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Diversity and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: current understanding and future perspectives. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:115. [PMID: 35331225 PMCID: PMC8944054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Despite some improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, progress towards new methods for the control of intramammary infections (IMI) has been limited, particularly in the field of vaccination. Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. Although traits such as biofilm formation and innate immune evasion are critical for the persistence of bacteria, the current understanding of the key host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of S. aureus IMI is very limited. We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.
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Prevalence and Characterization of PVL-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Cow’s Milk. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020097. [PMID: 35202125 PMCID: PMC8876356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and some toxin genes of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in unpasteurized raw cow’s milk collected from retail outlets located at Mansoura, Dakahliya governorate, Egypt. In that context, a total of 700 raw cow’s milk samples were investigated for the presence of S. aureus, which was identified in 41.1% (288/700) of the samples. Among the S. aureus isolates, 113 PVL-positive S. aureus were identified and subjected for further analysis. The PVL-positive S. aureus were investigated for the existence of toxin-related genes, including hemolysin (hla), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), and enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, see, seg, sei, and selj). Genotypic resistance of PVL-positive strains was performed for the detection of blaZ and mecA genes. Among the PVL-positive S. aureus, sea, seb, and sec were detected in 44.2, 6.2%, and 0.9%, respectively, while the hla and tst genes were identified in 54.9% and 0.9%, respectively. The blaZ and mecA genes were successfully identified in 84.9 (96/113) and 32.7% (37/113) of the total evaluated S. aureus isolates, respectively. PVL-positive S. aureus displayed a high level of resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was displayed by all methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 38.2% of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The obtained findings are raising the alarm of virulent PVL-positive MRSA clones in retail milk in Egypt, suggesting the requirement for limiting the use of β-lactam drugs in food-producing animals and the importance of implementing strong hygiene procedures in dairy farms and processing plants.
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Patel K, Godden SM, Royster EE, Crooker BA, Johnson TJ, Smith EA, Sreevatsan S. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk samples of U.S. dairy herds. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:367. [PMID: 34016049 PMCID: PMC8135151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of dairy cows by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially those which are multi-drug resistant and toxin producing, is a concern for animal health and well-being as well as public health. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, gene content and virulence determinants of S. aureus in bulk tank milk samples (BTM) from U.S. dairy herds. Results BTM samples were collected, once in winter and once in summer, from 189 U.S. dairy herds. Of 365 BTM samples cultured, the sample and herd prevalence of S. aureus in BTM was 46.6% (170 of 365 samples) and 62.4% (118 of 189 herds), respectively. Among a subset of 138 S. aureus isolates that were stored for further analysis, 124 were genome sequenced after being confirmed as S. aureus using phenotypic tests. The most commonly identified antimicrobial resistance-associated gene was norA (99.2%) and mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance (MRSA) was identified in one isolate (0.8%). The most frequently detected putative virulence genes were aur (100%), hlgB (100%), hlgA, hlgC, hlb (99.2%), lukE (95.9%) and lukD (94.3%). In the 53 staphylococcal enterotoxin positive isolates, sen (37.9%), sem (35.5%), sei (35.5%) and seg (33.1%) were the most frequently detected enterotoxin genes. Among the 14 sequence types (ST) and 18 spa types identified, the most common was ST2187 (20.9%) and t529 (28.2%), respectively. The most predominant clone was CC97 (47.6%) followed by CC unknown (36.3%). The single MRSA isolate belonged to ST72-CC8, spa type t126 and was negative for the tst gene but harbored all the other virulence genes investigated. Conclusion Our findings indicated a high prevalence of S. aureus in BTM of U.S. dairy herds, with isolates showing little evidence of resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis. However, isolates often carried genes for the various enterotoxins. This study identified predominant genetic clones. Despite lower prevalence, the presence of MRSA and multi-drug resistant strains in BTM poses a significant risk to animal and public health if their number were to increase in dairy environment. