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Kasl BA, Machado VS, Henniger MT, Myer PR, Ballou MA. Feeding an acetate-based oral electrolyte reduces the ex vivo Escherichia coli growth potential in the abomasum of calves fed oral electrolytes alone or 30 minutes following a milk feeding when compared to feeding a bicarbonate-based oral electrolyte. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1542-1554. [PMID: 34955278 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are a common, on-farm therapy to reestablish hydration and electrolyte balances in scouring and stressed calves. The objectives were to determine the effects of OES alkalinizing agent and the presence of a milk replacer feeding before OES administration on the abomasal environment in healthy Holstein calves. Abomasum cannulation was performed on 16 Holstein bull calves at 5 d of age. One calf was removed from the study before the calves were randomly assigned to treatments at 9 d of age. Treatments were arranged as a 2-by-2 factorial, with the following factors: oral electrolyte alkalinizing agent [acetate (A) or bicarbonate (B)] and liquid meal type milk replacer (MR) + OES (MR-A, MR-B), or OES only (OES-A, OES-B)]. The OES differed only by alkalinizing agent. On d 9, calves assigned to MR-A (n = 4) or MR-B (n = 4) received their morning MR aliquot 0.5 h before feeding 2 L of OES; the OES-A (n = 3) and OES-B (n = 4) treatment groups were fed 2 L of OES only. Peripheral blood samples and postprandial abomasal fluid samples were collected to assess abomasal pH, abomasal emptying rate (AER), and ex vivo abomasal Escherichia coli growth potential. Postprandial pH was greater in calves fed MR or B-based OES. Abomasal emptying rate was slower in calves receiving MR + OES, regardless of the alkalinizing agent. Ex vivo E. coli colony-forming unit counts were greater in calves fed either MR + OES or bicarbonate-based OES. Supplementing bicarbonate OES in addition to MR alters abomasal dynamics and may promote E. coli growth in postprandial abomasal fluid, partially due to sustained elevations in gastric pH and delayed gastric emptying rates. The OES containing sodium acetate limited ex vivo E. coli growth potential in abomasal fluid, thereby potentially reducing the risk of additional enteric bacterial complications associated with OES therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Kasl
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | - M T Henniger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - P R Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409.
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Krump L, Sayers RG, Kennedy E, O'Mahony J, Sayers GP. Evaluation of the optimal strong ion difference concentration of an oral electrolyte and buffering solution for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1715-1721. [PMID: 34544938 PMCID: PMC8636875 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An observational study was conducted to comparatively assess the efficacy of three different oral rehydration and buffering solutions, differentiated by their strong ion difference (SID)
concentration, for treatment of neonatal calves with naturally acquired diarrhea. The SID concentrations tested were 100 mM, 170 mM and 230 mM for treatments SID100,
SID170 and SID230, respectively. Clinical assessment and blood gas analysis were completed for 18 diarrheic calves once pre- and twice post- (6 and 24 hr after) oral
administration with one of the three treatments. A repeated measure mixed model approach was used to analyze (a) the within-group efficacy of each treatment over time and (b) the
between-group comparison at each timepoint. SID230 treatment resulted in a significant increase in blood pH, HCO3−, BE, SID and Na+ at 6 and 24 hr
after treatment, and a significant decrease in AG and K+ by 24 hr after treatment. There were no significant changes in any of the blood gas parameters after treatment with
SID100 and SID170. SID230 treatment also resulted in blood gas parameter changes that were significantly different to the other two groups. These results
suggest that the optimum SID concentration for the treatment of calves with diarrhea is likely to be higher than current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Krump
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, V92 CX88, Ireland
| | - Ríona G Sayers
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Gearóid P Sayers
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, V92 CX88, Ireland
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3
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Performance of Holstein calves receiving increased nutrient intake through the addition of skim milk or milk replacer powder to the whole milk. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Constable PD, Trefz FM, Sen I, Berchtold J, Nouri M, Smith G, Grünberg W. Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:603358. [PMID: 33585594 PMCID: PMC7873366 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.603358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal fluid therapy protocols in neonatal calves and adult cattle are based on consideration of signalment, history, and physical examination findings, and individually tailored whenever laboratory analysis is available. Measurement of the magnitude of eye recession, duration of skin tenting in the lateral neck region, and urine specific gravity by refractometry provide the best estimates of hydration status in calves and cattle. Intravenous and oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are frequently administered to critically ill calves and adult cattle. Application of physicochemical principles indicates that 0.9% NaCl, Ringer's solution, and 5% dextrose are equally acidifying, lactated Ringer's and acetated Ringer's solution are neutral to mildly acidifying, and 1.3-1.4% sodium bicarbonate solutions are strongly alkalinizing in cattle. Four different crystalloid solutions are recommended for intravenous fluid therapy in dehydrated or septic calves and dehydrated adult cattle: (1) lactated Ringer's solution and acetated Ringer's solution for dehydrated calves, although neither solution is optimized for administration to neonatal calves or adult cattle; (2) isotonic (1.3%) or hypertonic (5.0 or 8.4%) solutions of sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of calves with diarrhea and severe strong ion (metabolic) acidosis and hyponatremia, and adult cattle with acute ruminal acidosis; (3) Ringer's solution for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis in dehydrated adult cattle, particularly lactating dairy cattle; and (4) hypertonic NaCl solutions (7.2%) and an oral electrolyte solution or water load for the rapid resuscitation of dehydrated neonatal calves and adult cattle. Much progress has been made since the 1970's in identifying important attributes of an OES for diarrheic calves. Important components of an OES for neonatal calves are osmolality, sodium concentration, the effective SID that reflects the concentration of alkalinizing agents, and the energy content. The last three factors are intimately tied to the OES osmolality and the abomasal emptying rate, and therefore the rate of sodium delivery to the small intestine and ultimately the rate of resuscitation. An important need in fluid and electrolyte therapy for adult ruminants is formulation of a practical, effective, and inexpensive OES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Constable
