1
|
Aboubakr M, Elbadawy M. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) after single intravenous and oral administration. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:36-39. [PMID: 30453178 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin (DF), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, were investigated in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) after a single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration of 10 mg/kg bodyweight. Plasma concentration profiles of DF were analyzed by a compartmental pharmacokinetic method. Following IV injection, the plasma concentration vs time profile was best described by a two-compartment open model. Elimination half-life (t1/2β), total body clearance (Cltot), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) and mean residence time (MRT) of DF were 5.45 ± 0.14 h, 0.22 ± 0.01 L/kg/h, 1.54 ± 0.06 L/kg and 6.92 ± 0.19 h, respectively. Following PO administration, DF was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 3.67 μg/mL attained at 1.90 h (Tmax) after administration. Absorption half-life (t1/2ab), elimination half-life (t1/2el), mean absorption time (MAT) were 0.5 h, 5.26 h and 1.11 h, respectively. The bioavailability (F) following PO administration of DF was high (84.40%). For a successful clinical effect of DF in quails, a multiple dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg bodyweight, administered orally every 24 h is recommended to maintain effective plasma concentrations with bacterial infections, in which MIC90 is <0.2 μg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - M Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopez BS, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Mullins MA, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin and N
-desmethyldanofloxacin in adult horses and their concentration in synovial fluid. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:123-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Lopez
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - S. Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - L. J. Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | - J. L. Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun M, Li J, Gai CL, Chang ZQ, Li JT, Zhao FZ. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at two water temperatures. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:186-91. [PMID: 23742101 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the pharmacokinetics profiles of difloxacin in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were investigated following intravenous and oral administration (10 mg/kg BW) at 14 and 22 °C water temperatures. Plasma and tissue samples (muscle, liver, and kidney) were analyzed using an HPLC method. The results showed that the plasma concentration-time data for difloxacin were described commendably by two-compartment open model at the two water temperatures. The absorption half-life (t(1/2ka)) of difloxacin after oral administration were 2.08 and 1.10 h at 14 and 22 °C, respectively; whereas the elimination half-life (t(1/2β)) was 4.41 and 2.38 h, respectively. The muscle concentration of 1.35 ± 0.19 μg/g was observed at 9 h at 14 °C, and 2.11 ± 0.33 μg/g at 6 h at 22 °C, respectively. For liver, the peak concentration of difloxacin 2.43 ± 0.30 μg/g occurred at 6 h at 14 °C, which was lower than the 3.34 ± 0.24 μg/g peak that occurred at 4 h at 22 °C. The calculated bioavailability of difloxacin was 68.07% at 22 °C, which was higher than the 53.43% calculated for 14 °C. After intravenous administration, the t(1/2β) were 4.79 and 2.81 h at 14 and 22 °C, respectively. The results indicate that the peak concentrations in muscle and liver at 14 °C are approximately half of those achieved at 22 °C. However, the C(max) in kidney at 14 and 22 °C were similar. The Vd values were 1.20 and 1.75 L/kg at 14 and 22 °C, respectively. These data indicated that both temperature and drug administration had significant effects on the elimination of difloxacin, and lower temperature or oral administration resulted in lower elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Flip-flop pharmacokinetics--delivering a reversal of disposition: challenges and opportunities during drug development. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:643-72. [PMID: 21837267 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flip-flop pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon often encountered with extravascularly administered drugs. Occurrence of flip-flop spans preclinical to human studies. The purpose of this article is to analyze both the pharmacokinetic interpretation errors and opportunities underlying the presence of flip-flop pharmacokinetics during drug development. Flip-flop occurs when the rate of absorption is slower than the rate of elimination. If it is not recognized, it can create difficulties in the acquisition and interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters. When flip-flop is expected or discovered, a longer duration of sampling may be necessary in order to avoid overestimation of fraction of dose absorbed. Common culprits of flip-flop disposition are modified dosage formulations; however, formulation characteristics such as the drug chemical entities themselves or the incorporated excipients can also cause the phenomenon. Yet another contributing factor is the physiological makeup of the extravascular site of administration. In this article, these causes of flip-flop pharmacokinetics are discussed with incorporation of relevant examples and the implications for drug development outlined.