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the use of antibiotics in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Patel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Erin E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Brian A Crooker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Fernandes L, Guimaraes I, Noyes NR, Caixeta LS, Machado VS. Effect of subclinical mastitis detected in the first month of lactation on somatic cell count linear scores, milk yield, fertility, and culling of dairy cows in certified organic herds. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2140-2150. [PMID: 33309348 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that subclinical mastitis (SCM), characterized by somatic cell count (SCC) >200,000 cells/mL, has a negative effect on the productivity, reproductive performance, and survivability of cows from conventional dairy herds. However, in organic herds, where the use of antimicrobial drugs is restricted for the treatment and control of intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows, little is known about the effect of SCM on performance and survivability. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether SCM diagnosed during the first month of lactation was associated with SCC linear score dynamics, milk production, fertility, and culling of dairy cows in USDA-certified organic herds. We collected data from 2 organic herds in New Mexico and Texas. A total of 1,511 cows that calved between June 2018 and May 2019 were included in the study and were followed until month 10 of the current lactation. Cows with SCC >200,000 cells/mL in the first month of lactation were considered to have SCM. We used mixed linear regression models accounting for repeated measures to assess the effect of SCM on monthly milk production and SCC linear scores. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the effect of SCM on the risk of pregnancy and culling. We considered parity, farm, previous gestation length, stillbirth, twinning, dystocia, and 2- and 3-way interactions as potential confounders. Cows diagnosed with SCM during the first month of lactation produced less milk than cows without SCM. Cows with SCM had elevated SCC linear scores during their previous lactation and throughout the subsequent months of lactation compared to cows without SCM. The effect of SCM on SCC linear scores was more pronounced in multiparous than primiparous cows. Subclinical mastitis during the first month of lactation did not affect the likelihood of pregnancy during the first 300 d in milk. Cows with SCM in the first month were more likely to die or be culled during the 300 d of lactation than cows without SCM. We observed that elevated SCC in the first month of lactation had detrimental effects on the milk yield and survivability of dairy cows in USDA organic herds, but it did not affect reproductive performance. We demonstrated that cows with SCM diagnosed in the first month of lactation continued to have elevated SCC linear scores throughout their entire lactation, and that elevated SCC was carried over from the previous lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79415
| | - I Guimaraes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79415
| | - N R Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - L S Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79415.
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Golafrouz H, Ahari H, Anvar SA, Shahbazzadeh D. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin A (SEA) Using Dot-ELISA in Milk Samples. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jommid.8.4.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Pérez VKC, Costa GMD, Guimarães AS, Heinemann MB, Lage AP, Dorneles EMS. Relationship between virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:792-802. [PMID: 32603906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the literature on the role of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis, focusing on the association between these characteristics and their implications for public and animal health. CONCLUSIONS There is the possibility of antimicrobial resistance gene exchange among different bacteria, which is of serious concern in livestock husbandry, as well as in the treatment of human staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Karen Castro Pérez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Márcio da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Sá Guimarães
