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Henriksson A, Hamersky J, Kuo K, Gerken K, Moon R. Estimation of percent body surface area in cats with use of computed tomography. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:743-747. [PMID: 36156372 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a baseline reference and create a user-friendly chart for normal body surface area (BSA) in the adult domestic cat similar to the "Rule of Nines" chart. DESIGN Prospective cadaveric study. SETTING University Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS Seven adult domestic short-haired feline cadavers of normal body condition (4-6/9) and body weight. INTERVENTION Individual whole-body computed tomography (CT) scan was performed on all cats. Images were analyzed with 3-dimensional technology to measure the BSA. A chart was created, illustrating the individual surface area of each body part. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Obtained measurements of the cats are different from surface areas of people and dogs. Percentage of total BSA for cats was as follows: head 13%, neck 5%, thorax 20%, abdomen 15%, pelvis and tail 9%, front legs 7% each, and pelvic legs 12% each. CONCLUSION The distribution of BSA between body parts is different in cats compared to dogs and people. A species-specific chart was created to assure a more accurate estimation of BSA in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Henriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jack Hamersky
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kendon Kuo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine Gerken
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachel Moon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Docosahexaenoic Acid and Melatonin Prevent Impaired Oligodendrogenesis Induced by Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051205. [PMID: 35625940 PMCID: PMC9138514 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, our aims were to characterize oligodendrogenesis alterations in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to find therapeutic strategies to prevent/treat them using a novel rabbit in vitro neurosphere culture. IUGR was surgically induced in one uterine horn of pregnant rabbits, while the contralateral horn served as a control. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were obtained from pup’s whole brain and cultured as neurospheres mimicking the basic processes of brain development including migration and cell differentiation. Five substances, chosen based on evidence provided in the literature, were screened in vitro in neurospheres from untreated rabbits: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), melatonin (MEL), zinc, 3,3′,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and lactoferrin (LF) or its metabolite sialic acid (SA). DHA, MEL and LF were further selected for in vivo administration and subsequent evaluation in the Neurosphere Assay. In the IUGR culture, we observed a significantly reduced percentage of oligodendrocytes (OLs) which correlated with clinical findings indicating white matter injury in IUGR infants. We identified DHA and MEL as the most effective therapies. In all cases, our in vitro rabbit neurosphere assay predicted the outcome of the in vivo administration of the therapies and confirmed the reliability of the model, making it a powerful and consistent tool to select new neuroprotective therapies.
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Henriksson A, Kuo K, Gerken K, Cline K, Hespel AM, Cole R, Moon R. Body mapping chart for estimation of percentage of body surface area in mesocephalic dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 32:350-355. [PMID: 34951108 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create a chart for estimating body surface area (BSA) for use in canine burn victims, similar to the human Rule of Nines. DESIGN Prospective study, from 2016 to 2017. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Nine adult, medium-sized, mesocephalic dogs (5 females, 4 males). INTERVENTIONS Sedated dogs and fresh cadavers underwent full-body computed tomography (CT) scans. A 3-dimensional technique was used to calculate the surface area of specific body parts, as well as the surface area of the whole body. With the obtained measurements, a BSA chart was created. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Estimates for percent of total BSA obtained with CT images were as follows: head and abdomen 14%, respectively, neck and each of the thoracic limbs 9%, thorax 18%, pelvic limbs 11% each, and pelvis including the tail 5%. The most considerable differences between dogs and people in respect to the Rule of Nines chart were noticed in the head, the pelvic limbs, as well as in the groin region in people as compared with the pelvic/tail area in dogs. The surface areas of the front legs and thorax were the only body parts that corresponded with that of human body surfaces. CONCLUSIONS A chart for estimating canine body surface was created. Given the diversity of dog breeds, sizes, and body conformation, our results cannot be generalized to all dogs. Studies of more diverse populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Henriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kendon Kuo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine Gerken
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kelsey Cline
- VCA Advanced Veterinary Care Center, Fishers, Indiana, USA
