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Spoormakers TJP, St George L, Smit IH, Hobbs SJ, Brommer H, Clayton HM, Roy SH, Richards J, Serra Bragança FM. Adaptations in equine axial movement and muscle activity occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: A kinematic and electromyographic evaluation during in-hand trot. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1112-1127. [PMID: 36516302 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inter-relationship between equine thoracolumbar motion and muscle activation during normal locomotion and lameness is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To compare thoracolumbar and pelvic kinematics and longissimus dorsi (longissimus) activity of trotting horses between baseline and induced forelimb (iFL) and hindlimb (iHL) lameness. STUDY DESIGN Controlled experimental cross-over study. METHODS Three-dimensional kinematic data from the thoracolumbar vertebrae and pelvis, and bilateral surface electromyography (sEMG) data from longissimus at T14 and L1, were collected synchronously from clinically nonlame horses (n = 8) trotting overground during a baseline evaluation, and during iFL and iHL conditions (2-3/5 AAEP), induced on separate days using a lameness model (modified horseshoe). Motion asymmetry parameters, maximal thoracolumbar flexion/extension and lateral bending angles, and pelvis range of motion (ROM) were calculated from kinematic data. Normalised average rectified value (ARV) and muscle activation onset, offset and activity duration were calculated from sEMG signals. Mixed model analysis and statistical parametric mapping compared discrete and continuous variables between conditions (α = 0.05). RESULTS Asymmetry parameters reflected the degree of iFL and iHL. Maximal thoracolumbar flexion and pelvis pitch ROM increased significantly following iFL and iHL. During iHL, peak lateral bending increased towards the nonlame side (NLS) and decreased towards the lame side (LS). Longissimus ARV significantly increased bilaterally at T14 and L1 for iHL, but only at LS L1 for iFL. Longissimus activation was significantly delayed on the NLS and precipitated on the LS during iHL, but these clear phasic shifts were not observed in iFL. MAIN LIMITATIONS Findings should be confirmed in clinical cases. CONCLUSIONS Distinctive, significant adaptations in thoracolumbar and pelvic motion and underlying longissimus activity occur during iFL and iHL and are detectable using combined motion capture and sEMG. For iFL, these adaptations occur primarily in a cranio-caudal direction, whereas for iHL, lateral bending and axial rotation are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijn J P Spoormakers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsay St George
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Ineke H Smit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hilary M Clayton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Serge H Roy
- Delsys/Altec Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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St. George L, Spoormakers TJP, Roy SH, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Richards J, Serra Bragança FM. Reliability of surface electromyographic (sEMG) measures of equine axial and appendicular muscles during overground trot. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288664. [PMID: 37450555 PMCID: PMC10348569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of surface electromyography (sEMG) has not been adequately demonstrated in the equine literature and is an essential consideration as a methodology for application in clinical gait analysis. This observational study investigated within-session, intra-subject (stride-to-stride) and inter-subject reliability, and between-session reliability of normalised sEMG activity profiles, from triceps brachii (triceps), latissimus dorsi (latissimus), longissimus dorsi (longissimus), biceps femoris (biceps), superficial gluteal (gluteal) and semitendinosus muscles in n = 8 clinically non-lame horses during in-hand trot. sEMG sensors were bilaterally located on muscles to collect data during two test sessions (session 1 and 2) with a minimum 24-hour interval. Raw sEMG signals from ten trot strides per horse and session were DC-offset removed, high-pass filtered (40 Hz), full-wave rectified, and low-pass filtered (25 Hz). Signals were normalised to peak amplitude and percent stride before calculating intra- and inter-subject ensemble average sEMG profiles across strides for each muscle and session. sEMG profiles were assessed using waveform similarity statistics: the coefficient of variation (CV) to assess intra- and inter-subject reliability and the adjusted coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) to evaluate between-session reliability. Across muscles, CV data revealed that intra-horse sEMG profiles within- and between-sessions were comparatively more reliable than inter-horse profiles. Bilateral gluteal, semitendinosus, triceps and longissimus (at T14 and L1) and right biceps showed excellent between-session reliability with group-averaged CMCs > 0.90 (range 0.90-0.97). Bilateral latissimus and left biceps showed good between-session reliability with group-averaged CMCs > 0.75 (range 0.78-0.88). sEMG profiles can reliably describe fundamental muscle activity patterns for selected equine muscles within a test session for individual horses (intra-subject). However, these profiles are more variable across horses (inter-subject) and between sessions (between-session reliability), suggesting that it is reasonable to use sEMG to objectively monitor the intra-individual activity of these muscles across multiple gait evaluation sessions at in-hand trot.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. St. George
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - T. J. P. Spoormakers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. H. Roy
- Delsys/Altec Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. J. Hobbs
- Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - H. M. Clayton
- Sport Horse Science, Mason, Michigan, United States of America
| | - J. Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - F. M. Serra Bragança