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Busche T, Hillion M, Van Loi V, Berg D, Walther B, Semmler T, Strommenger B, Witte W, Cuny C, Mellmann A, Holmes MA, Kalinowski J, Adrian L, Bernhardt J, Antelmann H. Comparative Secretome Analyses of Human and Zoonotic Staphylococcus aureus Isolates CC8, CC22, and CC398. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2412-2433. [PMID: 30201737 PMCID: PMC6283302 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community, hospitals and in livestock is mediated by highly diverse virulence factors that include secreted toxins, superantigens, enzymes and surface-associated adhesins allowing host adaptation and colonization. Here, we combined proteogenomics, secretome and phenotype analyses to compare the secreted virulence factors in selected S. aureus isolates of the dominant human- and livestock-associated genetic lineages CC8, CC22, and CC398. The proteogenomic comparison revealed 2181 core genes and 1306 accessory genes in 18 S. aureus isolates reflecting the high genome diversity. Using secretome analysis, we identified 869 secreted proteins with 538 commons in eight isolates of CC8, CC22, and CC398. These include 64 predicted extracellular and 37 cell surface proteins that account for 82.4% of total secretome abundance. Among the top 10 most abundantly secreted virulence factors are the major autolysins (Atl, IsaA, Sle1, SAUPAN006375000), lipases and lipoteichoic acid hydrolases (Lip, Geh, LtaS), cytolytic toxins (Hla, Hlb, PSMβ1) and proteases (SspB). The CC398 isolates showed lower secretion of cell wall proteins, but higher secretion of α- and β-hemolysins (Hla, Hlb) which correlated with an increased Agr activity and strong hemolysis. CC398 strains were further characterized by lower biofilm formation and staphyloxanthin levels because of decreased SigB activity. Overall, comparative secretome analyses revealed CC8- or CC22-specific enterotoxin and Spl protease secretion as well as Agr- and SigB-controlled differences in exotoxin and surface protein secretion between human-specific and zoonotic lineages of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Busche
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mélanie Hillion
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Berg
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14153 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Witte
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, D-38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Christiane Cuny
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, D-38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; Chair of Geobiotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, D-13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Liu B, Sun H, Pan Y, Zhai Y, Cai T, Yuan X, Gao Y, He D, Liu J, Yuan L, Hu G. Prevalence, resistance pattern, and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy animals and sick populations in Henan Province, China. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:31. [PMID: 30026814 PMCID: PMC6048774 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens and a causative agent of a variety of infections in humans and animals. A total of 640 samples were collected from healthy animals and patients from 2013 to 2014 in Henan Province, China, to investigate the prevalence and perform molecular characterization of S. aureus. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were determined and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing were performed. Results Overall, 22.3% (n = 143) of the samples were positive for S. aureus. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 5.59%. Capsular polysaccharide locus type 5 (Cap5; 56.64%) was the dominant serotype. S. aureus strains showed high resistance to penicillin (96.50%), ciprofloxacin (52.45%), amikacin (67.83%), erythromycin (96.50%), lincomycin (97.20%), and tetracycline (68.53%) and 109 (76.2%) isolates harbored six or more tested resistance genes. The most predominant resistance genes were aphA (52.45%), ermC (53.15%), and tetM (52.45%). Eighty-seven (60.8%) isolates harbored six or more tested virulence genes. The most predominant enterotoxin genes were sed (20.28%), sej (20.98%), sep (14.69%), and set (37.76%). The prevalence of lukED gene was (57.34%), and a small number of isolates carried pvl (5.59%) and TSST-1 (2.80%). A total of 130 (82.52%) isolates could be typed by PFGE with SmaI digestion. PFGE demonstrated that 45 different patterns (P) that were grouped into 17 pulsotypes and 28 separate pulsotypes using a 90% cut-off value. A total of 118 (82.52%) isolates were successfully typed by spa, and 26 spa types were identified, t15075 (14.00%) and t189 (12.59%) were the most common types. SCCmec types were detected from eight MRSA isolates, with the most prevalent type being SCCmec IVa. MRSA-SCCmec Iva-t437 was observed in human isolates. Conclusion This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus in healthy animals and patients from Henan Province, China. Resistant S. aureus exhibited varying degrees of multidrug resistance. The presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes may facilitate the spread of S. aureus strains and pose a potential threat to public health, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring of these isolates at the human–animal interface. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0254-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguang Liu
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huarun Sun
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yushan Pan
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yajun Zhai
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tian Cai
