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Bierau J, Rott P, Röcken M, Staszyk C. Cone beam computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the region of the fetlock in the horse (Equus caballus). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13079. [PMID: 38967773 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to delineate the detailed anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in healthy horses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The fetlock region of 15 cadaveric forelimbs and 14 cadaveric hindlimbs from nine adult horses without orthopaedic disease underwent CBCT scanning. Additionally, arthrography CBCT scans were conducted following intra-articular injection of a radiopaque contrast medium containing blue epoxy resin dye. Subsequently, limbs were frozen and sectioned to visualize anatomical structures in sectional planes corresponding to selected CBCT images. CBCT proved suitable for detailed visualization of the bony components of the fetlock region. Furthermore, the common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligament, and straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments were identifiable on CBCT images. However, certain ligaments, such as the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and intersesamoidean ligaments, were not clearly identified. The hyaline cartilage of the MCP and MTP joint facets was assessable on the post-contrast sequence. In cases where a radiographic or ultrasound examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, CBCT can provide additional valuable data on the equine MCP and MTP joint. The images obtained in this study can serve as a reference for CBCT examination of the equine MCP and MTP joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bierau
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patricia Rott
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Röcken
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Yousef AT, Hussein MK, Hamed MA, Farrag F, Abumandour M, Hamoda H. Morphological and radiographic studies on the Manus region in the Arabian one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries). Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13040. [PMID: 38623947 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to analyse the normal anatomical and radiographical features of the Manus of the southern Aswanian-adapted Arabian one-humped camel, providing crucial data for diagnosing and treating various ailments. Our study was applied to 10 cadaver forelimbs of adult male one-humped camels (4-5 years old) for an explanation of the gross anatomy of the bones of the Manus region from under the carpal bones by using traditional techniques, including the gross anatomical, radiographic and x-ray (at the dorsopalmar and lateral planes) of the preparation of Manus bones. Our results showed that the large fused (third and fourth) metacarpal bones, in which the fusion extended along the entire length of the bone except at the distal end, diverged to form separate articulations with cross-ponding digits. As described in all ruminant species, especially the camel, there were two digits, and each digit consisted of three phalanges and two proximal sesamoid bones. Our radiographic x-ray data revealed that the complete radiopaque septum that completely divided the medullary cavity into two separate parts was clear from the dorsopalmar view, while the lateral view showed the proximal sesamoid bones that were placed over each other and located palmar to the head of the large metacarpal bone. In conclusion, our study reveals the adaptations of the Arabian one-humped camel to Egyptian conditions, aiding in the early diagnosis of lameness and digit problems and enabling veterinarians and camel owners to better address these issues, thereby improving the overall health and well-being of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub T Yousef
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K Hussein
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hamed
- Department of surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Foad Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hazem Hamoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Ciamillo SA, Wulster KB, Gassert TM, Richardson DW, Brown KA, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF. Prospective, longitudinal assessment of subchondral bone morphology and pathology using standing, cone-beam computed tomography in fetlock joints of 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in their first year of training. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38247205 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catastrophic injuries of the fetlock joints occur in Thoroughbred racehorses and are preceded by stress-induced bone injury. Early detection of subchondral bone injury is essential to prevent irreversible damage or bone failure. OBJECTIVES To investigate the use of standing, robotic cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for assessing longitudinal changes in subchondral bone morphology and pathology of the fetlock joints associated with race training in young Thoroughbreds. STUDY DESIGN Observational cohort study. METHODS Forty-one 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were recruited prior to the start of race training. Standing CBCT and radiographs of all 4 metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints were obtained at 0, 6 and 12 months. Hyperdensity, as an estimate of subchondral bone sclerosis, was measured in the distal third metacarpal (MC3)/metatarsal (MT3) bone and proximal phalanx (P1) at each time point on computed tomography. CBCTs were examined for subchondral bone pathology consisting of areas of hypodensity within regions of hyperdensity. RESULTS Subchondral bone sclerosis increased significantly over time in the medial and lateral MC3/MT3 condyles and in the medial and lateral parasagittal grooves of MC3/MT3. The presence of subchondral bone pathology increased significantly over time in the medial and lateral palmar condyles of MC3/MT3, the lateral parasagittal groove, the medial dorsal condyle and the medial and lateral ridges of P1. MAIN LIMITATIONS There was attrition of horses due to relocation, change in ownership, and retirement from racing. Husbandry, training regimens and racing schedules were not controlled for in the study. CONCLUSIONS Standing CBCT is an efficient and effective screening tool for assessing subchondral bone morphology and identifying pathology of the fetlock joint in young Thoroughbred racehorses. CBCT may facilitate early detection of bone pathology allowing for timely intervention and prevention of more serious injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ciamillo
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn B Wulster
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taryn M Gassert
- Sports Medicine Associates of Chester County, Cochranville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dean W Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara A Brown
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bierau J, Cruz AM, Koch C, Manso-Diaz G, Büttner K, Staszyk C, Röcken M. Visualization of anatomical structures in the fetlock region of the horse using cone beam computed tomography in comparison with conventional multidetector computed tomography. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1278148. [PMID: 38260210 PMCID: PMC10802162 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is regarded as a convenient and suitable alternative to conventional computed tomography. However, in the horse, the quality of obtained data sets needs to be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the visibility and accessibility of clinically relevant anatomical structures displayed in CBCT and conventional multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Materials and methods Twenty-nine limbs from horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study were used. Native and intraarticular contrast scans of the fetlock (CBCT vs. MDCT) were performed. The visibility and accessibility of selected anatomical structures were blindly scored by three independent experienced observers using a scoring system previously reported and adapted to the fetlock joint. Results Only minor differences between CBCT and MDCT were identified concerning the diagnostic quality of images for osseous structures. Soft tissue structures were better evaluated on MDCT images. In CBCT as well as in MDCT articular cartilage could only be visualized after intraarticular injection of contrast medium. Discussion/conclusion Cone beam computed tomography of the fetlock is a useful and reliable diagnostic tool when evaluating osseous structures and delineating articular cartilage with contrast medium. However, this modality is limited for assessing soft tissues structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bierau
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antonio M. Cruz
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Manso-Diaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathrin Büttner
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology, and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Röcken
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Germonpré J, Vandekerckhove LMJ, Raes E, Chiers K, Jans L, Vanderperren K. Post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot: a proof of concept. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1201017. [PMID: 38249561 PMCID: PMC10797750 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this proof-of-concept study, the post-mortem feasibility of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in the detection of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot is described in agreement with the gold standard imaging technique, which is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A total of five equine cadaver feet were studied, of which two were pathological and three were within normal limits and served as references. A low-field MRI of each foot was performed, followed by a DECT acquisition. Multiplanar reformations of DECT virtual non-calcium images were compared with MRI for the detection of bone edema-like lesions. A gross post-mortem was performed, and histopathologic samples were obtained of the navicular and/or distal phalanx of the two feet selected based on pathology and one reference foot. Results On DECT virtual non-calcium imaging, the two pathological feet showed diffuse increased attenuation corresponding with bone edema-like lesions, whereas the three reference feet were considered normal. These findings were in agreement with the findings on the MRI. Histopathology of the two pathologic feet showed abnormalities in line with bone edema-like lesions. Histopathology of the reference foot was normal. Conclusion DECT virtual non-calcium imaging can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of bone edema-like lesions in the equine foot. Further examination of DECT in equine diagnostic imaging is warranted in a larger cohort, different locations, and alive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Germonpré
