1
|
Wang WH, Lynch AM, Balko JA, Duffy DJ, Robertson JB, Posner LP. Point-of-care viscoelastic coagulation assessment in healthy dogs during the perianesthetic period. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:346. [PMID: 36104699 PMCID: PMC9472389 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The viscoelastic coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) is a novel, portable device that provides a global assessment of hemostasis. The study aims were to evaluate serial viscoelastic analysis during the perianesthetic period in healthy dogs and to compare the agreement between two VCM Vet devices. Twenty healthy dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery were enrolled. Whole blood samples were collected from an intravenous catheter at four time points: baseline, 15 min after premedication, 60 min after inhalant initiation, and 60 min after inhalant termination. Viscoelastic tests were performed in duplicate on different devices, providing: clot time (CT; seconds), clot formation time (CFT; seconds), alpha angle (α; degrees), amplitude (units) at 10 (A10) and 20 (A20) minutes post clot time, maximum clot firmness (MCF; units), and lysis index (%) at 30 (Li30) and 45 (Li45) minutes post maximum clot formation. Results One hundred sixty samples were analyzed. The speed of CT and CFT significantly decreased an average of 25.5 s (95% confidence interval [CI]15.9–35.0) and 6.9 s (95% CI 3.1–10.7) per time point, respectively. There were no significant changes in clot strength or lysis variables. The Bland–Altman style plot shows an acceptable rate of agreement for all variables with intra-class correlation ranging from 0.64–0.94. Conclusion The rate of clot formation (CT and CFT) decreased over the perianesthetic period in healthy dogs undergoing surgery. These changes were small and occurred without changes in clot strength or fibrinolysis rate, thus were not clinically relevant. There was clinically acceptable consistency between devices. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03442-x.
Collapse
|
2
|
Vuille-dit-Bille J, Weingand N, Jud Schefer R, Stirn M, Adamik KN, Rathmann JMK, Sigrist NE. Comparison of Jugular vs. Saphenous Blood Samples, Intrarater and In-Between Device Reliability of Clinically Used ROTEM S Parameters in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162101. [PMID: 36009691 PMCID: PMC9405132 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM) allows for the global assessment of hemostasis in whole blood samples. Preanalytical and analytical factors may influence test results, and data about the reliability and reproducibility of lyophilized ROTEM tests are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of blood collection site on ROTEM S parameters and to assess intrarater and in-between device variability. A total of thirty, healthy, staff-owned dogs were included. Blood collection and ROTEM analysis were performed by trained staff according to a standardized protocol. Extrinsically activated (tissue factor; Ex-TEM S), with the addition of cytochalasin for platelet inhibition (Fib-TEM S), and intrinsically activated (In-TEM) analyses were performed. Analysis of our data showed significant variability for various Ex-TEM S and Fib-TEM S parameters from different collection sites and intrarater and in-between device measurements. We conclude that serial monitoring with ROTEM should be performed on the same device, with blood always taken from the same collection site using a standardized blood sampling technique. While In-TEM S, apart from maximum lysis, showed very stable and reliable results, we suggest interpreting especially clotting and clot formation parameters from Ex-TEM S and Fib-TEM S tests with caution and using duplicate measurements to detect outliers and to prevent initiation of incorrect therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vuille-dit-Bille
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Weingand
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Jud Schefer
- Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Stirn
- Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja-Nicole Adamik
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadja E. Sigrist
- Department for Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buriko Y, Murray M, Hess R, Silverstein D. Presample Volume Necessary to Obtain Accurate Laboratory Parameters from Central Venous Catheters in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We compared laboratory parameters from central venous catheters using multiple presample volumes (PSVs) to venipuncture values. Blood was obtained from dogs for a venous blood gas, packed red blood cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), and a coagulation panel. Blood was drawn both by venipuncture and from the catheter (using PSVs 300%, 600%, and 1200% of the dead space volume). Twenty dogs were enrolled. Venipuncture values were significantly higher than those obtained from the catheter for PCV (300% [P = .007], 600% [P = .005], and 1200% [P = .02]), TS (300% [P = .006] and 600% [P = .04]), and lactate (600% [P = .04] and 1200% [P = .01]). Venipuncture values were significantly lower than those obtained from a catheter for pH (1200% [P = .008]) and chloride (300% [P = .04], 600% [P = .003], and 1200% [P = .03]). An increase was found in prothrombin time in samples drawn with 600% PSV compared with 1200% (P = .008). The PCV and TS are diluted when smaller PSVs are used. A 1200% PSV best approximated the PCV and TS obtained by venipuncture. A 300% PSV may be adequate to evaluate coagulation and venous blood gas values.
