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Vullo C, Falcone A, Marino G, Monti S, Tambella AM, Bufalari A, Catone G. Comparison between the effects of epidural lidocaine, tramadol, and lidocaine-tramadol on postoperative pain in cats undergoing elective orchiectomy. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:33. [PMID: 37434222 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In veterinary clinical practice, orchiectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures for cats and is performed mainly in young animals. The purpose of this study was to compare three different epidural (EP) analgesic protocols used in cats undergoing orchiectomy in order to determine which protocol resulted in superior outcomes in terms of perioperative analgesia. Twenty-one client-owned male cats were premedicated with a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) injected intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced intravenously with propofol. Cats were randomly divided in three treatment groups of seven animals each: Group L received EP lidocaine (2 mg/kg), Group T received EP tramadol (1 mg/kg), and Group LT received EP lidocaine (2 mg/kg) plus tramadol (1 mg/kg). The post-operative pain level was assessed using two different scales: the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Feline (CMPS-F) and the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS). Rescue analgesia was administered when the CMPS-F total score was ≥5 or the FGS total score was ≥4. RESULTS No adverse effects related to tramadol or lidocaine were observed. Based on post-operative pain assessments, significant differences between groups were observed according to both pain scoring systems. In particular, in Group LT, the CMPS-F and FGS scores decreased significantly in the first six hours following castration. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, EP lidocaine plus tramadol provided the best post-operative analgesic effects in cats submitted to orchiectomy lasting 6 h and could also be a choice to consider for longer surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vullo
- Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, Messina, 98166, Italy.
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy.
| | - Annastella Falcone
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Gabriele Marino
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Adolfo Maria Tambella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, Matelica, 62022, Italy
| | - Antonello Bufalari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Catone
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci, Messina, 98168, Italy
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Salem M, Rizk A, Mosbah E, Zaghloul A, Karrouf G, Abass M. Antinociceptive effect of lidocaine, tramadol, and their combination for lumbosacral epidural analgesia in rabbits undergoing experimental knee surgery. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:252. [PMID: 35768810 PMCID: PMC9241259 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The current study aimed to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of lidocaine, tramadol, and their combination for lumbosacral epidural analgesia in rabbits undergoing knee surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed on 24 male New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2.8 to 3.0 kg and was allocated into three groups. All groups were anaesthetized by intramuscular (IM) injection of 35 mg/kg ketamine and 5 mg/kg xylazine, 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol. Rabbits in Group A received epidural analgesia of 4 mg/kg lidocaine 2%; Group B rabbits received epidural analgesia of 4 mg/kg tramadol 5%, and Group C rabbits received epidural analgesia of a combination of 4 mg/kg lidocaine and 4 mg/kg tramadol. Prior to and during surgery, the following parameters were recorded in a regular pre-set time interval: onset time of analgesia (OT), duration of flaccid paralysis (DFP), duration of analgesia (DA), onset and duration of sensory blockade, onset and duration of motor blockade, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature (RT). RESULTS The mean OT demonstrated a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in Group C (46.5 ± 1.4 sec) compared to Group A and B (61.0 ± 2.4 and 54.5 ± 3.5 sec), respectively. DFP was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Group C (35.5 ± 2.9 min) than in Group A and B (17.6 ± 1.4 and 21.8 ± 3.6), respectively. DA showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in group C (45.8 ± 3.3 min) compared to groups A and B, respectively (23.3 ± 1.1 and 31.5 ± 2.3). Heart rate, RR, and RT significantly decreased in Group C compared to the other groups. CONCLUSION According to the current study findings, lumbosacral epidural administration of lidocaine combined with tramadol could be a better choice for potentiating the analgesia than administration of either drug separately and may be safely used in rabbits undergoing knee surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Awad Rizk
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Esam Mosbah
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Adel Zaghloul
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Gamal Karrouf
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Marwa Abass
- grid.10251.370000000103426662Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
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Wojsławski J, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P, Dołżonek J. Leaching behavior of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in the soil environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:269-275. [PMID: 31129408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals constitute a significant group of emerging pollutants (EPs). The use of pharmaceuticals in animal breeding causes them to reach the soil environment in excrement and fertilizers. Depending on their chemical properties, pharmaceuticals can be sorbed to the soil or be washed out with rainfall and eventually be entered into groundwater. This paper evaluates the mobility of tramadol (TRA) and carbamazepine (CBZ), and two transformation products, O-desmethyltramadol (O-DMTRA) and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine (10-OH-CBZ) in soils. Both pharmaceuticals are applied in human and animal treatment, which makes them enter the environment in native and metabolized form in high doses. Experiments were carried out in accordance with the OECD 106 procedure (batch tests) and DIN 19528:2009-01 procedure (percolation column test). The adsorption coefficients (Kd) for TRA, CBZ, O-DMTRA and 10-OH-CBZ were, respectively, 1.41 ± 0.10, 1.87 ± 0.06, 0.90 ± 0.03 and 0.37 ± 0.07 for sandy soil RS04, and 18.09 ± 0.78, 2.56 ± 0.05, 10.89 ± 0.17 and 0.56 ± 0.38 L kg-1 for loamy soil RS06. The percolation column test was carried out for sandy soil RS04. The results obtained for TRA and O-DMTRA under static conditions indicated a high mobility of these compounds in soil, whereas the column leaching experiment showed that these compounds bind strongly to soil particles. A correlation between static and dynamic tests was observed in the case of CBZ and 10-OH-CBZ. These compounds will probably be characterized by a high or moderate mobility in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Wojsławski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Nogueira GM, Perri SHV, Santos PSPD, Rodrigues CA. PEDOMETRIA APLICADA A ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE MORFINA E TRAMADOL EM BOVINOS. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v20e-44627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A analgesia com opioides é limitada ou indefinida em ruminantes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a realização de um estudo comparativo entre dois analgésicos opioides: a morfina e o tramadol, com base nas avaliações clínica e pedométrica de animais submetidos a artrite e sinovite experimental transitórias, desenvolvidas na articulação interfalângica distal, após administração intra-articular de anfotericina B. Utilizou-se seis animais, em dois tratamentos distintos, com morfina, na dose de 0,5 mg/kg e 20 dias depois com tramadol, na dose de 1,8 mg/kg, ambos via intramuscular. Os animais foram avaliados em intervalos de três horas, num total de 27 horas, observando-se parâmetros fisiológicos, deambulação e atividade pedométrica. Claudicação e alterações pedométricas foram observadas para ambos os fármacos. Por meio das variáveis da atividade pedométrica, observou-se um padrão de inquietação compatível com nocicepção podal, não havendo a interferência dos fármacos sobre a claudicação. Concluiu-se que a morfina e o tramadol, nas doses testadas, foram incapazes de interferir na atenuação do grau de claudicação no momento de máxima estimulação dolorosa, frente ao modelo experimental de dor ortopédica.