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Louis M. J. Vandekerckhove
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Raes
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology, and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Nakayama J, Fukui N, Sunagawa K, Ogawa K, Oka H, Denno K. Examination of the traction effect in an artificial muscle-type dynamic traction orthosis using computed tomography. Prosthet Orthot Int 2023:00006479-990000000-00204. [PMID: 38054953 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dart-throwing motion from radial dorsiflexion to palmar flexion has recently attracted attention as a functional movement direction of the wrist joint. We developed a novel artificial muscle-type dynamic traction orthosis (DTSaM) that includes these movements. This prospective crossover controlled study aimed to compare the traction effects in the presence and absence of DTSaM using computed tomography. METHODS Healthy participants with no history of finger disease (6 men: 6 fingers, 4 women: 4 fingers; average age [range]: 29.4 [34-24] years) were examined. The distance and area of the joint space between the radiolunate (RL) and capitolunate (CL) joints were evaluated using 2 types of computed tomography: automatic movement and DTSaM. RESULTS Participants with DTSaM showed more dilated joint space distance on the dorsal and central sides (p < 0.05) and larger joint space areas on the dorsal side (p < 0.05) of the RL and CL joints than those without orthosis. Significant differences in the magnitude of change in each joint were observed between the RL and CL joints regarding the joint space distance on the dorsal (p = 0.021) and central (p = 0.038) sides and the joint space area on the dorsal side (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS The movement of the CL joint is important in the dorsiflexion direction. Our results suggest that the dilated CL joint allows dorsiflexion and that combined traction and dart-throwing motion exercises may be possible for wrist joint contracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakayama
- Kansai Medical University Faculty of Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Fukui
- Kansai Medical University Faculty of Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosaku Sunagawa
- Kansai Medical University Faculty of Rehabilitation, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hisao Oka
- Graduate School of Health Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Ghaderi S, Goodarzi N. Gross anatomy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and bone mineral densitometry of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:241-253. [PMID: 36282097 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to provide anatomical atlas of the ovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joints using computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as to investigate bone mineral density (BMD) and morphometric features of this joint. The limbs of twenty adult Sanjabi sheep were examined. Imaging was performed using a 16-slice multi-detector CT scanner and a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. The obtained images were correlated with corresponding anatomical sections. BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method. Also morphometric features included distance between metacarpal and metatarsal heads, width of metacarpal and metatarsal head, length, width and the height of the proximal sesamoid bones were measured. In MRI images, compact bones, ligaments and tendons showed less signal intensity (hypointense). The fatty tissue and bone marrow had more signal intensity (hyperintense), but articular cartilage and synovial fluid showed moderate signal intensity. BMD in the left hind limb was significantly higher than other three limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The length of proximal sesamoid bones in left forelimb was higher than right forelimb (p ≤ 0.05). The thickness of proximal sesamoid bones in left limbs was higher than those in their counterparts (p ≤ 0.05). The width of the medial head in the forelimbs was significantly greater than the hind limbs (p ≤ 0.05). The present results might be useful in managing the clinical techniques on this joint. Larger volume of the proximal sesamoid bones and wider medial head in the forelimbs compared to the hindlimbs impel this speculation that the centre of gravity is closer to the forelimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghaderi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Goodarzi
