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Green BT, Welch KD, Lee ST, Davis TZ, Stonecipher CA, Stegelmeier BL, Cook D. Acute death as a result of poisoning tropical (Bos taurus indicus) but not temperate (Bos taurus taurus) cattle after oral dosing with Lupinus leucophyllus (velvet lupine). Toxicon 2024; 242:107706. [PMID: 38570167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Due to climate change and increasing summer temperatures, tropical cattle may graze where temperate cattle have grazed, exposing tropical cattle to toxic plants they may be unfamiliar with. This work compared the toxicity of Lupinus leucophyllus (velvet lupine) in temperate and tropical cattle. Orally dosed velvet lupine in tropical cattle caused death. If producers opt to graze tropical cattle, additional care must be taken on rangelands where toxic lupines like velvet lupine grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
| | - Kevin D Welch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Stephen T Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - T Zane Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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Green BT, Welch KD, Lee ST, Stonecipher CA, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, Davis TZ, Cook D. Biomarkers and their potential for detecting livestock plant poisonings in Western North America. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1104702. [PMID: 36908517 PMCID: PMC9992831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States National Cancer Institute defines a biomarker as: "A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease." In Veterinary Medicine, biomarkers associated with plant poisonings of livestock have great utility. Since grazing livestock poisoned by toxic plants are often found dead, biomarkers of plant poisoning allow for a more rapid postmortem diagnosis and response to prevent further deaths. The presence and concentration of toxins in poisonous plants are biomarkers of risk for livestock poisoning that can be measured by the chemical analysis of plant material. More difficult is, the detection of plant toxins or biomarkers in biological samples from intoxicated or deceased animals. The purpose of this article is to review potential biomarkers of plant poisoning in grazing livestock in the Western North America including recently investigated non-invasive sampling techniques. Plants discussed include larkspur, lupine, water hemlock, swainsonine-containing plants, selenium-containing plants, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants. Other factors such as animal age and sex that affect plant biomarker concentrations in vivo are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Bryan L Stegelmeier
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - T Zane Davis
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT, United States
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Stonecipher CA, Green BT, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Fritz SA, Cook D, Pfister JA. Mineral-salt supplementation to ameliorate larkspur poisoning in cattle. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6568352. [PMID: 35419604 PMCID: PMC9115907 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) are native forbs that are poisonous to cattle and cost livestock producers millions of dollars in losses each year. Macro and micro minerals are required for normal functioning of essentially all metabolic processes in ruminants. The role that mineral status may play in larkspur poisoning in cattle is not clear. In this study, we seek to determine the effects a mineral-salt supplement, commonly used by cattle producers, to potentially reduce cattle losses to larkspur. The ability of mineral-salt supplementation to alter susceptibility to larkspur toxicosis was evaluated in a pen study. Animals supplemented with mineral-salt were found to be less susceptible to larkspur poisoning than the non-supplemented animals. A separate group of animals were then grazed on larkspur infested rangelands. One group was supplemented with a mineral-salt mix and the other group did not receive any mineral-salt. Supplementing cattle with the mineral-salt mix did not alter larkspur consumption (P > 0.05). However, overall larkspur consumption was low and averaged 3 ± 1.0% and 2 ± 1.1% for cattle supplemented with mineral and non-supplemented, respectively. Serum was collected from animals once a week during the grazing study. Average and maximum serum concentrations of toxic larkspur alkaloids were numerically higher in mineral-salt supplemented cattle compared with the non-supplemented animals. Results from the pen study suggest that a good mineral supplementation program will provide a protective effect for animals grazing in larkspur-infested ranges. The mineral-salt supplemented steers, in the grazing study, were not observed to consume less larkspur than the non-supplemented animals; however, the mineral-salt supplemented animals had higher concentrations of larkspur alkaloids in their serum indicating they may be able to tolerate higher larkspur consumption. The data also indicate that mineral-salt supplementation must be continuous throughout the time the animals are grazing these rangelands as the positive effects can be lost within 30 d post supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - Ben T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - Scott A Fritz