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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St. George LB, Spoormakers TJP, Smit IH, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Roy SH, van Weeren PR, Richards J, Serra Bragança FM. Adaptations in equine appendicular muscle activity and movement occur during induced fore- and hindlimb lameness: An electromyographic and kinematic evaluation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:989522. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.989522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between lameness-related adaptations in equine appendicular motion and muscle activation is poorly understood and has not been studied objectively. The aim of this study was to compare muscle activity of selected fore- and hindlimb muscles, and movement of the joints they act on, between baseline and induced forelimb (iFL) and hindlimb (iHL) lameness. Three-dimensional kinematic data and surface electromyography (sEMG) data from the fore- (triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi) and hindlimbs (superficial gluteal, biceps femoris, semitendinosus) were bilaterally and synchronously collected from clinically non-lame horses (n = 8) trotting over-ground (baseline). Data collections were repeated during iFL and iHL conditions (2–3/5 AAEP), induced on separate days using a modified horseshoe. Motion asymmetry parameters and continuous joint and pro-retraction angles for each limb were calculated from kinematic data. Normalized average rectified value (ARV) and muscle activation onset, offset and activity duration were calculated from sEMG signals. Mixed model analysis and statistical parametric mapping, respectively, compared discrete and continuous variables between conditions (α= 0.05). Asymmetry parameters reflected the degree of iFL and iHL. Increased ARV occurred across muscles following iFL and iHL, except non-lame side forelimb muscles that significantly decreased following iFL. Significant, limb-specific changes in sEMG ARV, and activation timings reflected changes in joint angles and phasic shifts of the limb movement cycle following iFL and iHL. Muscular adaptations during iFL and iHL are detectable using sEMG and primarily involve increased bilateral activity and phasic activation shifts that reflect known compensatory movement patterns for reducing weightbearing on the lame limb. With further research and development, sEMG may provide a valuable diagnostic aid for quantifying the underlying neuromuscular adaptations to equine lameness, which are undetectable through human observation alone.
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Ursini T, Shaw K, Levine D, Richards J, Adair HS. Electromyography of the Multifidus Muscle in Horses Trotting During Therapeutic Exercises. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:844776. [PMID: 35692292 PMCID: PMC9184818 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.844776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracolumbar pain has been identified in both human and equine patients. Rehabilitation and conditioning programs have focused specifically on improving trunk and abdominal muscle function (1–5). Equine exercise programs routinely incorporate ground poles and training devices for the similar goals of increasing spinal and core stability and strength (6–8). The multifidus muscle has been an area of focus due to atrophy associated with disease (9). To date, there have been no reports on the activity of the multifidus muscle in horses in relation to therapeutic exercises. Our objectives were to use electromyography to determine the average work performed and peak muscle activity of the multifidus in horses trotting, trotting over ground poles, trotting while wearing a resistance band-based training device and trotting while wearing the training device over ground poles. We hypothesized that ground poles and the training device would each increase average work performed and peak multifidus muscle activity. Right and left cranial thoracic locations showed significant increased muscle work and peak activation when horses were trotted over ground poles versus without. The peak activation was significantly greater in horses trotting over poles in both lumbar regions, but there was no significant change in peak activation in either location due to the training device. When the influence of the training device was investigated without ground poles, left caudal thoracic muscle work and peak activity, and right lumbar muscle work were significantly lower when using the training device, as compared to without. When the training device was combined with trotting over ground poles, both left and right caudal thoracic regions showed significantly lower muscle work and peak activity when the device was used. There was no significant difference between with and without the device in either left or right lumbar muscle work. In conclusion, implementing ground poles can be an effective strategy to increase the activation of the multifidus muscle, however, caution should be taken when incorporating the use of a resistance band training device as muscle work and peak activation were significantly reduced in most locations. Further study should be performed in regards to the training device to determine its effects on epaxial musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tena Ursini
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Performance and Rehabilitation Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Tena Ursini
| | - Karen Shaw
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Performance and Rehabilitation Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David Levine
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, United States
| | - Jim Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Steve Adair
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Performance and Rehabilitation Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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A Preliminary Study on the Use of HD-sEMG for the Functional Imaging of Equine Superficial Muscle Activation during Dynamic Mobilization Exercises. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060785. [PMID: 35327182 PMCID: PMC8944866 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial skeletal muscle activation is associated with an electric activity. Bidimensional High-Density Surface Electromyography (HD-sEMG) is a non-invasive technique that uses a grid of equally spaced electrodes applied on the skin surface to detect and portray superficial skeletal muscle activation. The goal of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of HD-sEMG to detect electrical activation of skeletal muscle and its application during rehabilitation exercises in horses. To fulfil this aim, activation of the superficial descending pectoral and external abdominal oblique core muscles were measured using HD-sEMG technology during dynamic mobilization exercises to induce lateral bending and flexion/extension tasks of the trunk. Masseter muscle was instrumented during mastication as a control condition. A 64 surface EMG channel wireless system was used with a single 64 electrode grid or a pair of 32 electrode grids. HD-sEMG provided unique information on the muscular activation onset, duration, and offset, along each motor task, and permitting inferences about the motor control strategy actuated by the central nervous system. Signals were further processed to obtain firing frequencies of few motor-neurons. Estimation of electromyographic amplitude and spectral parameters allowed detecting the onset of muscular fatigue during the motor tasks performed. HD-sEMG allows the assessment of muscular activation in horses performing specific motor tasks, supporting its future application in clinical and research settings.