- Department of Basic Sciences and Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Hagag U, Nahas AE, Almohamad ZA, Brehm W, Gerlach K. 3T Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the bovine carpus. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:236. [PMID: 35733155 PMCID: PMC9214995 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lameness in cattle is a major health problem and causes great economic losses. Carpal injury is a common cause of forelimb lameness in cattle. Radiography and/or ultrasonography of the carpus is a challenge due to complex anatomy of the joint. Additional imaging using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be indispensable for reaching a decisive diagnosis. Precise evaluation of the clinical CT and MRI images necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the normal CT and MRI tissue variants. Therefore, our purpose was to provide a detailed description of the normal CT and MRI appearance of the osseous and soft tissue structures of twelve cadaveric bovine carpi using CT and 3 Tesla MRI. Carpi were frozen, transected in sagittal, dorsal and transverse planes then adjoined to their corresponding CT and MRI images. Results The clinically significant articular and peri-articular structures of the bovine carpus were identified and characterized on the CT and MRI images. CT images provided a remarkable delineation of the cortical, subchondral, and cancellous bone. The high-field 3 Tesla MRI offered high definition and distinction of the delicate soft tissues of the bovine carpus. Conclusions 3 Tesla high-field MRI offers new opportunities in soft tissue tomography but cannot be compared with CT in terms of bone imaging. Clinicians have to determine whether CT, MRI or both imaging techniques are required in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Hagag
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Ayman El Nahas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zakriya Ali Almohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, PO Box 400, 31982, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walter Brehm
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Pauwels F, Hartmann A, Alawneh J, Wightman P, Saunders J. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography Findings in 105 Horse Distal Extremities. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103704. [PMID: 34416993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor soft tissue conspicuity of CT can be improved by using intra-arterial CT Angiography (CTA), and intra-articular and intra-bursal contrast enhanced CT (CTAR). This retrospective study describes a combination protocol of CT and CTA of the horse's foot, and CTAR of the distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa. It is hypothesized this would provide a comprehensive overview of the range and severity of distal limb pathology. Radiology reports of all horses admitted for distal limb CT over a 5 year period were reviewed. All horses with a complete four stage CT examination and radiology report with lameness isolated to the foot were included. Twenty seven imaging findings using a four grade semiquantitative severity scoring system contributing towards six main diagnostic categories were described. One hundred and five examinations on 56 horses revealed a diagnosis of navicular bone disease in 64%, deep digital flexor tendinopathy in 43%, distal interphalangeal osteoarthritis in 35%, navicular bursitis in 31%, distal interphalangeal collateral ligament desmopathy in 26%, and hoof capsule and distal phalanx pathology in 10%. Only 25% of the navicular bone disease cases were considered clinically significant. The majority of deep digital flexor tendon lesions (77%) and distal interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis (51%) were considered significant. Approximately one third of navicular bursa (37%) and collateral ligament (33%) abnormalities were considered significant. Navicular bursa abnormalities were associated with navicular bone and deep digital flexor tendon lesions. The findings support the hypothesis and the use of this protocol for evaluation of foot lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Pauwels
- Radiology Department, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, University Ave, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Angela Hartmann
- Radiology Department, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, University Ave, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Alawneh
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Wightman
- Radiology Department, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, University Ave, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Radiology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Goodarzi N, Tehrani PR, Ghaderi S, Karimi F. Anatomy of the Tarsometatarsal Region and Digits in the Ostrich ( Struthio Camelus): A Computed Tomography and Cross-Sectional Study. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:142-151. [PMID: 32702953 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ostrich is the largest living bird and has unique characteristics in its locomotor system that differentiate it from other bird species. The purpose of this study was to provide a reference atlas of reference-interval computed tomography (CT) and cross-sectional anatomy of the tarsometatarsal region and digits in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). The pelvic limbs of 25 ostriches were used for this imaging study. The transverse CT images were obtained from the middle third of the tarsometatarsal bone to the distal end of the third digit. The specimens were frozen and sectioned with an electric band saw at 1.5-2 cm intervals. The CT images were compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections. The bones, ligaments, and tendons were identified and labeled at each 1.5-2 cm intervals. The CT images provided anatomic details of the tendons and ligaments in the tarsometatarsal region and digits of the ostrich. The transverse CT images provided an excellent depiction of the anatomic structures of the leg and foot when compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections. The information presented in this study may be used as an initial reference when evaluating the CT images of an ostrich's tarsometatarsal region and digits. Moreover, the information provided in this report may be helpful in determining definitive diagnoses of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the lower leg in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Goodarzi
- Department of Basic and Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran,
| | - Payam Razeghi Tehrani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karadj Branch, Karadj, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghaderi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karadj Branch, Karadj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karadj Branch, Karadj, Iran
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El-Gendy SAA, Alsafy MAM, Rutland CS, El-Khamary AN, Abu-Ahmed HM, El-Kammar MH. Morphological and Imaging Evaluation of the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints in Healthy and Lame Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 88:102904. [PMID: 32303299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The donkey is of socio-economic value yet imaging techniques in both healthy and abnormal limbs are a limiting factor in research and medicine. The objective was to determine anatomical features of both healthy and clinically abnormal donkey metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (n = 13) using anatomical dissection, casting, X-ray and computed tomography. The joint capsule contained two palmar/plantar and two dorsal recesses. The proximal-palmar or plantar recess was larger than the distodorsal recess and potential sites of approaches to the recesses were determined. Soft tissue structures were distinguished using computed tomography at 300 mA, which was superior to 120 mA. This methodology gave better assessments of the synovial tendon sheath, joint recesses, and cruciate, collateral, and short sesamoidean ligaments. Computed tomography provided outstanding discrimination between the cortex and medulla of the third metacarpal, the proximal sesamoid bones, the proximal phalanx, and excellent details of the osseous structures. Although the joints appeared free from exostosis using X-ray; the position and extension of exostosis in pathologically affected donkeys (a novel finding) were revealed using computed tomography with 300 mA in comparison to 120 mA. The study also provided an anatomical record of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints using the latest technology, which could impact on clinical situations including anesthesia injection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A A El-Gendy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Ahmad N El-Khamary
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Howaida M Abu-Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H El-Kammar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Mosbah E, Zaghloul A. Ultrasonographic, Computed Tomographic, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Donkeys (Equus asinus) Digit. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hagag U, Tawfiek M. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the bovine metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint. Vet J 2018; 233:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Computed tomographic arthrography of the normal dromedary camel carpus. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 29:188-94. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-15-06-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe aim of this prospective cadaveric study was to provide a detailed computed tomographic (CT) reference of the carpal joint in healthy dromedary camels. Twelve forelimbs of six apparently healthy camels were used. Computed tomographic imaging of 12 normal cadaveric camel carpal joints was performed before and after intra-articular administration of iodinated contrast medium. Transverse CT images were reconstructed in dorsal and parasagittal planes. The six carpal bones, the radial trochlea, and the proximal articular surface of the metacarpal bones were clearly visible on CT images with the bone setting window. Radiocarpal, carpometacarpal, transverse intercarpal, medial and lateral palmer intercarpal, middle intercarpal, accessory carpoulnar and medial and lateral collateral ligaments, carpal canal, joint capsule, and the extensor and flexor tendons were identified on CT images with the soft-tissue setting window. Postcontrast CT images provided better delineation of intercarpal ligaments, the capsular compartments and recesses. Results indicated that the osseous and the clinically important soft tissue structures of the dromedary camel carpal joint could be identified using CT and CT arthrography. The CT data of this study will serve as a basis for diagnosis of carpal problems in camels.