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Manhattan, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
| | - James A Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, USA
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Cook D, Lee ST, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ, Johnson RL, Taylor CM. Use of Herbarium Voucher Specimens To Investigate Phytochemical Composition in Poisonous Plant Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4037-4047. [PMID: 33797894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poisonous plants cause large losses to the livestock industry through death, reduced production efficiency, reproductive dysfunction, and compromised harvesting of rangeland and pasture forages. Research investigating poisonous plants is complex because there are hundreds of genera of toxic plants representing thousands of species. To investigate the effects of poisonous plants on livestock, a clear understanding of the taxonomic identity of the plant and the ability to collect the plant in sufficient quantities for scientific studies is required. Subsequently, the active principles must be defined and investigated in the taxa of interest to better predict risk and make recommendations to reduce losses. Herbaria are collections of preserved plant specimens and are an important resource in poisonous plant research. Voucher specimens have often been used in the identification of the plant for the experimental reproduction of suspected livestock poisoning associated with a spontaneous case. More recently, herbarium specimens have been used to investigate the chemical composition of toxic plants as well as the distribution of different chemotypes over the landscape. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the chemical analysis of herbarium specimens in poisonous plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, Utah 84341, United States
| | - Russell J Molyneux
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720-4091, United States
| | - Robert L Johnson
- Stanley L. Welsh Herbarium, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Charlotte M Taylor
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Lee ST, Welch KD, Stonecipher CA, Cook D, Gardner DR, Pfister JA. Analysis of rumen contents and ocular fluid for toxic alkaloids from goats and cows dosed larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi), lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus), and death camas (Zigadenus paniculatus). Toxicon 2020; 176:21-29. [PMID: 31965970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Larkspurs, lupines, and death camas can be acutely toxic to livestock and are serious poisonous plant problems in western North America. The toxicity of these plants depends on the composition and concentrations of the toxic alkaloids in the plants. In this study, goats and cows were dosed sub-lethal doses of larkspur, lupine, and death camas. Rumen contents and ocular fluid samples were collected, and simple extraction, sample preparation, and analytical methods were developed for the detection of toxic alkaloids in the rumen contents and ocular fluid samples. Toxic alkaloids were detected in the rumen contents and ocular fluid samples from the goats and cows dosed larkspur, lupine, and death camas. In addition, results from a case report where rumen contents were analyzed from a steer that was suspected to have died due to larkspur are reported. This demonstrates the utility of the methods described for the diagnosis of acute plant poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - James A Pfister
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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Green BT, Keele JW, Bennett GL, Gardner DR, Stonecipher CA, Cook D, Pfister JA. Animal and plant factors which affect larkspur toxicosis in cattle: Sex, age, breed, and plant chemotype. Toxicon 2019; 165:31-39. [PMID: 31029637 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) poisoning is a long-term problem for cattle grazing on rangelands of western North America. Recent research has shown that both plant and animal-based factors are critical in understanding and mitigating larkspur poisoning in cattle. Non-toxicological factors including sex, age, cattle breed, and plant chemotype affect cattle responses to larkspur. For example, Angus heifers are more susceptible to larkspur intoxication than are steers or bulls. Young cattle appear to be more susceptible to larkspur poisoning than mature animals. Beef breeds of cattle are more susceptible to larkspur intoxication than dairy breeds. In addition to animal factors, plant alkaloid composition (chemotype) affects the potential toxicity for cattle because of differences in the ratios and concentrations of highly toxic N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL)-type alkaloids compared to less lethal non-MSAL-type alkaloids. Animal- and plant-based factors can provide substantial information to inform livestock producers on management to reduce risk and cattle losses to various larkspur species in western North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict T Green
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States.