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Yuan
- 2Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanling Gao
- Animal Husbandry Bureau of Henan Province, No. 91 Jingsan Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dandan He
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- 1College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, No. 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, China
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Antibiotic-resistance, enterotoxin gene profiles and farm-level prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cow, sheep and goat bulk tank milk in Jordan. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Åvall-Jääskeläinen S, Taponen S, Kant R, Paulin L, Blom J, Palva A, Koort J. Comparative genome analysis of 24 bovine-associated Staphylococcus isolates with special focus on the putative virulence genes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4560. [PMID: 29610707 PMCID: PMC5880176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are most commonly isolated from subclinical mastitis. Different NAS species may, however, have diverse effects on the inflammatory response in the udder. We determined the genome sequences of 20 staphylococcal isolates from clinical or subclinical bovine mastitis, belonging to the NAS species Staphylococcus agnetis, S. chromogenes, and S. simulans, and focused on the putative virulence factor genes present in the genomes. For comparison we used our previously published genome sequences of four S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. The pan-genome and core genomes of the non-aureus isolates were characterized. After that, putative virulence factor orthologues were searched in silico. We compared the presence of putative virulence factors in the NAS species and S. aureus and evaluated the potential association between bacterial genotype and type of mastitis (clinical vs. subclinical). The NAS isolates had much less virulence gene orthologues than the S. aureus isolates. One third of the virulence genes were detected only in S. aureus. About 100 virulence genes were present in all S. aureus isolates, compared to about 40 to 50 in each NAS isolate. S. simulans differed the most. Several of the virulence genes detected among NAS were harbored only by S. simulans, but it also lacked a number of genes present both in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes. The type of mastitis was not associated with any specific virulence gene profile. It seems that the virulence gene profiles or cumulative number of different virulence genes are not directly associated with the type of mastitis (clinical or subclinical), indicating that host derived factors such as the immune status play a pivotal role in the manifestation of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Åvall-Jääskeläinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Taponen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Koort
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Fursova KK, Shchannikova MP, Loskutova IV, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Laman AG, Boutanaev AM, Sokolov SL, Artem'eva OA, Nikanova DA, Zinovieva NA, Brovko FA. Exotoxin diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with subclinical mastitis in Central Russia. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4325-4331. [PMID: 29477514 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, a major veterinary problem widespread in many regions, is caused mainly by Staphylococcus spp. However, there is no current reliable information about the role of Staphylococcus aureus and their toxins in the development of mastitis in cows in the territory of the Russian Federation. The aim of this investigation was to determine the profile of exotoxins of S. aureus from cow milk from farms of Central Russia. A total of 60 isolates of S. aureus were obtained from milk samples of cows with the subclinical form of mastitis. The exotoxin genes were identified using 2 types of PCR assays. The diversity of enterotoxin genes was studied by multiplex PCR. The percentage occurrence of enterotoxin genes was as follows: sea, 53.3%; seb, 3.3%; sec, 50%; sed, 4%; see, 46.6%; seg, 70%; sei, 10%; selp, 3.3%; and tsst1, 1.6%. The seh gene was not detected. The genes of pore-forming toxins and phenol-soluble modulins were identified by singleplex PCR and consisted of the following: hlA, 70%; lucS, 46.6%; psmA, 81.6%; psmB, 95%; and hld, 78.3%. The most abundant genes were psm (psmB, 95%), which codes for pore-forming toxins, and seg (70%), which codes for enterotoxins. The production of some enterotoxins in bacterial culture medium was detected by ELISA. The level of toxin production was near 1 ng/mL for SEA, SEE, SEG, SEI, SELP, and TSST-1 and reached a maximal level of 18 ng/mL for SEE. In the present work, we show that subclinical mastitis in cows is associated with S. aureus in the central region of the Russian Federation. Most of the isolates containing enterotoxin genes also had cytotoxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Fursova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia.