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachel Moon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Hall RN, King T, O’Connor TW, Read AJ, Vrankovic S, Piper M, Strive T. Passive Immunisation against RHDV2 Induces Protection against Disease but Not Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101197. [PMID: 34696305 PMCID: PMC8537872 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a lagovirus in the family Caliciviridae. The closely related Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV, termed RHDV1 throughout this manuscript for clarity) has been used extensively as a biocontrol agent in Australia since the mid-1990s to manage wild rabbit populations, a major economic and environmental pest species. Releasing RHDV1 into populations with a high proportion of rabbits less than 8–10 weeks of age leads to non-lethal infection in many of these young animals, with subsequent seroconversion and long-term immunity against reinfection. In contrast, RHDV2 causes lethal disease even in young rabbits, potentially offering substantial benefits for rabbit management programs over RHDV1. However, it is not clear how acquired resistance from maternal antibodies may influence immunity after RHDV2 infection. In this study, we assessed serological responses after RHDV2 challenge in young rabbits of three different ages (5-, 7-, or 9-weeks-old) that were passively immunised with either high- (titre of 2560 by RHDV IgG ELISA; 2.41 mg/mL total protein) or low- (titre of 160–640 by RHDV IgG ELISA; 1.41 mg/mL total protein) dose RHDV2 IgG to simulate maternal antibodies. All rabbits treated with a high dose and 75% of those treated with a low dose of RHDV2 IgG survived virus challenge. Surviving animals developed robust lagovirus-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG responses within 10 days post infection. These findings demonstrate that the protection against RHDV2 conferred by passive immunisation is not sterilising. Correspondingly, this suggests that the presence of maternal antibodies in wild rabbit populations may impede the effectiveness of RHDV2 as a biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn N. Hall
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; (T.K.); (T.S.)
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6246-4245
| | - Tegan King
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; (T.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Tiffany W. O’Connor
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia (A.J.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Andrew J. Read
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia (A.J.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Sylvia Vrankovic
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia (A.J.R.); (S.V.)
| | - Melissa Piper
- Agriculture & Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Tanja Strive
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; (T.K.); (T.S.)
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
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Keeney CMH, Nelson NC, Harrison TM. Use of computed tomography to determine a species-specific formula for body surface area in bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps). Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:629-633. [PMID: 34296937 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.8.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use CT-derived measurements to calculate a shape constant (K constant) and create a formula to calculate body surface area (BSA) on the basis of body weight in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). ANIMALS 12 adult client-owned bearded dragons that underwent CT between December 4, 2019, and April 2, 2020. PROCEDURES Each bearded dragon in this prospective cohort study underwent physical examination, body weight measurement, and CT. A 3-D surface model was then reconstructed from CT data with available software and used for BSA calculations. Animals were considered collectively and grouped by sex and age. Nonlinear regression analysis of BSA versus body weight was performed, and a species-specific formula was derived for calculating BSA in bearded dragons. RESULTS Mean age, body weight, and CT-derived BSA were 2.1 years, 356 g, and 580 cm2. The calculated K constant was 11.6 (R2 = 0.994; SE = 0.275) for the 12 bearded dragons, and the CT-derived BSA formula was as follows: BSA in cm2 = 11.6 × (body weight in g)2/3. The K constant differed substantially for bearded dragons grouped by age (12.1 for younger [between 1 and ≤ 2 years of age; n = 8] vs 10.9 for older [> 2 years of age; 4] animals) but did not differ on the basis of sex. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that because the K constant for bearded dragons in the present study was larger than the preexisting K constant of 10 used for reptiles or the various K constants established for some companion mammals, doses of chemotherapeutic drugs needed to treat affected bearded dragons may be higher than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Hepps Keeney
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Molecular, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Nathan C Nelson
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Tara M Harrison
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Molecular, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