| | - John W Keele
- USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, United States
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, United States
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
| | - Clint A Stonecipher
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
| | - James A Pfister
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, United States
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Green BT, Gardner DR, Pfister JA, Welch KD, Bennett GL, Cook D. The effect of alkaloid composition of larkspur (Delphinium) species on the intoxication of Angus heifers1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1415-1423. [PMID: 30772897 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle losses from larkspur (Delphinium spp.) toxicity are a long-term challenge on the rangelands of western North America. In addition to animal factors that affect livestock poisonings, plant alkaloid composition (chemotype) affects the intoxication of cattle because some chemotypes are significantly more toxic. Differences in larkspur chemotype toxicity are due to the ratios of N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL)-type alkaloids to non-MSAL-type alkaloids and the concentrations of those alkaloids in the plant material. The objective of this study was to compare the responses of 6 Angus heifers to 6 chemotypes of larkspur using a Latin square study design. These Angus heifers from the USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, NE, were chosen for this research because they are the most larkspur-susceptible cattle observed to date. The 6 heifers were given an oral dose of dried ground larkspur and tested for muscle weakness with an exercise test (i.e., walk time). The 6 chemotypes of larkspur had non-MSAL to MSAL-type alkaloid ratios ranging from 1.4:1 to 6:1 and were administered at an oral dose of 7.5 mg/kg MSAL-type alkaloids BW. There was a treatment effect due to larkspur chemotype (P < 0.0001), and period effects were not significant (P = 0.6). There were also significant correlations between the length of time walking on a dirt track at 5 to 6 km/h, and total alkaloid dose (r = -0.92, P = 0.0045) and alkaloid ratio (r = -0.81, P = 0.0258). Serum alkaloid concentrations at 24 h after dosing were representative of the relative abundance of the alkaloid in the plant material. Results from this work suggest that total alkaloid concentrations in combination with alkaloid ratios can be used together to accurately predict the plant risk component of larkspur poisoning to grazing cattle. Animal factors such as cattle age, breed, and sex must also be considered to comprehensively manage larkspur risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - James A Pfister
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - Kevin D Welch
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
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Green BT, Keele JW, Gardner DR, Welch KD, Bennett GL, Cook D, Pfister JA, Davis TZ, Stonecipher CA, Lee ST, Stegelmeier BL. Sex-dependent differences for larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) toxicosis in yearling Angus cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1424-1432. [PMID: 30772914 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) poisoning is a long-term problem for cattle grazing on rangelands of western North America. Results from preliminary experiments have suggested that differences in larkspur toxicity may exist between heifers and bulls. The objective of this study was to compare the physiological responses of yearling Angus heifers, steers, and bulls with a standardized dose of Delphinium barbeyi and to test the hypothesis that the response is sex dependent. Clinical signs of intoxication, including muscle coordination and function, were measured 24 h after oral dosing with larkspur by walking the cattle at a pace of 5 to 6 km h-1 for up to 40 min on an oval dirt track. Due to the experimental methods used, the variation in susceptibility to larkspur was not quantifiable for walking times of 0 or 40 min or more. Larkspur susceptible animals that were not able to walk (0 min; 36% of the animals) or larkspur resistant animals that walked the entire test period of 40 min (9% of the animals) resulted in censored or truncated data. The statistical methods (censReg and lmec) were used to adjust for data truncation or censoring. The heifers were only able to walk -8.9 ± 3.9 min (65.5% censored on the left) compared with 13.2 ± 3.7 min for bulls and 15.9 ± 2.7 min for steers. When heifers were compared with bulls and steers together, heifers walked 23.4 ± 4.5 min less (P < 0.0001). Serum alkaloid concentrations were measured immediately before walking, and deltaline concentrations averaged 266 ± 28, 131 ± 20, and 219 ± 28 ng mL-1 for all heifers, steers, and bulls, respectively, and serum methyllycaconitine concentrations averaged 660 ± 46, 397 ± 32, and 612 ± 34 ng mL-1 for all heifers, steers, and bulls, respectively. The relative risk of a zero walk time for yearling heifers is 330% that of yearling bulls (P = 0.0008). These results suggest that yearling Angus heifers are more susceptible to larkspur intoxication and, when possible, heifers should be kept from grazing larkspur-infested rangelands as a simple management tool to reduce the risk of fatal poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W Keele
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Dale R Gardner
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Kevin D Welch
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | | | - T Zane Davis
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | | | - Stephen T Lee
- USDA-ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