| | - M P Shchannikova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - I V Loskutova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A O Shepelyakovskaya
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A G Laman
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - A M Boutanaev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - S L Sokolov
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - O A Artem'eva
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - D A Nikanova
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - N A Zinovieva
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia
| | - F A Brovko
- L. K. Ernst All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, Dubrovitsy, 142132, Russia; Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
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12
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Wang D, Zhang L, Yong C, Shen M, Ali T, Shahid M, Han K, Zhou X, Han B. Relationships among superantigen toxin gene profiles, genotypes, and pathogenic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4276-4286. [PMID: 28434738 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major etiological agents of bovine mastitis, harboring a wide variety of staphylococcal superantigen (SAg) toxin genes. The SAg toxin genes are reported to be closely associated with the pathogenicity of the Staph. aureus causing the bovine mastitis. This study was conducted to investigate SAg toxin gene profiles and to assess the relationships among SAg toxin genes, genotypes of Staph. aureus, and their pathogenic properties. A total of 327 quarter milk samples were collected from bovine mastitis cases for isolation and identification of pathogens. In total, 35 isolates were identified as Staph. aureus, and the prevalence of Staph. aureus in milk samples was 13.6% (35/256). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays were used to detect the SAg toxin genes and to genotype Staph. aureus strains isolated from milk samples of bovine mastitis in 10 dairy herds located in Ningxia, China, respectively. The results showed that among the Staph. aureus isolates (n = 35), 71.4% (n = 25) of isolates carried at least one SAg toxin gene. In total, 18 SAg genes and 21 different gene combination patterns were detected among these isolates. The most common SAg genes in Staph. aureus isolates were sei, sen, and seu (44.0% each), followed by seo, tst, and etB (28.0% each), etA (24.0%), sem and sep (16.0% each), seb, sec, sed, and sek (12.0% each), and sea and seh genes (8.0% each); the seg, sej, and ser genes were present in 4.0% of the isolates. Three gene combinations were found to be related to mobile genetic elements that carried 2 or more genes. The egc-cluster of the seg-sei-sem-sen-seo genes, located on the pathogenicity island Type I υSaβ, was detected in 16% of isolates. Interestingly, we observed 6 RAPD genotypes (I to VI) in Staph. aureus isolates, and 2 of these genotypes were strongly associated with the severity of bovine mastitis; there was a close relationship between the RAPD genotypes and SAg genes. Isolates of RAPD type III were more frequently associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis, whereas strains of type VI were mostly related to subclinical mastitis. In addition, SAg genes were related to severity of bovine mastitis. We conclude that an obvious relationship exists among RAPD genotypes, SAg toxin genes, and severity of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changfu Yong
- Animal Disease Control and Prevention Center of Shapotou District, Zhongwei, Ningxia 755000, China
| | - Mingliang Shen
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, Ningxia 753000, China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kun Han
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Xuezhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for the Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Schmidt T, Kock MM, Ehlers MM. Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Close Human Contacts in South African Dairy Herds: Genetic Diversity and Inter-Species Host Transmission. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:511. [PMID: 28428772 PMCID: PMC5382207 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common etiological agents of contagious bovine mastitis worldwide. The purpose of this study was to genetically characterize a collection of S. aureus isolates (bovine = 146, human = 12) recovered from cases of bovine mastitis and nasal swabs of close human contacts in the dairy environment. Isolates were screened for a combination of clinically significant antimicrobial and virulence gene markers whilst the molecular epidemiology of these isolates and possible inter-species host transmission was investigated using a combination of genotyping techniques. None of the isolates under evaluation tested positive for methicillin or vancomycin resistance encoding genes. Twenty seven percent of the bovine S. aureus isolates tested positive for one or more of the pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg) genes with the sec and sell genes predominating. Comparatively, 83% of the human S. aureus isolates tested positive for one or more PTSAg genes with a greater variety of genes being detected. Genomic DNA macrorestriction followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of the bovine isolates generated 58 electrophoretic patterns which grouped into 10 pulsotypes at an 80% similarity level. The majority of the bovine isolates, 93.2% (136/146), clustered into four major pulsotypes. Seven sequence types (ST) were identified among the representative bovine S. aureus isolates genotyped, including: ST8 (CC8), ST97 (CC97), ST351 (CC705), ST352 (CC97), ST508 (CC45), ST2992 (CC97) and a novel sequence type, ST3538 (CC97). Based on PFGE analysis, greater genetic diversity was observed among the human S. aureus isolates. Bovine and human isolates from three sampling sites clustered together and were genotypically indistinguishable. Two of the isolates, ST97 and ST352 belong to the common bovine lineage CC97, and their isolation from close human contacts suggests zoonotic transfer. In the context of this study, the third isolate, ST8 (CC8), is believed to be a human clone which has transferred to a dairy cow and has subsequently caused mastitis. The detection of indistinguishable S. aureus isolates from bovine and human hosts at three of the sampling sites is suggestive of bacterial transmission and supports the need for vigilant monitoring of staphylococcal populations at the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schmidt
- Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentPietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoria, South Africa
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Mehli L, Hoel S, Thomassen GMB, Jakobsen AN, Karlsen H. The prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in milk, whey, and cheese from artisan farm dairies. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Comparison of Virulence Gene Identification, Ribosomal Spacer PCR, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis for Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cases of Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1871-1876. [PMID: 27194685 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03282-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing contagious mastitis in dairy cattle worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine if recently described S. aureus genotype B was present among previously characterized isolates from cases of bovine intramammary infection in the United States and to compare pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to the combination of ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) and virulence gene identification for typing of S. aureus strains. The hypothesis was that isolates that were previously characterized as contagious would be identified as genotype B and that the results of the two strain-typing methods would be comparable. Isolates were selected from a collection of S. aureus isolates from eight dairy farms. Mammary quarter milk somatic cell count (SCC) and N-acetyl-β-d-gluconaminidase (NAGase) activity data were known and used to evaluate strain pathogenicity. RS-PCR was performed with conventional gel electrophoresis, and PCR was used for toxin gene identification. RS-PCR patterns were associated with a specific virulence gene pattern, as previously reported. Five RS-PCR banding patterns were identified. None of the isolates were characterized as genotype B. No association between RS-PCR types and milk SCC was found; however, NAGase activity was significantly higher in milk from mammary glands infected with RS-PCR banding type 1 (RSP type 1) than in milk from those infected with RSP type 2. The discriminatory power values were 1.0 and 0.46 for PFGE and RS-PCR, respectively. These data suggest that genotype B may have a limited geographic distribution and that PFGE is more discriminatory than RS-PCR performed with conventional gel electrophoresis for typing of S. aureus isolates of bovine origin.
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Al-Ashmawy MA, Sallam KI, Abd-Elghany SM, Elhadidy M, Tamura T. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:156-62. [PMID: 26836943 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work was undertaken to study the prevalence, molecular characterization, virulence factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw milk and dairy products in Mansoura City, Egypt. MRSA was detected in 53% (106/200) among all milk and dairy products with prevalence rates of 75%, 65%, 40%, 50%, and 35% in raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream, and yogurt samples, respectively. The mean S. aureus counts were 3.49, 3.71, 2.93, 3.40, and 3.23 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g among tested raw milk, Damietta cheese, Kareish cheese, ice cream and yogurt, respectively, with an overall count of 3.41 log10 CFU/g. Interestingly, all recovered S. aureus isolates were genetically verified as MRSA strains by molecular detection of the mecA gene. Furthermore, genes encoding α-hemolysin (hla) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec) were detected in all isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of recovered MRSA isolates against 13 tested antimicrobials revealed that the least effective drugs were penicillin G, cloxacillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin with bacterial resistance percentages of 87.9%, 75.9%, 65.2%, and 55.6%, respectively. These findings suggested that milk and dairy products represent a potential infection risk threat of multidrug-resistant and toxigenic S. aureus in Egypt due to neglected hygienic practices during production, retail, or storage stages. These findings highlighted the crucial importance of applying more restrictive hygienic measures in dairy production in Egypt for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdou Al-Ashmawy
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- 1 Departments of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- 2 Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- 3 Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Sapporo, Japan