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Riedler DC, Zsoldos RR, Robel M, Jobst ID, Licka TF. Movement Caused by Electrical Stimulation of the Lumbosacral Region in Standing Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103116. [PMID: 32684261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is commonly used as a modality for physical therapy in human and veterinary medicine. However, studies measuring the movement generated by electrical stimulation in horses are rare. The present study therefore evaluates the range of movement provoked by a commercially available physical therapy unit (FES310) and contrasts it with the movement generated by manually induced pelvic inclination (back rounding). Ten horses were tested on three measurement days over one week. Electrical stimulation was applied via a back treatment pad (belonging to the FES310 system) containing six electrodes (three on either side of the spine) placed over the lumbosacral region. This system produced a pulsed, biphasic electrical stimulation in a rectangular waveform which was gradually increased to a maximum of 10 volts. Before and after electrical stimulation testing, manual pelvic inclination was achieved by pressure on two points lateral to the root of the tail. Muscle tone and lameness were evaluated before and after treatments. Skinfold thickness, body condition score, and body mass were measured to detect possible confounding factors. Using kinematics, the angle ranges during movement of ten three-dimensional angles of the trunk, the pelvis, and the hind limbs were further analyzed. Movement was produced with manual stimulation in every tested individual on all measurement days and with electrical stimulation on at least one measurement day. The electrical stimulation led to significantly (P < .05) smaller angle ranges which were 15 %-57 % of the median of the manually stimulated movement. Strong positive correlations between angle ranges of the electrically generated movement were found for the hind limbs implicating their involvement in the movement created. Correlations between skinfold thickness, body condition score, and body mass with the angle ranges were weak and not significant. Before and after electrical and manual stimulation, muscle tone and lameness were similar. In the present study, both electrical and manual stimulation were proven to produce significant trunk and hind limb movement. Within this study's electrical stimulation treatment protocol, the movement generated by electrical stimulation was significantly less than the movement caused by manual pelvic inclination. However, electrical stimulation could easily be applied over a longer period and in a higher frequency than it would be possible for manual pelvic inclination. This treatment shows potential for stabilization and or mobilization of the lumbosacral region, although its efficiency as a therapeutic tool and its effect on specific orthopedic problems and is to be evaluated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Riedler
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthias Robel
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle D Jobst
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia F Licka
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Ericson C, Stenfeldt P, Hardeman A, Jacobson I. The Effect of Kinesiotape on Flexion-Extension of the Thoracolumbar Back in Horses at Trot. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E301. [PMID: 32069962 PMCID: PMC7071056 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesiotape theoretically stimulates mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive sensory pathways that in turn may modulate the neuromuscular activity and locomotor function, so alteration of activation, locomotion and/or range of motion (ROM) can be achieved. The aim of this study was to determine whether kinesiotape applied to the abdominal muscles would affect the ROM in flexion-extension (sagittal plane) in the thoracolumbar back of horses at trot. The study design was a paired experimental study, with convenient sample. Each horse was randomly placed in the control or the intervention group and then the order reversed. Eight horses trotted at their own preferred speed in hand on a straight line, 2 × 30 m. Optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data. Paired t-tests, normality tests and 1-Sample Wilcoxon test were used to assess the effects of the kinesiotape. No statistical significance (p < 0.05) for changes in flexion-extension of the thoracolumbar back in trot was shown in this group of horses. Some changes were shown indicating individual movement strategies in response to stimuli from the kinesiotape. More research in this popular and clinically used method is needed to fully understand the reacting mechanisms in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cajsa Ericson
- Animotion Rehab, Kalles ängsväg 1, 760 15 Gräddö, Sweden;
| | | | - Aagje Hardeman
- Tierklinik Luesche GmbH, 49456 Luesche, Germany;
- Dep. of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3512 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dep. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Jacobson
- Division of Health Science, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden;
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St. George L, Roy S, Richards J, Sinclair J, Hobbs S. Surface EMG signal normalisation and filtering improves sensitivity of equine gait analysis. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency noise attenuation and normalisation are fundamental signal processing (SP) methods for surface electromyography (sEMG), but are absent, or not consistently applied, in equine biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different band-pass filtering and normalisation conventions on sensitivity for identifying differences in sEMG amplitude-related measures, calculated from leading (LdH) and trailing hindlimb (TrH) during canter, where between-limb differences in vertical loading are known. sEMG and 3D-kinematic data were collected from the right Biceps Femoris in 10 horses during both canter leads. Peak hip and stifle joint angle and angular velocity were calculated during stance to verify between-limb biomechanical differences. Four SP methods, with and without normalisation and high-pass filtering, were applied to raw sEMG data. Methods 1 (M1) to 4 (M4) included DC-offset removal and full-wave rectification. Method 2 (M2) included additional normalisation relative to maximum sEMG across all strides. Method 3 (M3) included additional high-pass filtering (Butterworth 4th order, 40 Hz cut-off), for artefact attenuation. M4 included the addition of high-pass filtering and normalisation. Integrated EMG (iEMG) and average rectified value (ARV) were calculated using processed sEMG data from M1 – M4, with stride duration as the temporal domain. sEMG parameters, within M1 – M4, and kinematic parameters were grouped by LdH and TrH and compared using repeated measures ANOVA. Significant between-limb differences for hip and stifle joint kinematics were found, indicating functional differences in hindlimb movement. M2 and M4, revealed significantly greater iEMG and ARV for LdH than TrH (P<0.01), with M4 producing the lowest P-values and largest effect sizes. Significant between-limb differences in sEMG parameters were not observed with M1 and M3. The results indicate that equine sEMG SP should include normalisation and high-pass filtering to improve sensitivity for identifying differences in muscle function associated with biomechanical changes during equine gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. St. George
- University of Central Lancashire, Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - S.H. Roy
- Delsys Inc., 23 Strathmore Rd, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - J. Richards
- University of Central Lancashire, Allied Health Research Unit, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - J. Sinclair
- University of Central Lancashire, Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - S.J. Hobbs
- University of Central Lancashire, Centre for Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
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Adrian CP, Haussler KK, Kawcak CE, Reiser RF, Riegger-Krugh C, Palmer RH, McIlwraith CW, Taylor RA. Gait and electromyographic alterations due to early onset of injury and eventual rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs: A pilot study. Vet Surg 2019; 48:388-400. [PMID: 30758853 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify relevant electromyography (EMG), kinematic, and kinetic changes resulting from monopolar radiofrequency energy (MRFE)-induced cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury and eventual rupture in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, repeated measures. ANIMALS Five purpose-bred female dogs free of orthopedic and neurologic disease. METHODS Surface EMG, joint kinematics, and ground reaction forces were assessed at a trot in the pelvic limbs at baseline, at 2 and 4 weeks after unilateral MRFE-induced CCL injury, and at 4, 8, and 16 weeks after CCL rupture (CCLR). RESULTS After MRFE-induced injury, average hip joint range of motion (ROM) during stance decreased within the untreated pelvic limb. After CCLR, stifle flexion angles decreased within the treated limb at 8 weeks and within the untreated pelvic limb at all time points, whereas average tarsal joint ROM decreased in the treated limb and increased in the untreated limb. Peak vertical ground reaction force and impulse decreased within the treated limb. Qualitative alterations of many EMG values were noted after MRFE-induced injury and CCLR, although significant differences between limbs or from baseline values were not detected. CONCLUSION Monopolar radiofrequency energy-induced injury altered contralateral hip kinematics, suggesting early regional compensatory gait alterations. After CCLR, additional compensatory gait patterns occurred in both pelvic limbs. CLINICAL IMPACT The qualitative analysis of trial-averaged EMG data in this small population supports a relationship between neuromuscular function and induced CCL injury leading to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Adrian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kevin K Haussler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Raoul F Reiser
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Ross H Palmer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - C Wayne McIlwraith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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The effect of cut-off frequency when high-pass filtering equine sEMG signals during locomotion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 43:28-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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The Efficacy of Intermittent Long-term Bell Boot Application for the Correction of Muscle Asymmetry in Equine Subjects. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:73-80. [PMID: 31256893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that manipulating proprioceptive signals of the equine distal limb as part of a rehabilitation process in cases of musculoskeletal pain or neurologic deficits can be used to correct postural control and restore normal motor programs. This trial has examined the effect of treatment with a light-weight and loose-fitting bell boot (82 g) on an imbalance of muscle gluteus superficialis function in horses as measured using acoustic myography (AMG). Eight horses were trained over a 60-minute period every 3 days for 6 weeks, a protocol based on preliminary findings. Acoustic myography measurements, recording the coordination, spatial and temporal summation of muscle contractions, were made at the start (baseline) and at the finish (week 6) after a warmup period and following a set procedure of physical activity. Walking, trotting, and cantering during a left-hand circle at the start of the trial revealed a slight but significant asymmetry between the left and right hind limb muscle, which improved successfully after 6 weeks of proprioception training. Data for the right-hand circle, which revealed no significant asymmetry, during walk, trot, and canter at the start, showed no change after 6 weeks of training at the walk and trot but developed an imbalance during cantering, the result of overcompensation. This study demonstrates that functional musculoskeletal asymmetry measured during periods of activity can not only be accurately detected using AMG but it also reveals an association between the program of proprioceptive training adopted and an improvement in muscular imbalance.