Collapse
|
4
|
Steiner V, Schwendenwein I, Burgener IA, Pagitz M, Tichy A, Luckschander-Zeller N. Comparison of the effects of open-tube and evacuated tube-assisted sampling methods on thromboelastography variables for blood samples from healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 83:239-244. [PMID: 34941566 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.05.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of open-tube blood sampling with previously investigated blood sampling methods via evacuated tube on thromboelastography variables for blood samples from dogs. ANIMALS 10 healthy Beagles from the research colony owned by the Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University Veterinary of Medicine, Vienna, were used. PROCEDURES In this prospective study, blood was sampled from each dog serially into citrate solution-containing tubes via 20-gauge needle. One evacuated tube was filled from a jugular vein via the evacuated tube port, and the second tube was opened and filled by catching blood flowing through the needle from a lateral saphenous vein. Venipuncture quality was scored with a previously described method. Thromboelastography was performed for each sample. RESULTS Inferential statistics used with the Wilcoxon signed rank test showed significant differences in reaction time (R) of 3.43 ± 0.84 minutes versus 4.53 ± 0.62 minutes (mean ± SD) between evacuated tube assisted and open-tube sampling, respectively. No other significant differences were identified. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The sampling methods compared have a small but significant effect on R in thromboelastographic analysis for blood samples from healthy dogs. Shear stress by vacuum sampling seems to accelerate coagulation in jugular blood samples harvested by evacuated tube, resulting in a shortened R. Results suggested that the open-tube method avoids shear stress induced activation of coagulation and is an appropriate sampling method for thromboelastography when used within a standardized protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Steiner
- 1Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- 2Department for Pathobiology, Central Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iwan Anton Burgener
- 1Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Pagitz
- 1Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- 3Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- 1Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kielb Basile JL, Lynch AM, Ruterbories L, Castaneda K, Griffith E, Ueda Y. Influence of long-stay jugular catheters on hemostatic variables in healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:557-563. [PMID: 34216531 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare hemostatic variables performed on blood samples obtained from indwelling jugular catheters or direct venipuncture over a 72-hour period. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University research laboratory. ANIMALS Five healthy neutered male purpose-bred Beagle dogs. INTERVENTIONS Each dog was sedated to facilitate placement of a long-stay 20-Ga polyurethane IV catheter into the jugular vein. Blood samples were obtained from the preplaced catheters at 4 time points corresponding to 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours relative to placement. Blood samples were also obtained by direct venipuncture of a peripheral vein using a 21-Ga butterfly catheter and evacuated blood tubes at the same time points. Platelet count, platelet closure time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and kaolin-activated thromboelastography were performed on these paired samples at each time point. The patency of the indwelling catheters was maintained by flushing every 6 hours with heparinized saline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS No significant differences were identified in any of the hemostatic variables obtained by either blood collection technique at any time point during the study (P > 0.05). There was also no significant day-to-day variation in any catheter-derived hemostatic variable obtained from individual dogs identified over the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that accurate hemostatic variables may be obtained using blood collected from indwelling jugular catheters, maintained with heparinized saline for at least 72 hours, in healthy dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex M Lynch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Ruterbories
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kady Castaneda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fudge JM, Cano KS, Page B, Jeffery U. Comparison of viscoelastic test results from blood collected near simultaneously from the jugular and saphenous veins in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:598-603. [PMID: 32996837 PMCID: PMC10741292 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20959612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare viscoelastic test results from samples collected from a jugular vein using a 20 G needle and a medial saphenous vein using a 22 G needle in cats presenting for elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE) or castration. METHODS Forty apparently healthy cats (20 males and 20 females) presenting for elective OHE or castration were included in a prospective study observing viscoelastic test results from central and peripherally collected whole blood. Cats were anesthetized during blood collection with a standardized protocol including buprenorphine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine and isoflurane. Blood samples from jugular and saphenous veins were collected near simultaneously. Viscoelastic evaluations of whole blood were performed using a point-of-care device measuring clot time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), alpha angle (α), maximum clot formation (MCF), and amplitude at 10 and 20 mins (A10 and A20, respectively). Viscoelastometry continued post-clot time to determine a lysis index at 30 and 45 mins (LI30 and LI45, respectively) to assess fibrinolysis. RESULTS Studied cats had a median age of 18 months (range 5 months to 5 years) and a median weight of 3.6 kg (range 2.7-5.9 kg). A total of 80 samples were available for analysis. While lysis indices were not different, viscoelastic measures of coagulation differed between sampling sites (CT, P <0.005; CFT, P = 0.01; α, P <0.05; MCF, P <0.0005; A10, P <0.0005; A20, P <0.0005). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Viscoelastic results from jugular venous blood samples appear to be more hypercoagulable than those collected from the medial saphenous vein, suggesting that the same site should be used consistently for serial monitoring or for collecting study data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernie Page