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Florian M. Trefz
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ismail Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Joachim Berchtold
- Tierärztliche Gemeinschaftspraxis Dr. Berchtold & Dr. Taschke, Pittenhart, Germany
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Geoffrey Smith
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Walter Grünberg
- Foundation, Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Wenge-Dangschat J, Steinhöfel I, Coenen M, Tuchscherer A, Hammon HM, Bachmann L. Changes in fluid and acid-base status of diarrheic calves on different oral rehydration regimens. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10446-10458. [PMID: 32981730 PMCID: PMC7516393 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The administration of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) is an effective method to treat dehydration and acidosis in calves suffering from diarrhea. The ORS can be prepared in water or milk. The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fluid and acid-base balance change after feeding milk compared with ORS prepared in water or milk to diarrheic calves. Calves (n = 30) with naturally acquired diarrhea were sequentially assigned in a 2:1 ratio to the following pretreatments: milk and water-ORS (pretreatment 1; n = 20 calves) or milk-ORS (pretreatment 2; n = 10 calves), respectively. The assignment was done on the day of diarrhea diagnosis. On d 3 ± 1 following assignment to pretreatment group, and after a fasting period of 9 h, diarrheic calves were subjected to the following treatments: 2 L of milk (pretreatment 1; n = 10 calves), water-ORS (pretreatment 1; n = 10 calves), or milk-ORS (pretreatment 2; n = 10 calves). Blood samples were taken before and at several time points until 6 h after feeding. Plasma protein, osmolality, and electrolytes were determined and a blood gas analysis was performed. Change in plasma volume was calculated according to plasma protein, and water intake during the experimental period was recorded. Plasma volume was increased 30 min after feeding water-ORS or milk but the increase was less pronounced after feeding milk compared with water-ORS. After feeding milk-ORS, no significant increase in plasma volume could be detected. Because of the pretreatment, plasma osmolality was higher in calves fed milk-ORS, but no change in plasma osmolality after feeding was detected. No difference in water consumption between the treatment groups was noted within the observed 6-h period. The pH was increased after feeding milk-ORS, whereas water-ORS and milk-feeding did not increase pH in blood. Pretreatment with milk-ORS resulted in higher baseline d-lactate concentration, but feeding milk-ORS reduced d-lactate values after feeding. In calves with diarrhea, plasma volume increased more quickly and to a greater extent after feeding water-ORS; thus, we recommend treating diarrheic calves with water-ORS before supplying milk. Nevertheless, diarrheic calves need milk to fulfill their energy needs. The administration of ORS in milk combined with free water access is more advisable than feeding milk exclusively because milk has no alkalinizing ability and contains less sodium. However, the effects of milk-ORS feeding on d-lactate levels in diarrheic calves need further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wenge-Dangschat
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Disease and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - I Steinhöfel
- Department of Animal Production, Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, 04886 Köllitsch, Germany
| | - M Coenen
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Disease and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - L Bachmann
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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6
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Wilms JN, Echeverry-Munera J, Engelking L, Leal LN, Martín-Tereso J. Tonicity of oral rehydration solutions affects water, mineral and acid-base balance in calves with naturally occurring diarrhoea. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1655-1670. [PMID: 32621377 PMCID: PMC7754374 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations for composition of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for calves, particularly concerning Na+, glucose, and their combined effect on tonicity, are not in line with guidelines for humans. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of ORS tonicity on water, mineral and acid–base balance. Seventy‐two calves were selected based on the severity of dehydration and blood base excess (BE) on day 0. Five calves that did not develop diarrhoea were removed post‐inclusion from the study. Calves were allocated to blocks of four animals based on blood BE on day 1. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (a) hypotonic ORS with low Na+ and lactose (HYPO); (b) isotonic ORS with low Na+and glucose (ISO); (c) hypertonic ORS with high Na+ and glucose (HYPER); and (d) control consisting of warm water including 5 g/L of whey powder (CON). Treatments were administered twice daily over a 3‐day period, in which calves were offered 2.0 L of treatment at 1300 and 2100 hr. Calves were fed 2.5 L of milk replacer at 0700 and 1630 hr from day 1 to 3 and 3.0 L from day 4 to 5, and had access to water. Calves were monitored for 5 days in which measurements included intakes, BW, blood sampling and collection of faeces on day 1 and urine from day 1 to 3. All ORS treatments maintained normal serum Na+, whereas CON did not. Calves in the HYPER group had lower blood pH and greater faecal Na+ losses than HYPO and ISO. Plasma expansion relative to baseline was higher in low tonicity ORS (+4.8%) when compared with CON (+1.0%). Urine osmolality was 30% higher in HYPER calves. In this experiment, low tonicity ORS were more effective at restoring water, mineral and acid–base balance than the hypertonic ORS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren Engelking
- Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Wilms JN, Berends H, Leal LN, Martín-Tereso J. Determining the nutritional boundaries for replacing lactose with glucose in milk replacers for calves fed twice daily. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7018-7027. [PMID: 32600764 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of replacing lactose with glucose on the gastrointestinal system of young calves at levels above 20% diet inclusion in milk replacer (MR) is not well described. The aim of this study was to determine tolerance to glucose inclusion at the direct expense of lactose on glucose metabolism, health, and growth performance in Holstein male calves. In total, 110 Holstein male dairy calves (16 ± 2.5 d and 50.3 ± 0.2 kg) were acquired from a commercial collection center. After an adaptation period of 3 d, 100 calves were selected for the study based on health parameters. Calves were blocked based on body weight measured on d 4 after arrival. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 levels of glucose inclusion (replacing lactose): 0% (L1, n = 20), 10% (L2, n = 20), 20% (L3, n = 20), 30% (L4, n = 20), and 40% (L5, n = 20), leading to an estimated osmolality range from 417 (L1) to 586 mOsm/kg (L5). Carbohydrates were exchanged based on hexose equivalents, and glucose delivery was standardized across treatments, while the rest of the formula (60%) remained unchanged. Calves received L1 during the adaptation period of 3 d and were then exposed to their respective treatment until d 47 after arrival. Milk replacer was provided daily in 2 equally sized meals. Meal size was 2.0 L during the 3-d adaptation period and gradually increased to 4.0 L until weaning (d 35 after arrival). During weaning, meal size decreased from 4.0 to 2.0 L on d 36, and MR was withdrawn on d 48 after arrival. Straw and concentrates were offered ad libitum from d 25 onward. Calves had ad libitum access to water throughout the study. Measurements included daily feed intakes, weekly body weight, and weekly spot feces sampling in all calves. Blood samples were collected on d 18. Additionally, postprandial responses of insulin and glucose were measured in 6 calves per treatment on d 19, 20, and 21. Increasing glucose inclusion (at the direct expense of lactose) in MR did not affect growth but linearly increased mortality, which was as high as 25% (5/20) in L5. Mortality was primarily associated with gastrointestinal disorders (6/11). At higher glucose levels, calves needed greater serum insulin concentrations to control glycemia, as shown by a linear increase in the area under the curve for insulin. Furthermore, calves needed more time to control glycemia, as indicated by a linear increase in the maximal concentration of insulin. Consequently, there was a linear increase in area under the curve for glucose. Even though calves needed more time and higher insulin concentrations for 30% glucose inclusion and higher, the glucose-to-insulin ratio did not differ across treatments. However, high glucose inclusion levels in MR affected calf mortality and is not a suitable strategy for lactose replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - H Berends
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 299, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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8
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Ansia I, Stein HH, Murphy MR, Drackley JK. Technical note: Establishment of an ileal cannulation technique in preweaning calves and use of a piecewise regression approach to evaluate effects on growth and pH fluctuation of ileal digesta. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11061-11066. [PMID: 31521354 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Digestibilities of nutrients, especially protein, are crucial characteristics of milk replacers in a calf-rearing program. Endogenous synthesis of proteins and microbial fermentation in the large intestine alter apparent total-tract digestibility of AA. Therefore, collection of digesta samples at the end of the ileum is the only method to estimate true small intestinal digestibility of AA. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of inserting a T-cannula into the distal ileum of preweaning calves for use in digestibility studies. A second objective was to evaluate the use of a "broken-line" statistical model to compare treatment effects on calf growth and digesta pH. A T-cannula was surgically installed in the terminal ileum of 2 calves approximately 5 cm anterior to the ileocecal junction at 15 d of age, and 2 paired noncannulated calves were used as controls. Cannulation did not affect mean body weight (BW), average daily gain, milk and water intakes, and body frame dimensions. However, final BW (89.2 vs. 94.6 kg) was lower and starter intake (0.06 vs. 0.21 kg/d) tended to be decreased in cannulated calves compared with control calves. No effects on health scores, rectal temperature, or the odds of incurring diarrhea or being medicated were observed. Flow of digesta (46.4 ± 0.04 g/h) increased linearly after feeding, whereas there was a quadratic effect of time on digesta pH, with the nadir at approximately 8.5 h postfeeding. The broken-line model successfully fitted daily fluctuations of pH and allowed us to detect differences in growth slopes between cannulated and control calves. Despite the expected negative effect on BW, we conclude that this technique permitted sampling of representative ileal digesta while allowing satisfactory growth and health of the calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ansia
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - H H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - M R Murphy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - J K Drackley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Hiltz RL, Laarman AH. Effect of butyrate on passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4190-4197. [PMID: 30879822 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of supplemental butyrate on (1) Ig production in dams and (2) Ig absorption in their calves. Twenty dry dams fed a close-up total mixed ration were assigned to either a control treatment (CTRL-D) or a butyrate treatment where the close-up total mixed ration was supplemented with butyrate at 1% of dry matter intake (wt/wt; BUT-D). At calving, calves were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a control group fed colostrum replacer only (CTRL-C) and a butyrate group fed colostrum replacer with supplemental butyrate at 2.5% (wt/vol; BUT-C). Serum IgG, glucose, and β-hydroxybutyrate were measured weekly in both dams and calves. Additionally, calves were weighed weekly to determine average daily gain. In dams, serum IgG concentration was not different between CTRL-D and BUT-D (1,785 ± 117 vs. 1,736 ± 137 mg/dL, respectively), nor was there a change in Ig levels in the colostrum between control and butyrate groups. Serum total protein did not differ between CTRL-D and BUT-D dams. Dam dry matter intake did not differ between CTRL-D and BUT-D but did decrease 1 wk before parturition. Compared with CTRL-C calves, BUT-C calves had significantly decreased serum IgG concentration at 24 h (2,110 ± 124 vs. 1,400 ± 115 mg/dL), wk 1 (1,397 ± 121 vs. 866 ± 115 mg/dL), and wk 2 (1,310 ± 121 vs. 797 ± 115 mg/dL). Additionally, apparent efficiency of absorption was lower for the BUT-C group compared with the CTRL-C group (35.3 ± 2.1 vs. 25.9 ± 2.0). Differences in serum Ig concentrations between the CTRL-C and BUT-C groups did not affect average daily gain (0.59 ± 0.05 vs. 0.48 ± 0.05 kg/d, respectively), serum glucose concentrations, or serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations. These data demonstrate that butyrate inclusion in colostrum negatively affects IgG absorption in newborn calves, whereas calf body weight gains were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hiltz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844-2330
| | - A H Laarman
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844-2330.