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Zsoldos RR, Voegele A, Krueger B, Schroeder U, Weber A, Licka TF. Long term consistency and location specificity of equine gluteus medius muscle activity during locomotion on the treadmill. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:126. [PMID: 29625573 PMCID: PMC5889605 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The equine m. gluteus medius (GM) is the largest muscle of the horse, its main movement function is the extension of the hip joint. The objective of the present study was to measure equine GM activity in three adjacent locations on GM during walk and trot on a treadmill, in order to document potential differences. Fourteen Haflinger mares were measured using surface electromyography and kinematic markers to identify the motion cycles on three occasions over 16 weeks. The electrodes were placed on left and right gluteus medius muscle over the middle of its widest part and 5 cm lateral and medial of it. For data processing, electrical activity was normalised to its maximum value and timing was normalised to the motion cycle. A Gaussian distribution approach was used to determine up to 10 modes of focussed activity, and results were analysed separately for stance and swing phase of the ipsilateral hindlimb. Results Fair reliability was found for mean mode values (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.66) and good reliability was found for mean mode locations (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71) over the three data collection days. The magnitude of muscle activity identified as mean mode value was much larger at trot than at walk, and mean mode value was significantly different between stance phases of walk and trot for all electrode positions (p < 0.01). The pattern of muscle activity identified as mean mode location was significantly different for walk and trot at all electrode positions, both during stance and swing phases (p < 0.001). This indicates the different timing pattern between the gaits. Results of the three electrode positions on the same muscle during each gait were not significantly different when comparing the same measurement. Conclusions The middle of the equine GM does not show any indication of functional differentiation during walk and trot on a treadmill; this might be due to lack of segmentation as such, or due to lack of need for segmented use for these very basic main tasks of the muscle. The reliability of the sEMG measurements over several weeks was fair to good, an indication for the robustness of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka R Zsoldos
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Section Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Voegele
- Multimedia, Simulation and Virtual Reality Group, Institute of Computer Science II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Schroeder
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Weber
- Multimedia, Simulation and Virtual Reality Group, Institute of Computer Science II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theresia F Licka
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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14
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Tabor G, Williams J. Equine Rehabilitation: A Review of Trunk and Hind Limb Muscle Activity and Exercise Selection. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Pfau T, Simons V, Rombach N, Stubbs N, Weller R. Effect of a 4-week elastic resistance band training regimen on back kinematics in horses trotting in-hand and on the lunge. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:829-835. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - V. Simons
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | | | - N. Stubbs
- Department of Equine Sports Medicine; Tierklinik Lüsche; Germany and Samorin, Napoli Slovak Equestrian Club Ślovak
| | - R. Weller
- Department of Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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Greve L, Dyson S, Pfau T. Alterations in thoracolumbosacral movement when pain causing lameness has been improved by diagnostic analgesia. Vet J 2017; 224:55-63. [PMID: 28697877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lameness, thoracolumbosacral pain and reduced range of motion (ROM) often coexist; better understanding of their relationship is needed. The objectives were to determine if thoracolumbosacral movement of horses changes when pain causing lameness is improved by diagnostic analgesia. We hypothesised that reduction of lameness will increase ROM of the thoracolumbosacral region. Thirteen horses with different types of hind limb lameness were trotted in straight lines and lunged on a 10m diameter circle on left and right reins before and after lameness was subjectively substantially improved by diagnostic analgesia. Inertial sensor data were collected from the withers, thirteenth (T13) and eighteenth thoracic (T18) vertebrae, third lumbar (L3) vertebra, tubera sacrale (TS), left and right tubera coxae. ROM of flexion-extension, axial rotation, lateral bending, dorsoventral, lateral-lateral motion and vertical movement symmetry were quantified at each thoracolumbar site. Hiphike difference (HHD), maximum difference (MaxDiff) and minimum difference (MinDiff) for the pelvic sensors were measured. Percentage changes for before and after diagnostic analgesia were calculated; mean±standard deviation (SD) or median [interquartile range] were determined. Associations between the change in pelvic versus thoracolumbar movement symmetry after each local analgesic technique were tested. After resolution of lameness, HHD decreased by 7% [68%] (P=0.006). The MinDiff decreased significantly by 33% [61%] (P=0.01), 45±13% (P=0.005) and 52±23% (P=0.04), for TS, L3 and T18, respectively. There was significantly increased ROM in flexion-extension at T13, in axial rotation at T13, T18, L3 and in lateral-lateral ROM at L3. Thoracolumbosacral asymmetry and reduced ROM associated with lameness were both altered immediately by improvement in lameness using diagnostic analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greve