- Surgery, Hill Country Animal League,
Boerne, TX, USA
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Del Prete C, Lanci A, Cocchia N, Freccero F, Di Maio C, Castagnetti C, Mariella J, Micieli F. Venous blood gas parameters, electrolytes, glucose and lactate concentration in sick neonatal foals: Direct venipuncture versus push-pull technique. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:488-494. [PMID: 32770680 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood collection by indwelling intravenous catheter (IVC) avoids repeated venipuncture, which could cause thrombophlebitis risk, anxiety and pain in patients. OBJECTIVES To compare blood gas parameters, electrolytes, glucose, lactate and haematocrit concentration obtained from venous blood samples collected via a jugular IVC by push-pull (PP) technique to those obtained by venipuncture in hospitalised foals, at the time of catheter placement (T0) and 24 hours after the beginning of intravenous therapy (T24). STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS Paired blood samples were drawn from hospitalised foals at T0 and T24. In each foal, one venous blood sample was collected via IVC by the following PP technique: 2.4 mL of blood was aspirated and immediately reinfused through the catheter three times consecutively, then 1 mL of blood was collected using a 1 mL heparinised syringe. Thereafter, another sample was collected by direct venipuncture of the contralateral jugular vein, with an identical 1 mL heparinised syringe, with a 1-inch, 20-G needle. All samples were analysed with an automated blood gas analyser within 10 minutes of collection. The agreement between the two techniques was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS The level of agreement of blood gas values obtained by the two different techniques was high with very small bias and clinically acceptable ICC (>0.907 at T0; >0.794 at T24) for all variables, except for haematocrit (bias -3.52 at T0; -2.44 at T24) and PvO2 at T0 and T24 (ICC 0.669 and 0.733, respectively). MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential sub-clinical catheter-related complications were not investigated by ultrasound or bacterial culture of the catheter; short duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS PP technique appears to be acceptable for collection of blood samples for venous blood gas parameters, as well as electrolytes, glucose and lactate in sick neonatal foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Del Prete
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Natascia Cocchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Chiara Di Maio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.,Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Fabiana Micieli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arnold JE, Camus MS, Freeman KP, Giori L, Hooijberg EH, Jeffery U, Korchia J, Meindel MJ, Moore AR, Sisson SC, Vap LM, Cook JR. ASVCP Guidelines: Principles of Quality Assurance and Standards for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (version 3.0): Developed by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology's (ASVCP) Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QALS) Committee. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 48:542-618. [PMID: 31889337 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melinda S Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Luca Giori
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jérémie Korchia
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sandra C Sisson
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Linda M Vap
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shin D, Nam A, Song KH, Seo KW. Influence of needle gauge and venepuncture difficulty on thromboelastography in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:708-713. [PMID: 30179081 PMCID: PMC10814300 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18796672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two differently sized butterfly catheter needles and the effect of venepuncture difficulty on thromboelastography (TEG) results in healthy cats. METHODS Twenty-four healthy cats were included. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration via direct venepuncture with 21 G and 22 G butterfly needles. The venepuncture difficulty score was classified into four categories. The first 1.5 ml blood drawn from each subject was discarded before collecting a sample for TEG analysis. TEG analyses were performed on citrated whole blood samples from 17 clinically healthy cats, using assays with kaolin as activators. Among the TEG parameters, reaction time (R), clot formation time (κ), alpha angle (α), maximum amplitude (MA) and global clot strength (G) were recorded from each tracing. RESULTS Seven cats were excluded from the study; results were obtained for the remaining 17 cats. There were no statistically significant differences between the use of two different needles for R (P = 0.72), κ (P = 0.74), α (P = 0.99), MA (P = 0.08) and G (P = 0.09). Samples with difficulty scores ⩾1 were not significantly different from samples with difficulty scores of 0 for R (P = 0.24), κ (P = 0.65), α (P = 0.65), MA (P = 0.72) and G (P = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of TEG in clinically healthy cats do not differ significantly when using two different gauge needles. There was no significant difference in the TEG results according to venepuncture difficulty scoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duree Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Aryung