Collapse
|
5
|
Marín P, Escudero E, Fernández-Varón E, Ramírez MJ, Cárceles CM. Pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of difloxacin after a long-acting formulation for subcutaneous administration to lactating goats. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:3056-64. [PMID: 20630222 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The single-dose disposition kinetics of difloxacin were determined in clinically normal lactating goats (n=6) after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) administration and subcutaneous administration of a long-acting poloxamer 407 gel formulation (P407). Difloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of difloxacin against 14 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic goats' milk in Spain were determined to compute pharmacodynamic surrogate markers. The concentration-time data were analyzed by compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods. Following SC and P407 administration, difloxacin achieved maximum milk concentrations of 1.34+/-0.12 and 2.97+/-1.18 mg/L, respectively, at 4.00+/-0.00 h (SC) and 3.60+/-0.89 h (P407) after administration. The absolute bioavailabilities after SC and P407 administration were 81.74+/-15.60% and 72.58+/-20.45%, respectively. Difloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was good and high concentrations were found in milk secretions. From these data, a 15 mg/kg dose of difloxacin P407 would appear to be effective against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic goats' milk with minimum inhibitory concentrations <or=0.25mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30.071-Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anadón A, Suárez FH, Martínez MA, Castellano V, Martínez M, Ares I, Ramos E, Gamboa F, Martínez-Larrañaga MR. Plasma disposition and tissue depletion of difloxacin and its metabolite sarafloxacin in the food producing animals, chickens for fattening. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:441-9. [PMID: 21108984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chickens were used to investigate plasma disposition of difloxacin after single intravenous (IV) and oral dose (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and to study residue depletion of difloxacin and its major metabolite sarafloxacin after multiple oral doses (10 mg difloxacin/kg BW, daily for 5 days). Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed using a HPLC method. After IV and oral administration, plasma drug concentration-time curves were best described by a two-compartment open model. Mean (± SD) elimination half-lives (t(½)β) of difloxacin were 9.53±1.00 and 12.23±1.81 h after IV and oral administration. Maximum plasma concentration was 2.34±0.50 μg/ml and interval from oral administration until maximal concentration was 1.34±0.03 h. Oral bioavailability was found to be 68.89±15.21%. Difloxacin was converted to sarafloxacin. After multiple oral dose (10mg difloxacin/kg BW, daily for 5 days), mean kidney, liver, muscle and skin + fat tissue concentrations of difloxacin and sarafloxacin ranging between 604.8±132.5 and 368.1±52.5 μg/kg and 136.4±18.3 and 10.4±1.2 μg/kg, respectively, were measured 1 day after administration of the final dose of difloxacin. A withdrawal time of 5 days was necessary to ensure that the residues of difloxacin were less than the maximal residue limits (MRL) or tolerance established by the European Union.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sukul P, Lamshöft M, Kusari S, Zühlke S, Spiteller M. Metabolism and excretion kinetics of 14C-labeled and non-labeled difloxacin in pigs after oral administration, and antimicrobial activity of manure containing difloxacin and its metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:225-231. [PMID: 19181312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are amongst the most important antibiotics used in veterinary medicine. On this account the behavior of difloxacin (DIF) and its metabolites was investigated by administering the (14)C-labeled and non-labeled veterinary drug to fattening pigs. The excretion kinetics were determined after daily collection of manure. Sarafloxacin (SAR) was found to be the major metabolite, three further trace metabolites were also recovered, applying high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometric technique. The identification of DIF and SAR was confirmed by comparison with the spectroscopic and chromatographic data of the authentic references. The identification of the three trace metabolites was performed by HR-MS/MS. Only 8.1% of the administered radioactivity remained in the pig after 10 days and DIF accounted for 95.9% of the radioactivity excreted. More than 99% of the labeled compounds were detected and identified in the manure. The mean recoveries for all single electrolytes were 94%. Linearity was established over concentration range 10-10,000 microg/kg manure with a correlation coefficient 0.99. By using in vitro antimicrobial activity tests against a group of standard pathogenic control strains, the results showed that the residual antibiotic concentrations in the manure of pigs are high enough to exhibit antibacterial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Premasis Sukul