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust,Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK; Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London,Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - S Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust,Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | - T Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London,Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Dyson S, Tranquille C, Walker V, Guire R, Fisher M, Murray R. A subjective descriptive study of the warm-up and turn to a fence, approach, take-off, suspension, landing and move-off in 10 showjumpers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - C. Tranquille
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - V. Walker
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - R. Guire
- Centaur Biomechanics; Warwickshire UK
| | - M. Fisher
- Woolcroft Equine Services Ltd.; Wisbech Cambridgeshire UK
| | - R. Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Newmarket Suffolk UK
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Bergenstrahle A, Nielsen BD. Attitude and Behavior of Veterinarians Surrounding the Use of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine in the Treatment of Equine Musculoskeletal Pain. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vögele AM, Zsoldos RR, Krüger B, Licka T. Novel Methods for Surface EMG Analysis and Exploration Based on Multi-Modal Gaussian Mixture Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157239. [PMID: 27362752 PMCID: PMC4928879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces a new method for data analysis of animal muscle activation during locomotion. It is based on fitting Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) to surface EMG data (sEMG). This approach enables researchers/users to isolate parts of the overall muscle activation within locomotion EMG data. Furthermore, it provides new opportunities for analysis and exploration of sEMG data by using the resulting Gaussian modes as atomic building blocks for a hierarchical clustering. In our experiments, composite peak models representing the general activation pattern per sensor location (one sensor on the long back muscle, three sensors on the gluteus muscle on each body side) were identified per individual for all 14 horses during walk and trot in the present study. Hereby we show the applicability of the method to identify composite peak models, which describe activation of different muscles throughout cycles of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Magdalena Vögele
- Multimedia, Simulation and Virtual Reality Group, Institute of Computer Science II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebeka R. Zsoldos
- Working Group Animal Breeding, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Björn Krüger
- Gokhale Method Institute, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Theresia Licka
- Movement Science Group, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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20
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Valentin S, Zsoldos RR. Surface electromyography in animal biomechanics: A systematic review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 28:167-83. [PMID: 26763600 PMCID: PMC5518891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of muscle activity using surface electromyography (sEMG) is commonly used for investigations of the neuromuscular system in man. Although sEMG has faced methodological challenges, considerable technical advances have been made in the last few decades. Similarly, the field of animal biomechanics, including sEMG, has grown despite being confronted with often complex experimental conditions. In human sEMG research, standardised protocols have been developed, however these are lacking in animal sEMG. Before standards can be proposed in this population group, the existing research in animal sEMG should be collated and evaluated. Therefore the aim of this review is to systematically identify and summarise the literature in animal sEMG focussing on (1) species, breeds, activities and muscles investigated, and (2) electrode placement and normalisation methods used. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Vetmed Resource were searched systematically for sEMG studies in animals and 38 articles were included in the final review. Data on methodological quality was collected and summarised. The findings from this systematic review indicate the divergence in animal sEMG methodology and as a result, future steps required to develop standardisation in animal sEMG are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- Working Group Animal Breeding, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Adaptations in muscle activity to induced, short-term hindlimb lameness in trotting dogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80987. [PMID: 24236207 PMCID: PMC3827467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle tissue has a great intrinsic adaptability to changing functional demands. Triggering more gradual responses such as tissue growth, the immediate responses to altered loading conditions involve changes in the activity. Because the reduction in a limb's function is associated with marked deviations in the gait pattern, understanding the muscular responses in laming animals will provide further insight into their compensatory mechanisms as well as help to improve treatment options to prevent musculoskeletal sequelae in chronic patients. Therefore, this study evaluated the changes in muscle activity in adaptation to a moderate, short-term, weight-bearing hindlimb lameness in two leg and one back muscle using surface electromyography (SEMG). In eight sound adult dogs that trotted on an instrumented treadmill, bilateral, bipolar recordings of the m. triceps brachii, the m. vastus lateralis and the m. longissimus dorsi were obtained before and after lameness was induced. Consistent with the unchanged vertical forces as well as temporal parameters, neither the timing nor the level of activity changed significantly in the m. triceps brachii. In the ipsilateral m. vastus lateralis, peak activity and integrated SEMG area were decreased, while they were significantly increased in the contralateral hindlimb. In both sides, the duration of the muscle activity was significantly longer due to a delayed offset. These observations are in accordance with previously described kinetic and kinematic changes as well as changes in muscle mass. Adaptations in the activity of the m. longissimus dorsi concerned primarily the unilateral activity and are discussed regarding known alterations in trunk and limb motions.