Nam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Ho Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Solbak S, Epstein SE, Hopper K. Influence of needle gauge used for venipuncture on measures of hemostasis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:143-147. [PMID: 29741463 PMCID: PMC10814616 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18766154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different needle sizes used to obtain blood via jugular venipuncture in cats on routine measures of hemostasis. METHODS This was a prospective, observational, randomized, clinical study carried out at a university teaching hospital. Twenty healthy, client-owned cats were used. Each cat had blood collected via direct venipuncture from both jugular veins. Sampling of the right and left jugular vein was randomized to be collected with either a 22 G or a 25 G needle, respectively, and routine coagulation variables and platelet count were performed on all samples. Values were analyzed for differences in needle size, and site of sample collection. RESULTS There was no difference between the two needle gauges in activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, fibrinogen degradation products, or fibrinogen, or between sampling from the left and right jugular vein. Prothrombin time (PT) was significantly higher when drawn from a 25 G needle (11.7 s) compared with a 22 G needle (11.4 s) ( P = 0.01), but not different in left vs right jugular vein samples. Bland-Altman analysis of PT comparing for 25 G minus 22 G needle vs the average, calculated a mean bias (95% limits of agreement) of 0.49 s (-1.4 s to 2.4 s). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study of 20 healthy cats found that the use of either a 25 G or 22 G needle for jugular venipuncture did not introduce any clinically meaningful difference in routine coagulation variables or platelet count.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Solbak
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven E Epstein
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kate Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nash KJ, Bacek LM, Christopherson PW, Spangler EA. In vitro effect of blood cell counts on multiple-electrode impedance aggregometry in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1380-1386. [PMID: 29182390 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of decreased platelet and WBC counts on platelet aggregation as measured by a multiple-electrode impedance aggregometer in dogs. ANIMALS 24 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES From each dog, 9 mL of blood was collected into a 10-mL syringe that contained 1 mL of 4% sodium citrate solution to yield a 10-mL sample with a 1:9 citrate-to-blood ratio. Each sample was then divided into unmanipulated and manipulated aliquots with progressively depleted buffy-coat fractions such that 2 to 3 blood samples were evaluated per dog. The Hct for manipulated aliquots was adjusted with autologous plasma so that it was within 2% of the Hct for the unmanipulated aliquot for each dog. All samples were analyzed in duplicate with a multiple-electrode impedance aggregometer following the addition of ADP as a platelet agonist. The respective effects of platelet count, plateletcrit, Hct, and WBC count on platelet aggregation area under the curve (AUC), aggregation, and velocity were analyzed with linear mixed models. RESULTS WBC count was positively associated with platelet AUC, aggregation, and velocity; blood samples with leukopenia had a lower AUC, aggregation, and velocity than samples with WBC counts within the reference range. Platelet count, plateletcrit, and Hct did not have an independent effect on AUC, aggregation, or velocity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that WBC count was positively associated with platelet aggregation when ADP was used to activate canine blood samples for impedance aggregometry. That finding may be clinically relevant and needs to be confirmed by in vivo studies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mackenzie CJ, McGowan CM, Pinchbeck G, Carslake HB. Comparison of two blood sampling techniques for the determination of coagulation parameters in the horse: Jugular venipuncture and indwelling intravenous catheter. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:333-338. [PMID: 28976034 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of coagulation status is an important component of critical care. Ongoing monitoring of coagulation status in hospitalised horses has previously been via serial venipuncture due to concerns that sampling directly from the intravenous catheter (IVC) may alter the accuracy of the results. Adverse effects such as patient anxiety and trauma to the sampled vessel could be avoided by the use of an indwelling IVC for repeat blood sampling. OBJECTIVES To compare coagulation parameters from blood obtained by jugular venipuncture with IVC sampling in critically ill horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS A single set of paired blood samples were obtained from horses (n = 55) admitted to an intensive care unit by direct jugular venipuncture and, following removal of a presample, via an indwelling IVC. The following coagulation parameters were measured on venipuncture and IVC samples: whole blood prothrombin time (PT), fresh plasma PT and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and stored plasma antithrombin activity (AT) and fibrinogen concentration. D-dimer concentration was also measured in some horses (n = 22). Comparison of venipuncture and IVC results was performed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Agreement between paired results was assessed using Bland Altman analysis. RESULTS Correlation was substantial and agreement was good between sample methods for all parameters except AT and D-dimers. MAIN LIMITATIONS Each coagulation parameter was tested using only one assay. Sampling was limited to a convenience sample and timing of sample collection was not standardised in relation to when the catheter was flushed with heparinised saline. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of AT and D-dimers, coagulation parameters measured on blood samples obtained via an IVC have clinically equivalent values to those obtained by jugular venipuncture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Mackenzie