- Institut für Umweltforschung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strabetae 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abo-El-Sooud K, Goudah A. Pharmacokinetics and intramuscular bioavailability of difloxacin in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Vet J 2008; 179:282-6. [PMID: 18603456 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-dose disposition kinetics of difloxacin (5mg/kg bodyweight) were determined in clinically normal male dromedary camels (n=6) following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration. Difloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental and non-compartmental kinetic methods. Following a single IV injection, the plasma difloxacin concentration-time curve was best described by a two-compartment open model, with a distribution half-life (t(1/2alpha)) of 0.22+/-0.02h and an elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)) of 2.97+/-0.31h. Steady-state volume of distribution (V(dss)) and total body clearance (Cl(tot)) were 1.02+/-0.21L/kg and 0.24+/-0.07L/kg/h, respectively. Following IM administration, the absorption half-life (t(1)(/)(2ab)) and the mean absorption time (MAT) were 0.44+/-0.03h and 1.53+/-0.22h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration (C(max)) of 2.84+/-0.34microg/mL was achieved at 1.42+/-0.21h. The elimination half-life (t(1/2el)) and the mean residence time (MRT) was 3.46+/-0.42h and 5.61+/-0.23h, respectively. The in vitro plasma protein binding of difloxacin ranged from 28-43% and the absolute bioavailability following IM administration was 93.51+/-11.63%. Difloxacin could be useful for the treatment of bacterial infections in camels that are sensitive to this drug.
Collapse
|
9
|
DING HZ, YANG GX, HUANG XH, CHEN ZL, ZENG ZL. Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:200-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Marín P, Fernández-Varón E, Escudero E, Cárceles CM. Pharmacokinetics after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of difloxacin in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:234-8. [PMID: 17343888 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The disposition kinetics of difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration were determined in sheep at a single dose of 5mg/kg. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental (after IV dose) and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics method (after IV, IM and SC administration). Plasma concentrations of difloxacin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Steady-state volume of distribution (V(ss)) and clearance (Cl) of difloxacin after IV administration were 1.68+/-0.21L/kg and 0.21+/-0.03L/hkg, respectively. Following IM and SC administration difloxacin achieved maximum plasma concentration of 1.89+/-0.55 and 1.39+/-0.14mg/L at 2.42+/-1.28 and 5.33+/-1.03h, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after IM and SC routes were 99.92+/-26.50 and 82.35+/-25.65%, respectively. Based on these kinetic parameters, difloxacin is likely to be effective in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cox SK. Allometric scaling of marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin pharmacokinetics: a retrospective analysis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:381-6. [PMID: 17803728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analyses of marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature. The parameters of interest (half-life, clearance and volume of distribution) were correlated across species as a function of body weight using an allometric approach (Y = aWb). Results of the allometric analysis indicated similarity between clearance and volume of distribution as they relate to body weight for all drugs. The elimination half-life was independent of body mass for all fluoroquinolones except moxifloxacin. Results of the analysis suggest that allometric scaling can be used as a tool for predicting pharmacokinetic parameters for fluoroquinolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Cox
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marín P, Escudero E, Fernández-Varón E, Cárceles CM. Pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of difloxacin after intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration to lactating goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:74-9. [PMID: 17217405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The single-dose disposition kinetics of difloxacin were determined in clinically normal lactating goats (n = 6) after intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 5 mg/kg. Difloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentration-time data were analysed by compartmental and noncompartmental kinetic methods. Steady-state volume of distribution (V(ss)) and total body clearance (Cl) of difloxacin after i.v. administration were estimated to be 1.16 +/- 0.26 L/kg and 0.32 +/- 0.05 L/h x kg respectively. Following s.c. and i.m. administration difloxacin achieved maximum plasma concentrations of 1.33 +/- 0.25 and 1.97 +/- 0.40 mg/L at 3.37 +/- 0.36 and 1.79 +/- 1.14 h respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after s.c. and i.m. routes were 90.16 +/- 11.99% and 106.79 +/- 13.95% respectively. Difloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was extensive and rapid, and the drug was detected for 36 h after i.v. and s.c. dosing, and for 72 h after i.m. administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|