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22
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Pfau T, Starke SD, Tröster S, Roepstorff L. Estimation of vertical tuber coxae movement in the horse from a single inertial measurement unit. Vet J 2013; 198:498-503. [PMID: 24268482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic movement is altered in hind limb lame horses. A simple method using one inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the sacrum, which objectively measures 'hip hike', will help detecting hind limb lameness in large scale studies. In this study, IMUs over the sacrum and the left and right tuber coxae (TC) quantified vertical movement symmetry (MS) in 10 clinically lame horses. A simple geometrical model was used to estimate TC movement from the sacrum IMU. The differences between measured and estimated MS values (mean±SD) and MS changes during different exercise conditions (straight, circle, flexion) were quantified using established MS parameters to assess the performance of the sacral IMU for estimating TC movement. Mean differences between measured and estimated MS values were variable between horses and ranged from 5 to 30 mm, SD of differences ranged from 7 to 14 mm. However, the difference between measured and estimated change in MS induced by lungeing or flexion test, was lower, with a value <1 mm for one MS measure, which assesses differences between left and right TC movement. Estimating TC movement from sacral movement does not accurately quantify the true state of TC MS since limits of agreement (LoA) overlap the decision boundaries for detecting mild lameness. The LoA of changes in vertical TC movement between exercises compared favourably with the average changes between exercise conditions. While in moderate to severe cases, changes in TC movement may be estimated from a single sensor over the sacrum, in mildly lame horses it should be measured with additional sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
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23
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St. George L, Williams J. Electromyographic evaluation of approach stride, jump stride and intermediate stride in selected superficial muscles of the jumping horse: a preliminary study. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The horse's ability to execute the diverse physical demands of jumping is greatly influenced by muscular adaptations to training. The aim of the study was to provide preliminary insight into potential differences in the functional activity of muscles recruited during phases of the equine jumping effort. An exploratory case study was conducted to investigate muscle activity and recruitment in one jumping horse, experienced in 1.40 m competition. Wireless sEMG electrodes were utilised to quantitatively investigate the degree of muscle activation by recording potentials from the Superficial gluteal (SG), Triceps brachii (TB) and Longissimus dorsi muscles. Data were collected as the horse executed a related combination of fences with a maximum height of 1.25 m. Mean motor unit action potential (mMUAP) and mean peak amplitude frequency (PAF) were determined for each muscle during approach, jump and intermediate strides, and were analysed using Friedman and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests to establish whether significant differences occurred between strides. Statistical analyses did not reveal significant differences between mMUAP values for muscles investigated across strides (P≯0.05). However, significant differences were found for mean PAF values in the left SG between approach and jump strides (P<0.025), and between jump and intermediate strides (P<0.025) in the left TB. The lack of significant differences between strides may reflect the theory that the jump stride is a form of extended suspension incorporated into the canter stride and may support current anecdotal training methods of the jumping horse, which place emphasis on developing a regular and collected canter. However, results from this study were based on one horse and therefore application to the wider population of jumping horses should be undertaken with caution until further research in more subjects is conducted to support the results from this preliminary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. St. George
- Centre for Performance in Equestrian Sports, UWE Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J.M. Williams
- Centre for Performance in Equestrian Sports, UWE Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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24
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Bockstahler B, Kräutler C, Holler P, Kotschwar A, Vobornik A, Peham C. Pelvic limb kinematics and surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius muscle in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. Vet Surg 2011; 41:54-62. [PMID: 22188303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2011.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the activity patterns of the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris, and gluteus medius (GM) muscle at a walk in sound dogs and dogs with hip osteoarthritis (OA). ANIMALS Dogs (n = 10) with hip OA and 7 clinically sound dogs. METHODS Self-reflective markers and a high-speed camera system were used for kinematic measurements and surface electrodes were used for the electromyography (EMG). All measurements were performed on walking dogs. Maximal, minimal, and mean values of the joint angles were evaluated, together with the surface EMG data. RESULTS In all muscles investigated, mean activity was significantly decreased during the early swing phase in dogs with hip OA. The VL and GM muscle of the clinically worse pelvic limb had significantly higher activity than the contralateral pelvic limb during early stance. CONCLUSION The muscles investigated were significantly affected by hip OA. This finding suggests that there is a more distinct resting phase of the muscles during swing and a higher activity during early stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bockstahler