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10
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Amado L, Berends H, Leal LN, Wilms J, Van Laar H, Gerrits WJJ, Martín-Tereso J. Effect of energy source in calf milk replacer on performance, digestibility, and gut permeability in rearing calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3994-4001. [PMID: 30852011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current calf milk replacer (CMR) compositions significantly differ from whole milk in their levels of energy, protein, and minerals. Energy source is one of the major differences, as CMR contains high levels of lactose, whereas whole milk contains higher levels of fat. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of partially exchanging lactose for fat on performance, digestibility, and gut permeability in calves fed twice daily on a high feeding plane. Lactose and fat were exchanged in the CMR formulation on a weight-weight basis. The CMR were isonitrogenous but not isoenergetic. A total of 60 male Holstein-Friesian calves were assigned to 1 of 30 blocks based on serum IgG, body weight, and date of collection after birth. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: high fat and high lactose. The CMR was provided twice daily until 49 d of age, followed by a gradual weaning period of 14 d. Starter, straw, and water were available ad libitum throughout the complete study. Exchanging lactose for fat did not affect growth; intakes of starter, straw, water, crude protein, or total energy; or apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. Gastrointestinal permeability was assessed by measuring the recovery of lactulose and Cr in 24-h urine and the Cr concentration and lactulose:d-mannitol ratio in serum following an oral pulse dose. Urinary recoveries of Cr and lactulose were generally low in both treatments but were higher in calves fed the high-fat CMR. Accordingly, the serum lactulose:d-mannitol ratio and serum Cr concentrations were higher in calves fed the high-fat CMR. In wk 1 and during the weaning transition, calves fed the high-fat CMR had significantly fewer abnormal fecal scores. In conclusion, exchanging lactose for fat in the CMR did not affect growth performance, total feed intake, or nutrient digestibility. The high-fat CMR was associated with an increase in permeability markers but positively influenced fecal scores in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amado
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - H Berends
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - J Wilms
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - H Van Laar
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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11
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MIYAZAKI T, OKADA K, YAMASHITA T, MIYAZAKI M. Temporal changes of abomasal contents and volumes in calves fed milk diluted with oral rehydration salt solution. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:256-262. [PMID: 30606893 PMCID: PMC6395202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several manufacturers recommend to feed mixture comprising equal amounts of oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution and milk for diarrheic calves after milk withdrawal. Such a feeding method is expected to supply more nutrients and energy compared to feeding only the ORS solution. However, little is known about the effects of feeding milk diluted with ORS solution on calves' digestive process. This study examined the abomasal contents, volumes, and emptying rates in calves fed whole milk, milk diluted by 50% with ORS solution (50% ORS-milk), and ORS solution. Ultrasonography identified curds in the milk-fed calves, but not in the 50% ORS-milk-fed or the ORS-fed calves. The abomasal fluid of the 50% ORS-milk-fed calves contained not only β-lactoglobulin but also α-casein (CN), β-CN, and κ-CN, which were used for curd formation and undetectable in the milk-fed calves. Abomasal pH was relatively higher in the 50% ORS-milk-fed than that in the milk-fed calves. Abomasal emptying rates were significantly faster in the ORS-fed than in the 50% ORS-milk-fed and the milk-fed calves. These data indicate that the formation of abomasal curd is inhibited in the 50% ORS-milk-fed calves due to the resultant high abomasal pH and low κ-CN concentration. The 50% ORS-milk may not provide rehydration as quickly as the ORS solution. In conclusion, we do not recommend feeding 50% ORS-milk to calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamako MIYAZAKI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
| | - Keiji OKADA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture,
Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuro YAMASHITA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
| | - Masao MIYAZAKI
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences,
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
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12
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Wilms J, Berends H, Martín-Tereso J. Hypertonic milk replacers increase gastrointestinal permeability in healthy dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1237-1246. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Desjardins-Morrissette M, van Niekerk JK, Haines D, Sugino T, Oba M, Steele MA. The effect of tube versus bottle feeding colostrum on immunoglobulin G absorption, abomasal emptying, and plasma hormone concentrations in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4168-4179. [PMID: 29454696 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if feeding colostrum to newborn calves through an esophageal tube, compared with a nipple bottle, would delay abomasal emptying, which would in turn decrease passive transfer of IgG and plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 and GLP-2 concentrations. Twenty newborn Holstein bull calves were fed 3 L of colostrum replacer (200 g of IgG) through either an esophageal tube or nipple bottle at 2 h after birth followed by feeding pooled whole milk every 12 h after birth. Acetaminophen was mixed into the colostrum meal as a marker for abomasal emptying. A jugular catheter was inserted 1 h after birth and blood was sampled frequently to analyze serum for IgG and acetaminophen and plasma for glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GLP-2. Feeding method did not affect abomasal emptying, and as a result no treatment effect was present on serum IgG concentrations. Maximum concentration of serum IgG was 24.4 ± 0.40 mg/mL (± standard error), which was reached at 14.6 ± 1.88 h after the colostrum meal for both groups. Apparent efficiency of absorption at maximum concentration of IgG was 52.9%, indicating high efficiency of passive transfer of IgG for both treatments. Tube feeding increased glucose and insulin area under the curve before the first milk meal, most likely due to the decreased time to consume the colostrum meal. In addition, tube-fed calves consumed 0.5 ± 0.13 L more milk in their first milk meal than bottle-fed calves. No treatment effect on plasma concentrations of GLP-1 or GLP-2 was present, but both hormones increased after colostrum feeding. These findings confirm that there is no effect on absorption of IgG from colostrum when feeding good-quality colostrum at a volume of 3 L through either an esophageal tube or nipple bottle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desjardins-Morrissette