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - G Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - H B Carslake
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Junge HK, Ringer SK, Mayer N, Schwarzwald CC. Assessment of method reliability and determination of reference intervals for rotational thromboelastometry in horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:691-703. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Junge
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simone K. Ringer
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Mayer
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Verschoof J, Moritz A, Kramer M, Bauer N. Hemostatic variables, plasma lactate concentration, and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2015; 43:389-98. [PMID: 26568318 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prospective characterization of hemostastatic variables, plasma lactate concentration, and inflammatory biomarkers in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). MATERIAL AND METHODS Coagulation variables (platelets, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], fibrinogen, antithrombin [AT], protein C [PC], protein S [PS], D-dimers), plasma lactate concentration and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, white blood cell [WBC] count, lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers) were assessed in 20 dogs with GDV presented between 2011 and 2012. Blood was taken preoperatively and at days 1 and 3 postoperatively. The prognostic value of these variables before and after surgery was evaluated as well as the behavior of variables during the study. RESULTS Overall, 7/20 (35%) dogs did not survive; two dogs (29%) were euthanized during surgery due to severe gastric necrosis and 5 (71%) dogs after surgery due to sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Prior to surgery, median plasma lactate concentration was significantly (p = 0.01) lower in survivors (6.2 mmol/l, range 1.9-9.7 mmol/l) when compared to non-survivors (11.8 mmol/l, range 7.5-16.2 mmol/l). In dogs dying after surgery, significantly higher plasma lactate concentration, coagulation times and D-dimer concentration were present as well as lower fibrinogen concentration and activity of PC and AT compared to survivors. At discharge, activity of AT, PC and PS were markedly below the reference interval in 6/13 (46%), 11/13 (85%), and 8/13 (62%) dogs, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Only lactate plasma concentration was of preoperative prognostic value. After surgery, severe abnormalities of coagulation variables, especially the endogenous anticoagulants were present in most of the dogs. The severity of the abnormalities was associated with survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Verschoof
- Joyce Verschoof, Small Animal Clinic, Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roscher KA, Failing K, Moritz A. Inhibition of platelet function with clopidogrel, as measured with a novel whole blood impedance aggregometer in horses. Vet J 2015; 203:332-6. [PMID: 25736876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a loading and maintenance clopidogrel dosing scheme for the inhibition of platelet function, measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry in healthy adult horses. Ten Warmblood horses received oral clopidogrel once daily. Doses were based on 50 kg weight categories and resulted in one loading dose of 6-6.5 mg/kg bodyweight and maintenance doses of 1.2-1.4 mg/kg over the next 4 days. Platelet function was measured via whole blood multiple electrode impedance aggregometry prior to (T0) and at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 192 and 240 h following the loading dose. Aggregometries for collagen (COLtest), arachidonic acid (ASPItest), adenosine diphosphate (ADPtest) and ADP with prostaglandin E1 (ADPtestHS) were performed. Statistical analyses included one way repeated measures ANOVAs and subsequent Dunnett's tests. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen remained unchanged. There were significant inhibitions in the ASPItest (P <0.01 at 192 h, and P <0.05 at 240 h) and the ADPtest and ADPtestHS (P < 0.01, with the exception of 240 h). The loading dose of clopidogrel induced rapid inhibition of platelet function within hours, and the low dose was suitable for maintaining the inhibition over the 4 days of therapy. Recovery of platelet function was restored 6 days after the cessation of medication, determined with the ADPtest and ADPtestHS, but remained inhibited with the ASPItest. The prolonged effect of clopidogrel may indicate differences in the activation of platelets between horses and humans that were previously unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Greenwell CM, Epstein SE, Brain PH. Influence of needle gauge used for venipuncture on automated platelet count and coagulation profile in dogs. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:71-4. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CM Greenwell
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; 1 Richardson Place North Ryde New South Wales 2213 Australia
| | - SE Epstein
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - PH Brain
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; 1 Richardson Place North Ryde New South Wales 2213 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Flatland B, Koenigshof AM, Rozanski EA, Goggs R, Wiinberg B. Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing Part 2: Sample acquisition and handling. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:30-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Flatland
- From the Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Amy M. Koenigshof
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Elizabeth A. Rozanski
- the Department of Clinical Sciences; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Laforcade A, Goggs R, Wiinberg B. Systematic evaluation of evidence on veterinary viscoelastic testing Part 3: Assay activation and test protocol. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:37-46. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armelle de Laforcade