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Mazzilli M, Piccinini R, Scali F, Zecconi A. Pattern characterization of genes involved in non-specific immune response in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from intramammary infections. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:54-9. [PMID: 26679796 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mammary gland are characterized by different genetic patterns. Ninety four isolates from 33 dairy herds were analyzed by the means of a microarray to investigate S. aureus virulence patterns and the distribution of genes believed to be involved in immune evasion. None of the 94 isolates considered were MRSA. However, 50% of the isolates belonged to complexes related to MRSA and to human diseases, while only about 25% of them can be considered as exclusively of bovine origin. The distribution of clonal complexes and the different gene patterns observed confirmed the presence of an influence of geographical localization. The assessment of the influence of genes related to immune evasion on quarter milk cell count showed as four of them showed to be significantly associated to an increase quarter milk SCC. These genes could be potential target for developing new vaccines against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazzilli
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Veh K, Klein R, Ster C, Keefe G, Lacasse P, Scholl D, Roy JP, Haine D, Dufour S, Talbot B, Ribon A, Malouin F. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus causing persistent and nonpersistent subclinical bovine intramammary infections during lactation or the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:155-68. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hassani S, Hosseini Doust R, Mohebati Mobarez A. Enterotoxin A Gene Barrier Staphylococcus aureus Within Traditionally Dairy Products of Tehran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep20906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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da Costa L, Rajala-Schultz P, Hoet A, Seo K, Fogt K, Moon B. Genetic relatedness and virulence factors of bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolated from teat skin and milk. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6907-16. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Machado VS, Bicalho MLS, Pereira RV, Caixeta LS, Knauer WA, Oikonomou G, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC. Effect of an injectable trace mineral supplement containing selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese on the health and production of lactating Holstein cows. Vet J 2013; 197:451-6. [PMID: 23598255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a subcutaneous injection of a multimineral preparation containing 300 mg of zinc, 50mg of manganese, 25mg of selenium, and 75 mg of copper at 230 and 260 days of gestation and 35 days postpartum, on the health, milk production and reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows. A randomized field trial was conducted on three large commercial dairy farms located near Ithaca, New York, USA, with 1416 cows enrolled. All cows were housed and offered a total mixed ration consisting of approximately 55% forage and 45% concentrate on a dry matter basis of the diet, which supplied 2-6 times the NRC requirements for the supplemented elements. Dry cows and pregnant heifers were blocked by parity and randomly allocated to one of two treatments: Trace mineral supplemented (TMS) or control. For multiparous cows, subcutaneous TMS significantly decreased linear somatic cell count scores (normalized data) as compared to control cows. The incidence of subclinical mastitis for TMS and control cows was 10.4% and 8.0%, respectively (P=0.005). The main effect of treatment on clinical mastitis was not significant but the interaction of treatment and parity was significant. For primiparous cows, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 11.8% and 15.6% for control and TMS cows, respectively (P=0.33); for multiparous cows, the incidence of clinical mastitis for control and TMS cows was 25.4% and 19.7%, respectively (P=0.03). Additionally, control cows had increased odds of stillbirth and endometritis (odds ratios 1.69 and 1.30, respectively). The incidence of endometritis was 34.2% and 28.6% for control and TMS cows, respectively (P=0.039) but treatment had no effect on reproductive performance, milk production or other health traits. Further research is required to confirm these findings and to establish whether the response seen in this study was related to the supplementation of a particular mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Machado
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Chavhan SK, Kalorey DR, Nagdive AA, Purohit HJ, Barbuddhe SB, Kurkure NV. Molecular characterization of intercellular adhesion gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:247-52. [PMID: 22095031 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus is considered an important virulence factor in bovine mastitis. Intercellular adhesion gene A (icaA) is a significant genetic determinant that contributes in biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of the icaA gene in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis from seven states of India. A total of 88 out of 150 Staphylococcus aureus strains were found to be positive for biofilm marker icaA gene by PCR. The icaA gene was confirmed by dot blot hybridization in 41 of 150 S. aureus strains tested. Results obtained with dot blot hybridization were comparable to those obtained with PCR. Partial sequences of the icaA gene of the two S. aureus isolates showed deletion of some bases in different positions that might reduce/stop transcription leading to no biofilm formation. PCR was found to be a rapid test but dot blot hybridization was more accurate than PCR for detection of icaA genes. This study showed that detection of biofilm marker the icaA gene in S. aureus would allow the detection of virulence factors present in mastitis and early application of corrective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kundalik Chavhan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Biotechnology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India
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