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - J K van Niekerk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - D Haines
- The Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd., Saskatoon, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - T Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 739-8528
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Hildebrandt T, Scheuch E, Weitschies W, Grimm M, Schneider F, Bachmann L, Vervuert I. Measurement of abomasal conditions (pH, pressure and temperature) in healthy and diarrheic dairy calves using a wireless ambulatory capsule. Livest Sci 2017; 203:41-47. [PMID: 32288872 PMCID: PMC7102753 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated abomasal luminal parameters in healthy and diarrheic calves by using a wireless ambulatory capsule (WAC). The acetaminophen absorption test (APAT) was used to determine abomasal emptying rate. Four healthy and five diarrheic female Holstein-Friesian calves (age < 14 days) were included in the study. For APAT, calves were fed 2 L of milk replacer containing 50 mg acetaminophen/kg body weight, and blood samples were taken during a 12-h period afterward. Concomitantly, a WAC in the abomasum continuously measured luminal pH, pressure, and temperature. Five hours post suckling, intraluminal temperature was significantly higher in diarrheic calves than in healthy calves. Abomasal pH and pressure were not significantly different, but intraluminal pressure was always numerically lower in diarrheic calves. During APAT no significant differences in maximum acetaminophen concentrations (Cmax) and time to reach maximum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax) were observed. Nonlinear regression findings revealed a longer acetaminophen half-time (AAP t1/2) in diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves [564 ± 96 min vs. 393 ± 84 min, respectively; P = 0.04] and lower area under the concentration curve values (e.g., 60 min postprandial AUC60 681 ± 244 (µg∙min)/mL vs. 1064 ± 23 (µg∙min)/mL, respectively; P = 0.04). In conclusion, abomasal luminal conditions were different between diarrheic and healthy calves. Significant differences in APAT reflected a delay in abomasal emptying in diarrheic calves. Impaired abomasal movement may induce enhanced bacterial fermentation processes as indicated by a higher abomasal temperature in diarrheic calves, which should be considered in management of their feeding. WAC is a tool to assess intraluminal pH, temperature, and pressure data in calves. Abomasal emptying is delayed in diarrheic calves compared to healthy calves. A slower abomasal emptying might be linked to increased bacterial fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hildebrandt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eberhard Scheuch
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 3, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Alta Deutschland GmbH, Altes Dorf 1, D-29525 Uelzen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Burgstaller J, Wittek T, Smith GW. Invited review: Abomasal emptying in calves and its potential influence on gastrointestinal disease. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:17-35. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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MacPherson J, Berends H, Leal L, Cant J, Martín-Tereso J, Steele M. Effect of plane of milk replacer intake and age on glucose and insulin kinetics and abomasal emptying in female Holstein Friesian dairy calves fed twice daily. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8007-8017. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Short DM, Moore DA, Sischo WM. A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effects of Oligosaccharides on Transfer of Passive Immunity in Neonatal Dairy Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1381-9. [PMID: 27278714 PMCID: PMC5089611 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial contamination of colostrum is common and can decrease IgG absorption in neonatal calves. Strategies that mitigate this situation without complicating colostrum management will benefit dairy calf health and survival. Objectives To evaluate the effects of supplementing colostrum with oligosaccharides (OS) on serum IgG concentration and apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG (AEA%) in calves fed unpasteurized colostrum and characterize these outcomes with respect to colostrum bacterial exposures. Animals One hundred twenty‐three neonatal dairy calves. Methods Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial conducted at a commercial dairy operation. Calves were enrolled at birth in 1 of 4 treatment groups. Data were complete for 123 calves, which were distributed across the treatment groups as follows: mannan‐oligosaccharides (MOS), n = 33; Saccharomyces galacto‐oligosaccharides (SGOS), n = 31; Bifidobacterium galacto‐oligosaccharides (BGOS), n = 28; and lactose control (CON), n = 31. A commercial radial immunodiffusion kit was used to determine colostrum and serum IgG concentrations. Conventional microbiology methods were used to enumerate colostrum bacterial counts. Results Bacterial counts were not significantly different among treatment groups. Total bacterial plate counts (TPC) were relatively low for the majority of colostrum samples, but TPC had a significant negative effect on serum IgG concentration and AEA% in the lactose‐supplemented control group but not the OS treatment groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These results suggest that a complement of OS structures may mitigate adverse effects of bacteria on transfer of passive immunity (TPI).