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Evaluation of noninvasive specimens to diagnose livestock exposure to toxic larkspur (Delphinium spp.). Toxicon 2019; 161:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Age-dependent intoxication by larkspur (Delphinium) in Angus steers. Toxicon 2018; 152:57-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cook D, Gardner DR, Lee ST, Stonecipher CA, Pfister JA, Welch KD, Green BT. Two Delphinium ramosum chemotypes, their biogeographical distribution and potential toxicity. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Administering multiple doses of a non N-(methylsuccinimido) anthranoyllycoctonine (MSAL)-containing tall larkspur (Delphinium occidentale) to cattle. Toxicon 2017; 128:46-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Welch K, Gardner D, Green B, Stonecipher C, Cook D, Pfister J. Comparison of the serum toxicokinetics of larkspur toxins in cattle, sheep and goats. Toxicon 2016; 119:270-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Seasonal variation in the secondary chemistry of foliar and reproductive tissues of Delphinium nuttallianum. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Welch KD, Green BT, Gardner DR, Cook D, Pfister JA. The effect of administering multiple doses of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) to cattle1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4181-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cook D, Welch KD, Green BT, Gardner DR, Pfister JA, Constantino JR, Stonecipher CA. The relative toxicity of Delphinium stachydeum in mice and cattle. Toxicon 2015; 99:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nectar yeasts in the tall Larkspur Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae) and effects on components of pollinator foraging behavior. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108214. [PMID: 25272164 PMCID: PMC4182703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms frequently colonize the nectar of angiosperm species. Though capable of altering a suite of traits important for pollinator attraction, few studies exist that test the degree to which they mediate pollinator foraging behavior. The objective of our study was to fill this gap by assessing the abundance and diversity of yeasts associated with the perennial larkspur Delphinium barbeyi (Ranunculaceae) and testing whether their presence affected components of pollinator foraging behavior. Yeasts frequently colonized D. barbeyi nectar, populating 54–77% of flowers examined depending on site. Though common, the yeast community was species-poor, represented by a single species, Metschnikowia reukaufii. Female-phase flowers of D. barbeyi were more likely to have higher densities of yeasts in comparison to male-phase flowers. Pollinators were likely vectors of yeasts, as virgin (unvisited) flowers rarely contained yeasts compared to flowers open to pollinator visitation, which were frequently colonized. Finally, pollinators responded positively to the presence of yeasts. Bombus foragers both visited and probed more flowers inoculated with yeasts in comparison to uninoculated controls. Taken together, our results suggest that variation in the occurrence and density of nectar-inhabiting yeasts have the potential to alter components of pollinator foraging behavior linked to pollen transfer and plant fitness.
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Welch KD, Green BT, Panter KE, Gardner DR, Pfister JA, Cook D. If one plant toxin is harmful to livestock, what about two? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7363-7369. [PMID: 24588555 DOI: 10.1021/jf500086u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When livestock are poisoned by plants in a range setting, there is normally more than one poisonous plant in that area. Additionally, many plants contain more than one compound that is toxic to livestock. Frequently, much is known regarding the toxicity of the individual plants and their individual toxins; however, little is known regarding the effect of coexposure to multiple toxic plants or even the effect of multiple toxins from an individual plant. This review discusses some basic principles of mixture toxicology with a focus on recent research that examined the effect of co-administering multiple plant toxins from the same plant and the effect of co-administration of two different poisonous plants, each with different types of toxins. As combined intoxications are likely common, this information will be useful in further developing management recommendations for ranchers and in designing additional experiments to study the toxicity of multiple poisonous plants to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, Utah 84341, United States
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Green BT, Welch KD, Pfister JA, Chitko-McKown CG, Gardner DR, Panter KE. Mitigation of Larkspur Poisoning on Rangelands Through the Selection of Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2111/rangelands-d-13-00031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A toxicokinetic comparison of two species of low larkspur (Delphinium spp.) in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:612-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cook D, Manson JS, Gardner DR, Welch KD, Irwin RE. Norditerpene alkaloid concentrations in tissues and floral rewards of larkspurs and impacts on pollinators. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Green BT, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL, Pfister JA, Cook D, Panter KE. Toxicokinetics of norditerpenoid alkaloids from low larkspur (Delphinium andersonii) orally administered to cattle. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1318-24. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Welch KD, Green BT, Gardner DR, Cook D, Pfister JA, Panter KE. The effect of 7, 8-methylenedioxylycoctonine-type diterpenoid alkaloids on the toxicity of tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) in cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2394-401. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. D. Welch
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - B. T. Green
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - D. R. Gardner
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - D. Cook
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - J. A. Pfister
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
| | - K. E. Panter
- USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341
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