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Marques AEGW, Marques MG, Silveira BCR, Oliveira SP, Ferraz IG, Ventricci ABG, Silva NC, Nagata WB, Floriano BP, Ferreira WL, Santos PSP. Lidocaine administered at a continuous rate infusion does not impair left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy rabbits sedated with midazolam. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100151. [PMID: 33117910 PMCID: PMC7581963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lidocaine is a versatile drug that not only provides local anesthesia, but also reduces anesthetic requirements of other agents and has antiarrhythmic, pro-kinetic, anti-inflammatory, antiendotoxemic and antioxidant effects. As it is a drug commonly used in critically ill patients, its safety from the cardiovascular system should be ensured. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of lidocaine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy rabbits sedated with midazolam by use of transthoracic echocardiography. Ten New Zealand healthy rabbits were sedated with intramuscular midazolam (1 mg/kg) and enrolled in two experimental treatments (control or lidocaine). The control treatment (CT) comprised an intravenous bolus of 0.9% sodium chloride (0.05 mL/kg) followed by CRI at 5 mL/h, whereas the lidocaine treatment (LT) comprised a bolus of 2% lidocaine without epinephrine at 1 mg/kg followed by CRI at 50 µg/kg/minute. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were studied. Variables were recorded at baseline (TB) and 20, 40 and 60 minutes following start of CRI (T20, T40 and T60, respectively). No differences were found between treatments. The results of this study demonstrate that a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine at 50 µg/kg/minute does not impair echocardiographic indices of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy rabbits sedated with midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E G W Marques
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - M G Marques
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UniFio), BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - B C R Silveira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - S P Oliveira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - I G Ferraz
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - A B G Ventricci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UniFio), BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - N C Silva
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - W B Nagata
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - B P Floriano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Integrated Colleges of Ourinhos (UniFio), BR 153, Km 338+420m, 19909-100, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - W L Ferreira
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - P S P Santos
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, 793 Clovis Pestana st., 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Mayer M, Duan X, Sunde P, Topping CJ. European hares do not avoid newly pesticide-sprayed fields: Overspray as unnoticed pathway of pesticide exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136977. [PMID: 32014783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although risk assessments for pesticides involve quantifying exposure routes for animals, little empirical evidence exists on how individuals use areas where pesticides were used. Further, the European Food Safety Authority guidelines for the risk assessment of birds and mammals currently only include direct dietary uptake from exposed plants as important pathway for pesticides, arguing that dermal exposure is generally negligible. Here, we use the European hare (Lepus europaeus) as a model of a farmland specialist to investigate if (1) hares adjust habitat use in response to pesticide spraying, using GPS data, and (2) calculate the pesticide exposure and uptake over different pathways, i.e. foraging uptake versus overspray and subsequent oral grooming, using an agent-based modelling approach. Apart from avoidance of sprayed fields on the spraying day by inactive hares, which was likely caused by the mechanical disturbance rather than the pesticide itself, we found no evidence that hares reduced the use of pesticide-sprayed fields compared to control observations where no pesticides were applied. Our simulation showed that both the proportion of exposed individuals and the pesticide uptake were related to the pathway of exposure (foraging versus overspray/oral grooming), and depended on the age class and the vegetation type. We found that pesticide uptake via overspray/oral grooming might be 7-fold higher compared to foraging and might thus be an important pathway of pesticide exposure in hares. Our findings emphasize that policy makers, specifically the European Food Safety Authority, should incorporate alternative pathways of pesticide exposure for birds and mammals, such as overspray and oral grooming, when conducting environmental risk assessments and take variation in vegetation structure and age-related animal behavior into account, because these factors might affect pesticide exposure. Interactions between pesticide application and vegetation structure may both increase or decrease exposure but can be predicted using a simulation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mayer
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark.
| | - Xiaodong Duan
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Peter Sunde
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
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Itoh T, Kawabe M, Nagase T, Endo K, Miyoshi M, Miyahara K. Measurements of body surface area and volume in male Japanese White rabbits using a computed tomography scanner: comparison with male New Zealand White rabbits. Exp Anim 2019; 68:429-434. [PMID: 31092747 PMCID: PMC6842804 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The body surface area (BSA) of animals has generally been estimated by multiplying the
k value by the measured body weight (BW) raised to the power of 2/3
(Meeh’s formula). In mathematical terms, the assumption that the density and body shape of
animals are essentially constant means that the BSA is proportional to BW2/3.