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Short
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - D A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - W M Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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19
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Singh K, Leath SR, Henderson HV, Molenaar AJ, Watson TJ, Pacheco D, McMahon CD. Ultrasonography to investigate the effect of supplementing whole milk with complex carbohydrates and specific amino acids on curd retention in the abomasum of dairy calves. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:288-92. [PMID: 27146085 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1184996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the retention time of curd in the abomasum of calves was influenced by supplementing milk with a plant-derived carbohydrate and amino acid supplement, evaluated non-invasively using ultrasonography. METHODS Female dairy calves aged between 2-6 days of age were sourced from a commercial farm in March 2013. All calves were fed whole milk until weaning (4 L per day); 21 calves were supplemented with a probiotic until 18 days of age, and thereafter with a plant-derived complex carbohydrate and amino acid supplement until weaning, and 22 calves were just fed whole milk. Treatment groups were balanced for age, weight and breed. At 9-14, 24-29 and 52-57 days of age, the abomasum of each calf was examined using ultrasonography immediately before and after feeding, 1 and 2 hours after feeding, and then at 30 minute intervals until curd was no longer visible in the abomasum. Abomasal volume and curd size were recorded to assess retention time of curd in the abomasum. RESULTS At 9-14 days of age, mean retention time of curd in the abomasum was similar (4.6 hours) in both groups. At 24-29 days of age, when the supplemented calves had been receiving the supplement for approximately 10 days, mean curd retention time was longer by 1.4 (SE 0.28) hours in supplemented compared with unsupplemented calves (p<0.001). At 52-57 days of age, mean retention time was longer by 0.7 (SE 0.34) hours compared to unsupplemented calves (p=0.05). CONCLUSION Using ultrasonography, changes in abomasal content could be followed non-invasively over time and it was demonstrated that the plant-derived complex carbohydrate supplement increased the curd retention time in the abomasum. We speculate that the increased retention time enables an increased availability of nutrients following a more complete digestion of milk, thereby improving animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Singh
- a AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre , Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| | - S R Leath
- a AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre , Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| | - H V Henderson
- a AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre , Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| | - A J Molenaar
- b AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre , Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - T J Watson
- a AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre , Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
| | - D Pacheco
- b AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre , Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - C D McMahon
- a AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre , Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240 , New Zealand
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Kirchner D, Schwedhelm L, Wenge J, Steinhöfel I, Heinrich C, Coenen M, Bachmann L. Ultrasonographic imaging of abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter in healthy and diarrheic calves. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:929-36. [PMID: 26176298 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In case of diarrhea calves are treated with oral rehydration solutions (ORS), which are known to increase abomasal pH and inhibit milk clotting in vitro. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that ORS with HCO3(-) ≤ 62 mmol/L do not interfere with abomasal milk clotting in healthy calves. However, in diarrheic calves, feeding ORS and milk simultaneously may disturb abomasal curd formation and exacerbate diarrhea due to faster abomasal passage of ingesta. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to ultrasonographically examine abomasal milk clotting and diameter after feeding milk and milk replacer (MR) with and without ORS to healthy and diarrheic calves. Abomasal curd formation and diameter in healthy and diarrheic calves were ultrasonographically imaged before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS prepared in milk or MR. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS did not cause any remarkable differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhea. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter after feeding between healthy and diarrheic calves indicated that abomasal emptying is delayed in diarrheic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kirchner
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lea Schwedhelm
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Wenge
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ilka Steinhöfel
- Department of Animal Production, Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - Christian Heinrich
- Department of Animal Production, Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Köllitsch, Germany
| | - Manfred Coenen
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Ghoreishi SM, Nouri M, Rasooli A, Ghorbanpour M, Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Constable PD. Effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the apparent efficiency of colostral IgG absorption in neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:714-20. [PMID: 25641234 PMCID: PMC4895487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of orally administered cisapride, bethanechol, and erythromycin on the absorption of colostral IgG in dairy calves. Animals Twenty‐four healthy neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves. Procedures Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 0.9% NaCl solution (2 mL, PO; negative control); erythromycin lactobionate (20 mg/kg BW, PO; anticipated to be a positive control); cisapride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO); bethanechol chloride (0.5 mg/kg BW, PO). Calves were fed 3 L of pooled bovine colostrum containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg) by suckling and oroesophageal intubation 30 minutes after each treatment was administered. Jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically after the start of feeding and plasma total IgG, protein, acetaminophen, and glucose concentrations determined. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration. Results Oral administration of cisapride facilitated the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. The effect of cisapride on abomasal emptying rate could not be evaluated because cisapride appeared to interfere with acetaminophen metabolism. Based on the total IgG and total protein concentration‐time relationships, the beneficial effects of cisapride appeared to occur early after oral administration and were transient. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Additional studies appear indicated to characterize the effect of cisapride dose on the magnitude and duration of its effect on facilitating the absorption of colostral IgG and protein. Identification of a nonantimicrobial method for increasing abomasal emptying rate, such as cisapride, will potentially provide a practical and effective method for facilitating transfer of passive immunity in colostrum‐fed dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ghoreishi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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22
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A titration approach to identify the capacity for starch digestion in milk-fed calves. Animal 2015; 9:249-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Meganck V, Hoflack G, Opsomer G. Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: a systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:75. [PMID: 25431305 PMCID: PMC4246539 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy calves worldwide. This complex disease can be triggered by both infectious and non-infectious causes. The four most important enteropathogens leading to neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea are Escherichia coli, rota- and coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Besides treating diarrhoeic neonatal dairy calves, the veterinarian is the most obvious person to advise the dairy farmer on prevention and treatment of this disease. This review deals with prevention and treatment of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea focusing on the importance of a good colostrum management and a correct fluid therapy.