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Azari O, Seyyedin S, Molaei MM, Hassibi H, Madani BH. Analgesic and sedative effects of caudal epidural tramadol in dromedary camels. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of caudal epidural administration of tramadol in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). A total of 10 dromedary camels of both sexes were selected and randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive epidurally either 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg of tramadol hydrochloride. The injections were made into the epidural space at first intercoccygeal junction. Using a pinprick method, analgesia was tested. Duration and onset of complete perineal analgesia were determined. Ataxia and sedation were also assessed and recorded. Clinical parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were measured. The lower dose (1 mg/kg) of tramadol induced analgesia only in the tail but the higher dose produced complete antinociception in the tail, anus and perineum. Analgesia of the hind limbs was not achieved after either doses of tramadol. The mean times to onset and duration of complete analgesia in camels receiving epidural tramadol at a dose of 2 mg/kg were 22±2.55 min and 65±8.66 min, respectively. Various degrees of ataxia occurred in all camels. Mild to deep sedation was observed following both doses. Mean heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature tended to increase for the first 15 or 30 min after injection. Based on the results of this study, analgesic effects of caudal epidural tramadol were dose dependent. Epidural tramadol at a dose of 2 mg/kg would provide suitable postoperative analgesia for various manipulations in the tail, anus and perineum in standing dromedary camels.
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Ajadi RA, Owanikin AO, Martins MM, Gazal OS. Effect of epidural tramadol and lignocaine on physiological and behavioural changes in goats subjected to castration with a high tension band. N Z Vet J 2012; 60:344-8. [PMID: 22905666 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2012.696576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effect of a single epidural injection of either lignocaine or tramadol on behavioural changes, anaesthetic indices, leucocyte parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and concentration of cortisol in plasma in goats subjected to castration by high tension band. METHODS Ten male goats weighing 14.4 (SD 0.7) kg were randomly allocated to anaesthesia with epidural injections of tramadol (3 mg/kg), or lignocaine (4 mg/kg). Following anaesthesia, a rubber ring was applied and tensioned to the scrotal neck of each goat. Behavioural changes were noted as they occurred, and the onset of drug action (time between epidural injection and loss of pedal reflex) and duration of antinociception (time interval between disappearance and reappearance of pedal withdrawal reflex) were determined. Hearts rates, respiratory rates and rectal temperatures were determined every 15 minutes for a 90-minute period, while blood was obtained for determination of white cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and concentrations of cortisol. Anaesthetic indices were compared using Student's t-test, while physiological parameters were compared using an ANOVA for repeated measurements. RESULTS Goats treated with epidural tramadol were not recumbent and continued rumination while goats treated with epidural lignocaine were recumbent and did not continue rumination. The onset of analgesia was longer (p=0.01) in goats treated with epidural tramadol (5.0 minutes; SD 1.2) than goats treated with epidural lignocaine (3.0 minutes; SD 1.1), while duration of analgesia was shorter (p=0.003) in goats treated with epidural tramadol (47.2 minutes; SD 13.1) than goats treated with epidural lignocaine (89.8 minutes; SD 23.1). There was no significant difference in heart rates, respiratory rates and erythrocyte sedimentation rates, while the concentration of cortisol in plasma differed (p<0.05) between goats treated with epidural tramadol and lignocaine. CONCLUSIONS Epidural lignocaine injection produced longer duration of antinociception with lower frequency of pain-associated behavioural changes; while treatment with epidural tramadol injection allowed the goats to continue grazing once the rubber ring has been applied. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epidural tramadol produced partial pain relief, while epidural lignocaine injection provided the most effective pain control. However, epidural tramadol has an advantage over epidural lignocaine in conditions such as perineal surgery and caesarian section in cattle and where the ability of the animal to maintain standing is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ajadi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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