDs would be higher than that of control GDs. Animals Client‐owned GDs: 12 controls, 10 CSM affected. Methods Prospective study. CT of the cervical vertebral column was obtained alongside a calibration phantom. By placing a circular region of interest at the articular process joints, vertebral body, pedicles, and within each rod of the calibration phantom, trabecular BMD was measured in Hounsfield units, which were converted to diphosphate equivalent densities. Trabecular BMD measurements were compared between CSM‐affected and control dogs, and between males and females within the control group. Results Differences between CSM‐affected and control dogs were not significant for the articular processes (mean = −39; P = .37; 95% CI: −102 to 24), vertebral bodies (mean = −62; P = .08; 95% CI: −129 to 6), or pedicles (mean = −36; P = .51; 95% CI: −105 to 33). Differences between female and male were not significant. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study revealed no difference in BMD between control and CSM‐affected GDs. Based on our findings no association was detected between cervical OA and BMD in GDs with CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Armstrong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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14
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Lacourt M, Gao C, Li A, Girard C, Beauchamp G, Henderson JE, Laverty S. Relationship between cartilage and subchondral bone lesions in repetitive impact trauma-induced equine osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:572-83. [PMID: 22343573 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To correlate degenerative changes in cartilage and subchondral bone in the third carpal bone (C3) of Standardbred racehorses with naturally occurring repetitive trauma-induced osteoarthritis. DESIGN Fifteen C3, collected from Standardbred horses postmortem, were assessed for cartilage lesions by visual inspection and divided into Control (CO), Early Osteoarthritis (EOA) and Advanced Osteoarthritis (AOA) groups. Two osteochondral cores were harvested from corresponding dorsal sites on each bone and scanned with a micro-computed tomography (CT) instrument. 2D images were assembled into 3D reconstructions that were used to quantify architectural parameters from selected regions of interest, including bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. 2D images, illustrating the most severe lesion per core, were scored for architectural appearance by blinded observers. Thin sections of paraffin-embedded decalcified cores stained with Safranin O-Fast Green, matched to the micro-CT images, were scored using a modified Mankin scoring system. RESULTS Subchondral bone pits with deep focal areas of porosity were seen more frequently in AOA than EOA but never in CO. Articular cartilage damage was seen in association with a reduction in bone mineral and loss of bone tissue. Histological analyses revealed significant numbers of microcracks in the calcified cartilage of EOA and AOA groups and a progressive increase in the score compared with CO bones. CONCLUSION The data reveal corresponding, progressive degenerative changes in articular cartilage and subchondral bone, including striking focal resorptive lesions, in the third carpal bone of racehorses subjected to repetitive, high impact trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lacourt
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe (QC), J2S 7C6, Canada.
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15
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Oliveira D, Costa L, Teixeira M, Cardoso M, Costa F. Densitometria óssea em gatos hígidos por tomografia computadorizada quantitativa. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estabeleceram-se valores de média radiodensidade do osso trabecular das vértebras lombares de 16 gatos adultos, hígidos, por meio da tomografia computadorizada quantitativa (TCQ). O valor médio de radiodensidade do osso trabecular da segunda vértebra lombar foi de 436,1±42,1 unidades Hounsfield, com distribuição não homogênea da radiodensidade no corpo vertebral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - F.S Costa
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná
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16
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Böttcher P, Zeissler M, Grevel V, Oechtering G, Maierl J. Mapping Subchondral Bone Density of Selected Donor and Recipient Sites for Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation in the Canine Stifle Joint Using Computed Tomographic Osteoabsorptiometry. Vet Surg 2010; 39:496-503. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Bouchgua M, Alexander K, Carmel EN, d'Anjou MA, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Use of routine clinical multimodality imaging in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis--part II: bone mineral density assessment. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:197-204. [PMID: 18757215 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess bone mineral density (BMD) at different depths from the articular surface in vivo and temporally in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA) using clinical computed tomography (CT) equipment. METHODS The knee joints of rabbits (N=10 with Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and contralateral sham joints, and N=6 unoperated controls) were scanned in a transverse image plane with a single-slice helical CT scanner. BMD was calculated at defined depths from the articular surface to the growth plate in the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral tibial plateau (LTP) and medial tibial plateau (MTP). Baseline BMD was measured at 2 weeks before surgery, and then repeated at weeks 2, 4 and 8 post-surgery in all 10 operated rabbits, and again at week 12 in five of the operated rabbits and at weeks -2 and 8 in the six control rabbits. RESULTS In the control joints, BMD decreased with increasing distance into the epiphysis and remained stable over time within each depth. A significant reduction in BMD was observed at week 2 post-operatively in three compartments (LFC, MFC and MTP) in the ACLT joints and persisted to week 12. A modest reduction in BMD occurred in the LTP and MTP of the sham joints at week 12 alone. CONCLUSION Clinical CT equipment permitted rapid, repeated, in vivo, non-invasive BMD assessment in a rabbit model of OA. A marked BMD reduction was measured with progression of OA until the end point at 12 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchgua
- Département de Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Bouchgua M, Alexander K, d'Anjou MA, Girard CA, Carmel EN, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Use of routine clinical multimodality imaging in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis--part I. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:188-96. [PMID: 18760939 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate in vivo the evolution of osteoarthritis (OA) lesions temporally in a rabbit model of OA with clinically available imaging modalities: computed radiography (CR), helical single-slice computed tomography (CT), and 1.5 tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Imaging was performed on knees of anesthetized rabbits [10 anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and contralateral sham joints and six control rabbits] at baseline and at intervals up to 12 weeks post-surgery. Osteophytosis, subchondral bone sclerosis, bone marrow lesions (BMLs), femoropatellar effusion and articular cartilage were assessed. RESULTS CT had the highest sensitivity (90%) and specificity (91%) to detect osteophytes. A significant increase in total joint osteophyte score occurred at all time-points post-operatively in the ACLT group alone. BMLs were identified and occurred most commonly in the lateral femoral condyle of the ACLT joints and were not identified in the tibia. A significant increase in joint effusion was present in the ACLT joints until 8 weeks after surgery. Bone sclerosis or cartilage defects were not reliably assessed with the selected imaging modalities. CONCLUSION Combined, clinically available CT and 1.5 T MRI allowed the assessment of most of the characteristic lesions of OA and at early time-points in the development of the disease. However, the selected 1.5 T MRI sequences and acquisition times did not permit the detection of cartilage lesions in this rabbit OA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchgua
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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El-Bialy T, Elgazzar R, Megahed E, Royston T. Effects of Ultrasound Modes on Mandibular Osteodistraction. J Dent Res 2008; 87:953-957. [DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that therapeutic pulsed ultrasound (pulsed) has superior stimulatory effect on bone fracture healing compared with continuous ultrasound (continuous). Our predictive hypothesis was that pulsed ultrasound can produce better bone formation during mandibular osteodistraction than continuous ultrasound. Thirty-six New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 12. Osteodistraction was performed at 3 mm/day for 5 days. Group 1 received pulsed, group 2 received continuous ultrasound, and group 3 was the control group (distraction only). Bone formation was assessed by quantitative bone density (QBD), mechanical testing, and histological examination. In the first 2 wks post-distraction, group 2 showed enhanced bone formation more than group 1 ( p < 0.05); however, in the 3rd and 4th wks, group 1 showed more bone formation than group 2 ( p < 0.05). Earlier stages of bone healing were enhanced more by continuous, whereas late stages were enhanced more by pulsed, ultrasound. Abbreviations: PULSED, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; CONTINUOUS, low-intensity continuous ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.H. El-Bialy
- Orthodontics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Dentistry/ Pharmacy Centre, Room 4051, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2N8, formerly Lecturer of Orthodontics, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Dental Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Canada, and Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral Pathology, Tanta University, Egypt; and
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - R.F. Elgazzar
- Orthodontics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Dentistry/ Pharmacy Centre, Room 4051, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2N8, formerly Lecturer of Orthodontics, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Dental Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Canada, and Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral Pathology, Tanta University, Egypt; and
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - E.E. Megahed
- Orthodontics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Dentistry/ Pharmacy Centre, Room 4051, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2N8, formerly Lecturer of Orthodontics, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Dental Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Canada, and Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral Pathology, Tanta University, Egypt; and
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - T.J. Royston
- Orthodontics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Dentistry/ Pharmacy Centre, Room 4051, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2N8, formerly Lecturer of Orthodontics, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Dental Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Canada, and Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt
- Oral Pathology, Tanta University, Egypt; and
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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Young BD, Samii VF, Mattoon JS, Weisbrode SE, Bertone AL. Subchondral bone density and cartilage degeneration patterns in osteoarthritic metacarpal condyles of horses. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:841-9. [PMID: 17669024 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and correlate patterns of subchondral bone density and articular cartilage degeneration (derived by use of gross, histologic, and computed tomographic [CT] examinations) in equine third metacarpal condyles with and without osteoarthritis. SAMPLE POPULATION 8 metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints (n = 4 horses) without osteoarthritis and 6 osteoarthritis-affected MCP joints (4). PROCEDURES Horses were euthanized. The third metacarpal condyles of the joints were examined grossly and via CT (3 slice images/condyle). For 6 condylar zones, mean bone density and pattern of density distribution were determined. Data for osteoarthritis-affected and control joints were compared. Histomorphometric point count analyses identified areas of bone density for comparison with CT density measurements. RESULTS Osteoarthritis-affected condyles had heterogeneous subchondral bone with focal resorptive lesions and patterned sclerosis, whereas control condyles had symmetric bone density distribution. In osteoarthritis-affected condyles, bone density determined via gray scale image density analysis was greater (dorsal and medial pattern), compared with control condyles, and differed among zones because of resorption and sclerosis. With regard to bone density in osteoarthritis-affected condyles, histologic findings correlated with CT images, and bone lesions were significantly correlated with cartilage lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses, heterogeneous distribution and greater subchondral bone density were characteristic of osteoarthritis-affected condyles, compared with control condyles. Subchondral bone lesions correlated with overlying cartilage lesions in osteoarthritis-affected MCP joints. Identification of CT image characteristics appears to predict the presence of a cartilage lesion in MCP joints of horses with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Young
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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