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Schwedhelm L, Kirchner D, Klaus B, Bachmann L. Experimentally induced hyperchloremic and dl-lactic acidosis in calves: An attempt to study the effects of oral rehydration on acid-base status. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2464-2475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Grünberg W, Hartmann H, Arlt S, Burfeind O, Staufenbiel R. Alkalinizing effect of NaHCO₃ with and without glucose when administered orally to euhydrated neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3895-906. [PMID: 23548282 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) is well established as an effective treatment to correct water-, electrolyte-, and acid-base balance in diarrheic calves. The main ingredients of a commercial ORS are Na, glucose, and alkalinizing agents, such as NaHCO3. Particular importance is attributed to the combination of glucose and Na at a specific ratio to optimize intestinal sodium, and thereby water uptake, through the sodium-glucose co-transport. Enhancing intestinal Na absorption by combining glucose and Na in an ORS has the potential to improve the alkalinizing effect of an ORS according the strong ion theory. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose on the alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3 when administered orally. Nine healthy neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves underwent 3 oral treatments with 2-L solutions of NaHCO3 (150 mmol/L), glucose (300 mmol/L), and glucose + NaHCO3 (300 mmol/L + 150 mmol/L, respectively) in randomized order. Arterial and venous blood was obtained before treatment and in 30-min intervals thereafter for blood gas analysis and determination of plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations. Urine was collected volumetrically to determine urine volume, osmolality, pH, net acid excretion, and renal Na excretion after treatment. Plasma volume changes were extrapolated from plasma protein concentration changes. Treatment and time effects were tested with repeated measures ANOVA. Only subtle differences between oral administration of NaHCO3, with and without glucose, were observed for the change of the standard HCO3 concentration relative to baseline. No differences in plasma Na, plasma volume expansion, renal Na, net base excretion, urine volume, or pH could be identified between animals treated orally with NaHCO3 with and without glucose. Similarly, no differences in blood glucose concentration, plasma volume expansion, urine volume, or renal glucose excretion were observed in the 8h after treatment when comparing oral glucose treatment with and without NaHCO3. Our results indicate that combination of NaHCO3 with glucose in a hypertonic ORS only had a minor effect on the alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3, which is unlikely to be of clinical relevance. The combination of NaHCO3 and glucose neither improved Na, glucose, nor water absorption in euhydrated neonatal dairy calves, questioning the relevance of a specific ratio between Na and glucose in ORS for calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Grünberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Smith GW, Ahmed AF, Constable PD. Effect of orally administered electrolyte solution formulation on abomasal luminal pH and emptying rate in dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 241:1075-82. [PMID: 23039985 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.8.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of 3 commercially available, orally administered electrolyte solutions (OAEs) on abomasal luminal pH and emptying rate in dairy calves, compared with the effect of orally administered milk replacer. DESIGN Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS 6 male dairy calves (age, 12 to 31 days). PROCEDURES Calves were surgically instrumented with an abomasal cannula and were administered 4 treatments in randomized order: all-milk protein milk replacer, high-glucose high-bicarbonate OAE, high-glucose high-bicarbonate OAE containing glycine, and low-glucose OAE containing acetate and propionate. Abomasal luminal pH was measured with a miniature glass pH electrode prior to treatment administration and every second afterward for 24 hours. RESULTS Feeding of orally administered milk replacer resulted in a rapid increase in mean abomasal luminal pH from 1.3 to 5.8, followed by a gradual decrease to preprandial values by 8 hours afterward (mean 24-hour pH, 3.2). High-glucose high-bicarbonate OAEs caused a large and sustained increase from 1.3 to 7.5 (mean 24-hour pH, 4.1 for the solution without glycine and 3.5 for the solution with glycine). In contrast, feeding of the acetate-containing OAE was followed by only a mild and transient increase (mean 24-hour pH, 2.1); luminal pH returned to preprandial values by 3 hours after ingestion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ingestion of a bicarbonate-containing OAE resulted in sustained abomasal alkalinization in dairy calves. Because persistently high abomasal luminal pH may facilitate growth of enteropathogenic bacteria, administration of OAEs containing a high bicarbonate concentration (> 70mM) is not recommended for calves with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geof W Smith
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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28
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Omazic AW, Tråvén M, Roos S, Mellgren E, Holtenius K. Oral rehydration solution with glycerol to dairy calves: Effects on fluid balance, metabolism, and intestinal microbiota. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.785585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Mokhber-Dezfooli M, Nouri M, Rasekh M, Constable P. Effect of abomasal emptying rate on the apparent efficiency of colostral immunoglobulin G absorption in neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6740-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Bachmann L, Schmidt B, Rauwolf U, Wenge J, Coenen M. Change of plasma volume, osmolality, and acid–base status in healthy calves after feeding of milk and water- and milk-based oral rehydration solutions. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6006-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Goodell GM, Campbell J, Hoejvang-Nielsen L, Stansen W, Constable PD. An alkalinizing oral rehydration solution containing lecithin-coated citrus fiber is superior to a nonalkalinizing solution in treating 360 calves with naturally acquired diarrhea. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6677-86. [PMID: 22939792 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this field study was to compare the efficacy and cost of 2 commercially available oral rehydration therapy (ORT) solutions in treating dairy calves with naturally acquired diarrhea. A total of 1,349 newborn Holstein-Friesian calves were prospectively enrolled in the study. Calves were housed in individual hutches and fed a mixture of pasteurized hospital milk and an all-milk protein milk replacer twice per day. Calves were monitored twice each day from d 2 of life until 30 d of age for the presence or absence of diarrhea, and were assigned a fecal score and a hydration score at each examination. Calves that developed mild to severe diarrhea that did not need intravenous fluids and did not have clinical evidence of concurrent disease (n = 360) were assigned randomly to receive 1 of 2 commercial ORT solutions: a hypertonic alkalinizing ORT containing lecithin-coated citrus fibers (Diaque, group D, n = 180; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany), and an isotonic nonalkalinizing ORT (RE-SORB, group R, n = 180; Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) for 2 to 8d; the duration of treatment depended on whether diarrhea was still present. No significant differences were observed in mortality rates or treatment failure rates between the 2 treatment groups. Fecal consistency returned to normal more quickly in group D calves than in group R calves; consequently, group D calves were treated for 1d less than were group R calves. The increase in body weight after 4d of treatment was larger in group D than in group R. The average daily gain from birth to weaning in calves that did not develop concurrent disease (such as pneumonia) during the study period tended to be higher in group D calves (0.53±0.11 kg/d) than in group R calves (0.51±0.09 kg/d). The smaller number of treatments at a lower cost per treatment produced a cost advantage of $4.82 per treated calf in group D calves compared with group R calves. Our findings support the concept that milk should continue to be fed to diarrheic calves that are being administered an ORT solution in order to maintain growth.