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Nelson BB, Goodrich LR, Barrett MF, Grinstaff MW, Kawcak CE. Use of contrast media in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in horses: Techniques, adverse events and opportunities. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:410-424. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering and Medicine; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Hagag U, Tawfiek M, Brehm W, Gerlach K. Computed Tomography of the Normal Bovine Tarsus. Anat Histol Embryol 2016; 45:469-478. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Hagag
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Surgery; Anesthesiology and Radiology; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - M. Tawfiek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef 62511 Egypt
| | - W. Brehm
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - K. Gerlach
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Pohlin F, Edinger J, Jenner F, Egerbacher M. Anatomic and histologic features and ultrasonographic appearance of the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in cadaveric limbs from horses without lameness. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:1089-98. [PMID: 25419809 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.12.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the anatomic and histologic features of the collateral ligaments (CLs) of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in cadaveric limbs obtained from nonlame horses and to compare the histologic findings with the ultrasonographic appearance of the CLs. SAMPLE Medial and lateral CLs of the MCP and MTP joints of 28 limbs (16 forelimbs and 12 hind limbs) from 9 adult nonlame horses euthanized for reasons unrelated to the study. PROCEDURES 26 limbs of 8 horses were examined by ultrasonography immediately after euthanasia. Postmortem gross and histologic examinations were performed for all 28 limbs. Histologic and ultrasonographic images were graded and compared. RESULTS Ultrasonographically, the mean ± SD depth and width of the superficial CL were 5.1 ± 0.7 mm and 20.5 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. On histologic examination, only 125 of 319 (39%) specimens obtained from 56 medial and lateral CLs appeared normal. Histopathologic findings varied from mild changes in cellular density and collagen fiber orientation to severe fibrocartilaginous metaplasia. The degree of CL lesion severity increased distally, and the lateral CL was affected more frequently than was the medial CL. Ultrasonographically detectable abnormalities were not correlated with the histologic findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In horses, histologic abnormalities within the CLs of the MCP and MTP joints may be an adaptive response to joint hyperextension and compression and might predispose horses to desmopathy and ligament failure in the event of trauma. Ultrasonography did not detect morphologic changes of the CL matrix. For an accurate diagnosis of subclinical lesions, more sensitive imaging techniques (eg, MRI) should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Pohlin
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Claerhoudt S, Bergman EHJ, Saunders JH. Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Equine Foot. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:395-402. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Claerhoudt
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - J. H. Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Gray SN, Puchalski SM, Galuppo LD. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY OF THE INTERCARPAL LIGAMENTS OF THE EQUINE CARPUS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:245-52. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Gray
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital
| | - Sarah M. Puchalski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine University of California; Davis 95616; CA
| | - Larry D. Galuppo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine University of California; Davis 95616; CA
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Puchalski SM. Advances in Equine Computed Tomography and Use of Contrast Media. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Hagag U, Brehm W, Ramadan RO, Al Mubarak A, El Nahas A, Gerlach K. Computed Tomography and Cross-sectional Anatomy of the Normal Dromedary Camel Tarsus (One Humped Camel). Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:266-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Hagag
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
| | - W. Brehm
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
| | - R. O. Ramadan
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; King Faisal University; PO Box 1757; Al Ahsa 31982; Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Al Mubarak
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; King Faisal University; PO Box 1757; Al Ahsa 31982; Saudi Arabia
| | - A. El Nahas
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
| | - K. Gerlach
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery; Leipzig University; An den Tierkliniken 21; 04103; Leipzig; Germany
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Vanderperren K, Gielen I, Van Caelenberg A, Van der Vekens E, Raes E, Hauspie S, van Bree H, Saunders J. Ultrasonographic appearance of bony abnormalities at the dorsal aspect of the fetlock joint in geriatric cadaver horses. Vet J 2012; 193:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Raes EV, Bergman EHJ, van der Veen H, Vanderperren K, Van der Vekens E, Saunders JH. Comparison of cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the tarsus in horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1209-21. [PMID: 21879979 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare computed tomography (CT) images of equine tarsi with cross-sectional anatomic slices and evaluate the potential of CT for imaging pathological tarsal changes in horses. SAMPLE 6 anatomically normal equine cadaveric hind limbs and 4 tarsi with pathological changes. PROCEDURES Precontrast CT was performed on 3 equine tarsi; sagittal and dorsal reconstructions