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY, 14853
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goggs R, Brainard B, de Laforcade AM, Flatland B, Hanel R, McMichael M, Wiinberg B. Partnership on Rotational ViscoElastic Test Standardization (PROVETS): Evidence-based guidelines on rotational viscoelastic assays in veterinary medicine. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:1-22. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853
| | - Benjamin Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602
| | - Armelle M. de Laforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton MA 01536
| | - Bente Flatland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Rita Hanel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; Raleigh NC 27607
| | - Maureen McMichael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL 61801
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Comparison of thromboelastography parameters between different catheter lumen diameters in an uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock model in swine. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013; 24:581-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e32835fad68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Bauer N, Moritz A. Characterisation of changes in the haemostasis system in dogs with thrombosis. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:129-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Bauer
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology; Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - A. Moritz
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology; Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bauer N, Moritz A. Coagulation response in dogs with and without systemic inflammatory response syndrome – Preliminary results. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Walker JM, Hanel RM, Hansen BD, Motsinger-Reif AA. Comparison of venous sampling methods for thromboelastography in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1864-70. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Ralph AG, Brainard BM, Pittman JR, Babski DM, Koenig A. Effects of rest temperature, contact activation, and sample technique on canine thrombelastography. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:320-6. [PMID: 22702438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of rest temperature, contact activation (CA), and sample collection technique on thrombelastography (TEG) using canine whole blood. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. SETTING University-based research facility. ANIMALS Twelve healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs. INTERVENTIONS Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture. Tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate, with and without 75 μg/mL corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI), were filled by vacuum. Samples rested for 30 minutes at 3 temperatures: 37°C, room temperature (RT, 20-22°C), or warmed to 37°C 5 minutes prior to analysis (prewarmed). Samples were analyzed at 37°C. CTI-treated samples were analyzed with and without 1:50,000 tissue factor (TF) as activator. Six dogs were also tested similarly using a needle/syringe collection technique. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Prewarmed samples exhibited greater MA compared to RT (55.5 ± 7.2 mm vs. 53.5 ± 6.0, P< 0.05), while 37°C samples exhibited a steeper angle (56.7 ± 10.4°C vs. 52.4 ± 8.6°C) and greater MA (55.9 ± 7.5 mm vs. 53.5 ± 6.0 mm) than RT samples (both P< 0.05). CTI-treated samples were hypocoagulable (R time 45 min [7.5-56.8 min], angle 8.2°C [5.1-42.5°C], MA 29.2 ± 9.7 mm, P< 0.001), with TF activation returning all but the angle (42.5 ± 7.6°C) to values similar to citrated samples (angle = 56.7 ± 10.4°C, P = 0.017). Collection using a syringe/needle method revealed a shorter R time for prewarmed samples only (R time 4.7 ± 0.7 min, vs. 5.6 ± 0.8 min for vacuum-collected samples, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Even in the absence of exogenous activators, CA has an impact on canine TEG results. The effects of rest temperatures and sample collection technique on TEG appear to be minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Ralph
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Herring J, McMichael M. Diagnostic Approach to Small Animal Bleeding Disorders. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 27:73-80. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
Kol A. The interpretation of thromboelastography tracings: Many (more) rivers to cross. Vet J 2012; 191:275-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
27
|
Wiinberg B, Jessen LR, Tarnow I, Kristensen AT. Diagnosis and treatment of platelet hyperactivity in relation to thrombosis in dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:42-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wiinberg
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK-1810 Frederiksberg; Denmark
| | - Lisbeth R. Jessen
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK-1810 Frederiksberg; Denmark
| | - Inge Tarnow
- Health & Nutrition Division; Chr. Hansen A/S; DK-2970 Hørsholm; Denmark
| | - Annemarie T. Kristensen
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK-1810 Frederiksberg; Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koenigshof AM, Scott MA, Brown AJ. Effects of delayed anticoagulation and use of evacuated tubes on non-activated thrombelastography in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:63-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Scott
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bauer NB, Er E, Moritz A. Effect of submaximal aerobic exercise on platelet function, platelet activation, and secondary and tertiary hemostasis in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:125-33. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Gilor S, Gilor C. Common Laboratory Artifacts Caused by Inappropriate Sample Collection and Transport: How to Get the Most out of a Sample. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26:109-18. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|