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Guzelbektes H, Coskun A, Ok M, Aydogdu U, Sen I. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Premature Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1051-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Guzelbektes
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya; Turkey
| | - A. Coskun
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cumhuriyet; Sivas; Turkey
| | - M. Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya; Turkey
| | - U. Aydogdu
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya; Turkey
| | - I. Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Selcuk; Konya; Turkey
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Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, Baird AN, Wittek T. Evidence-Based Use of Prokinetic Drugs for Abomasal Disorders in Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:51-70, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Ehsani-Kheradgerdi A, Sharifi K, Mohri M, Grünberg W. Evaluation of a modified acetaminophen absorption test to estimate the abomasal emptying rate in Holstein-Friesian heifers. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1600-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sharifi K, Grünberg W, Soroori S, Mohri M, Ahrari-Khafi MS. Assessment of the acetaminophen absorption test as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of the reticular groove reflex in lambs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:820-5. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.7.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Diarrhea remains the leading cause of mortality in beef and dairy calves. Calves that have diarrhea frequently develop dehydration, strong ion acidosis, and electrolyte abnormalities, and are in a state of negative energy balance. Oral electrolyte therapy is a simple and economical method of addressing all of these potential complications. This article gives an overview of oral electrolyte therapy of calves, including indications, guidelines for administration, and how to choose an electrolyte product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geof W Smith
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Constable P, Grünberg W, Carstensen L. Comparative effects of two oral rehydration solutions on milk clotting, abomasal luminal pH, and abomasal emptying rate in suckling calves. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:296-312. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marshall TS, Constable PD, Crochik SS, Wittek T, Freeman DE, Morin DE. Effect of suckling an isotonic solution of sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium chloride on abomasal emptying rate and luminal pH in calves. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:824-31. [PMID: 18518665 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare abomasal emptying rates in calves after suckling milk replacer or 3 common orally administered electrolyte solution components. ANIMALS 5 male calves < 35 days of age. PROCEDURES Calves with a cannula fitted in the abomasal body were fed 2 L of milk replacer with or without parenteral administration of atropine (0.01 mg/kg, i.v., then 0.02 mg/ kg, s.c., q 30 min) or isotonic (150 mM) solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), or NaCl in a randomized crossover design. Abomasal emptying rates were determined via scintigraphy, acetaminophen absorption, ultrasonography, and change in abomasal luminal pH. RESULTS Scintigraphic half-emptying time, time of maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic half-emptying time, and pH return time indicated similar abomasal emptying rates following suckling of isotonic sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl solutions, whereas the emptying rate of milk replacer was significantly slower. Mean maximal abomasal luminal pH was highest following suckling of NaHCO(3) (pH(max)=7.85) and lowest following suckling of NaCl (pH(max)=4.52); sodium acetate (pH(max)=6.59) and milk replacer (pH(max)=5.84) yielded intermediate pH values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Isotonic solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl were rapidly emptied from the abomasum but varied markedly in their ability to alkalinize the abomasum. Sodium bicarbonate-containing orally administered electrolyte solution might increase the frequency of infection or severity of clinical disease in diarrheic calves treated for dehydration by causing prolonged abomasal alkalinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa S Marshall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Rowe A, Gondro C, Emery D, Sangster N. Genomic analyses of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep: abomasal fistulation and two Haemonchus strains do not substantially confound host gene expression in microarrays. Vet Parasitol 2008; 154:71-81. [PMID: 18387746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether fistulation and differing strains of Haemonchus contortus complicate genome analysis of the host response to infection, two pilot experiments examined parasite development and gene expression in the abomasal mucosa of parasitised sheep. No significant differentially-expressed genes were detected in a comparison between ivermectin-susceptible McMaster and ivermectin-resistant CAVR strains of H. contortus. This demonstrated that the sheep response was not significantly altered by the ivermectin-resistance status of the parasite. However, sheep infected with McMaster strain had a significantly lower proportion of larvae and a higher mean FEC at post-mortem than sheep infected with CAVR, suggesting that McMaster larvae advance to patency faster than CAVR larvae. Abomasal fistulation resulted in significant upregulation of three genes and significant downregulation of two genes. Fistulated sheep had significantly lower FEC than the other groups but the proportion of larvae at post-mortem was not significantly different to other groups infected with the same strain (CAVR). Hence fistulation does not alter establishment of the CAVR isolate, but may slow its progression to patency. The observation that different H. contortus strains and abomasal fistulation induced minimal changes in mucosal gene expression validated the design of a subsequent experiment (manuscript in preparation) where sequential biopsies taken during infection were analysed by microarray to describe the molecular responses which inhibit larval establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rowe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, McMaster Building (B14), University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, NSW 2006, Australia.
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. AO, . MN, . MH, . GK. The Effect of Gentamicin Sulfate on Plasma Glucose Concentrations Post Suckling of Milk in Holstein Calves. INT J PHARMACOL 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2006.643.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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