were made. In all limbs, postcontrast CT was performed after intra-articular contrast medium injection of the tarsocrural, centrodistal, and tarsometatarsal joints. Images were matched with corresponding anatomic slices. Four tarsi with pathological changes underwent CT examination. RESULTS The tibia, talus, calcaneus, and central, fused first and second, third, and fourth tarsal bones were clearly visualized as well as the long digital extensor, superficial digital flexor, lateral digital flexor (with tarsal flexor retinaculum), gastrocnemius, peroneus tertius, and tibialis cranialis tendons and the long plantar ligament. The lateral digital extensor, medial digital flexor, split peroneus tertius, and tibialis cranialis tendons and collateral ligaments could be located but not always clearly identified. Some small tarsal ligaments were identifiable, including plantar, medial, interosseus, and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments; interosseus talocentral, centrodistal, and tarsometatarsal ligaments; proximal and distal plantar ligaments; and talometatarsal ligament. Parts of the articular cartilage could be assessed on postcontrast images. Lesions were detected in the 4 tarsi with pathological changes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CT of the tarsus is recommended when radiography and ultrasonography are inconclusive and during preoperative planning for treatment of complex fractures. Images from this study can serve as a CT reference, and CT of pathological changes was useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els V Raes
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Seignour M, Coudry V, Norris R, Denoix JM. Ultrasonographic examination of the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock in the horse: Technique and normal images. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gonzalez LM, Schramme MC, Robertson ID, Thrall DE, Redding RW. MRI features of metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal region lameness in 40 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:404-14. [PMID: 20806872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lameness originating from the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (MP) joint has a significant effect on the use and athletic competitiveness of a horse. The identification of the cause of lameness originating from the MP joint can be challenging, given the limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Our purpose was to describe the injury types and incidence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 40 horses with lameness attributable to the MP joint region where it was not possible to reach a clinically plausible diagnosis using other imaging modalities. Horses were examined in a 1.5 T magnet (Siemens Medical Solutions) under general anesthesia. The frequency of occurrence of MR lesions was subchondral bone injury (19), straight or oblique distal sesamoidean desmitis (13), articular cartilage injury and osteoarthritis (eight), suspensory branch desmitis (seven), osteochondral fragmentation (seven), proximal sesamoid bone injury (seven), inter-sesamoidean desmitis (four), deep digital flexor tendonitis (four), collateral desmitis (three), superficial digital flexor tendonitis (two), enostosis-like lesions of the proximal phalanx or MCIII (two), desmitis of the palmar annular ligament (one), desmitis of the proximal digital annular ligament (one), and dystrophic calcification of the lateral digital extensor tendon (one). Twenty-five horses had multiple MR abnormalities. MRI provided information that was complementary to radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy and that allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of all structures in the MP joint region and a diagnosis in all 40 horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liara M Gonzalez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Hillsborough Street 4700, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Podadera JM, Bell RJ, Dart AJ. Using magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose non-displaced fractures of the second phalanx in horses. Aust Vet J 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smith AJ, Felstead CW, Lawson JS, Weller R. An innovative technique for displaying three dimensional radiographic anatomy of synovial structures in the equine distal limb. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:589-94. [PMID: 19999341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiography is the most commonly applied imaging modality in equine practice and forms an essential part of the diagnostic work-up of lame horses. Radiographic signs of musculoskeletal pathology are frequently localized at sites of soft tissue attachment, which are often not clearly visible on radiographs. Different lesions carry different prognoses and require a variety of treatments, and a good knowledge of the position of the synovial structures in the distal limb of the horse is essential for practitioners in the interpretation of radiographs. This study describes a new technique for creating three-dimensional (3D) models of the synovial structures and superimposing them onto radiographs for the purpose of teaching radiographic anatomy. A set of standard radiographs was acquired of the metacarpophalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joints of a fresh cadaver leg while the leg was positioned in a material-testing machine to mimic the weight-bearing horse. Computed tomography of the same regions was performed after injection of negative contrast medium into the joints. 3D reconstructions of the joints were created using grayscale thresholding and polynomial surface meshing in Mimics. The resulting 3D reconstructions were superimposed on top of the radiographs using Adobe Photoshop CS3 Extended, thus allowing the visualization of the joint anatomy in relation to the bone on all projections. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows synovial structures to be visualized on radiographs where they are normally indistinct, which will serve as a teaching aid for anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
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