- Clinic for Surgery and Ophthalmology, Section for Physiotherapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Licka TF. Differentiation of Ataxic and Orthopedic Gait Abnormalities in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:411-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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Zsoldos RR, Kotschwar AB, Kotschwar A, Groesel M, Licka T, Peham C. Electromyography activity of the equine splenius muscle and neck kinematics during walk and trot on the treadmill. Equine Vet J 2011:455-61. [PMID: 21059045 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Skeletal muscle activity can be concentric or eccentric, anisometric or isometric and correlation of the equine splenius muscle activity with the movement of its effector joints at walk and trot has not yet been fully characterised. OBJECTIVE Investigating activity of the splenius muscle together with kinematics of head and cranial neck at walk and trot. MATERIALS AND METHODS Kinematics and surface electromyography were measured in 6 horses (8-20-years-old, 450-700 kg) without signs of neck pain. Markers were placed on left and right crista facialis, and on left and right cervical vertebrae 1 and 3. Head and neck angle was calculated in sagittal and horizontal planes. Electrodes were placed over both splenius muscles at the level of C2. Left and right muscle activity was compared using Student t test for paired samples and correlations calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS In all horses, maximum surface electromyography (sEMG) values at the trot were higher than at the walk. The intraindividual differences between maximum and minimum values of the EMG ranged from 45-127 mV in walk and from 154-524 mV in trot. Flexion-extension C1 angle changed by 43° in walk and 27° in trot. For each motion cycle, 2 EMG maxima were found in both gaits, occurring just prior to maximum extension of the C1 angle. Lateral bending at C1 angle changed by 16° in walk and 17° in trot and EMG reached maximum values bilaterally during maximum lateral bending at walk. CONCLUSIONS The splenius muscle reaches maximum activity at the beginning of the forelimb stance phases in trot, indicating functional stabilisation against flexion of the head and neck. Unilateral activity of the splenius muscle representing stabilisation against lateral movement was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Zsoldos
- Movement Science Group Vienna, Clinic of Orthopaedics in Ungulates, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Groesel M, Zsoldos RR, Kotschwar A, Gfoehler M, Peham C. A preliminary model study of the equine back including activity oflongissimus dorsimuscle. Equine Vet J 2010:401-6. [PMID: 21059036 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Groesel
- Movement Science Group Vienna, Clinic of Orthopaedics in Ungulates, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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ZSOLDOS RR, KOTSCHWAR A, KOTSCHWAR AB, RODRIGUEZ CP, PEHAM C, LICKA T. Activity of the equine rectus abdominis
and oblique external abdominal muscles measured by surface EMG during walk and trot on the treadmill. Equine Vet J 2010:523-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schilling N, Carrier DR. Function of the epaxial muscles in walking, trotting and galloping dogs: implications for the evolution of epaxial muscle function in tetrapods. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:1490-502. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.039487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The body axis plays a central role in tetrapod locomotion. It contributes to the work of locomotion, provides the foundation for the production of mechanical work by the limbs, is central to the control of body posture, and integrates limb and trunk actions. The epaxial muscles of mammals have been suggested to mobilize and globally stabilize the trunk, but the timing and the degree to which they serve a particular function likely depend on the gait and the vertebral level. To increase our understanding of their function, we recorded the activity of the m. multifidus lumborum and the m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum at three cranio-caudal levels in dogs while they walked, trotted and galloped. The level of muscle recruitment was significantly higher during trotting than during walking, but was similar during trotting and galloping. During walking, epaxial muscle activity is appropriate to produce lateral bending and resist long-axis torsion of the trunk and forces produced by extrinsic limb muscles. During trotting, they also stabilize the trunk in the sagittal plane against the inertia of the center of mass. Muscle recruitment during galloping is consistent with the production of sagittal extension. The sequential activation along the trunk during walking and galloping is in accord with the previously observed traveling waves of lateral and sagittal bending, respectively, while synchronized activity during trotting is consistent with a standing wave of trunk bending. Thus, the cranio-caudal recruitment patterns observed in dogs resemble plesiomorphic motor patterns of tetrapods. In contrast to other tetrapods, mammals display bilateral activity during symmetrical gaits that provides increased sagittal stability and is related to the evolution of a parasagittal limb posture and greater sagittal mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schilling
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David R. Carrier
- Department of Biology, 201 South Biology Building, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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