In this study, we measured the BSA and volume of 50 male Japanese White rabbits (JW) at 10
to 54 weeks of age using a computed tomography scanner, then calculated the
k value, density, and sphericity. The variations in these parameters
were then analyzed in relation to growth. The obtained results indicated that the
k value was negatively correlated to BW, and that this negative
correlation was mainly due to the variation in density. Based on the regression analysis,
we propose the following linear regression equation for calculating the k
value in male JW at 10–54 weeks of age: the k value = 14.602 − 0.959 × BW
[kg]. The calculated values ranged from 10.9 to 12.7 (working BW range: 1.98 to 3.81 kg).
The k value of male New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) determined in our
previous study and that of male JW in the present study were compared. It was revealed
that the k value of male JW was larger than that of male NZW. We
concluded that different breeds of rabbits express different k
values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Itoh
- Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 6-104 Majima, Fukujucho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Mifumi Kawabe
- Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nagase
- Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 6-104 Majima, Fukujucho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Katsumi Endo
- Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 6-104 Majima, Fukujucho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Masafumi Miyoshi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuro Miyahara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Girens R, Bukoski A, Maitz CA, Boston SE, Borgatti A, Sprinkle M, Orrego D, Kesl S, Selting K. Use of computed tomography and radiation therapy planning software to develop a novel formula for body surface area calculation in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:792-799. [PMID: 30835925 PMCID: PMC6430937 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body surface area (BSA) can reflect metabolic rate that might normalize dosing of chemotherapeutics across widely variable weights within a species. The current BSA formula for dogs lacks height, length, and body condition. Hypothesis Computed tomography (CT) imaging will allow inclusion of morphometric variables in allometric modeling of BSA in dogs resulting in an improved formula for BSA estimation. Animals Forty‐eight dogs from 4 institutions with whole‐body CT images. Methods Retrospective and prospective case series. Body surface area was contoured using whole‐body CT scans and radiation therapy planning software. Body length and height were determined from CT images and also in 9 dogs by physical measurement. Nonlinear regression was used to model the BSA data sets using allometric equations. Goodness‐of‐fit criteria included average relative deviation, mean standard error, Akaike information criterion, and r2 (derived from the r‐value generated by regression models). Results Contoured BSA differed from the current formula by −9% to +19%. Nonlinear regression on untransformed data yielded BSA = 0.0134 × body weight [kg]∧0.4746 × length (cm)∧0.6393 as the best‐fit model. Heteroscedasticity (increasing morphometric variability with increasing BSA) was an important finding. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Computed tomography‐derived BSA was used to incorporate body length into a novel BSA formula. This formula can be applied prospectively to determine whether it correlates with adverse events attributed to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Girens
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alex Bukoski
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Charles A Maitz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah E Boston
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Megan Sprinkle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | - Kim Selting
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Itoh T, Kawabe M, Nagase T, Koike T, Miyoshi M, Miyahara K. Measurements of body surface area and volume in laboratory rabbits (New Zealand White rabbits) using a computed tomography scanner. Exp Anim 2018; 67:527-534. [PMID: 29998917 PMCID: PMC6219877 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The body surface area (BSA) of an organism is one of the important parameters for
evaluating physiological functions. In drug development, normalization by BSA is an
appropriate method for extrapolating doses between species. The BSA of animals has
generally been estimated by multiplying the k value by 2/3 of the power
of the body weight (BW) (Meeh’s formula). In mathematics, if it is assumed that the
density and body shape of the animals are essentially constant, the BSA is proportional to
BW2/3. In this study, we measured the BSA and volume (V) of
72 laboratory rabbits (48 males and 24 females of New Zealand White rabbits [NZW]), using
a computed tomography scanner. After BSA and V determination, the
k value, density, and sphericity were calculated. We analyzed
variations in the k value, density, and body shape of laboratory rabbits.
The mean k value of the 72 NZW was 11.0. We advocate using Meeh’s
formula, as follows, for estimating BSA of laboratory rabbits (NZW): 100 × BSA
[m2] = 11.0 × BW [kg]2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Itoh
- Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 6-104 Majima, Fukujucho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Mifumi Kawabe
- Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nagase
- Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 6-104 Majima, Fukujucho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Koike
- Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 6-104 Majima, Fukujucho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Masafumi Miyoshi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuro Miyahara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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11
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Ramos SR, Pieles G, Hui W, Ishii R, Slorach C, Friedberg MK. Comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of biventricular function in the rabbit, animal model in cardiovascular research: feasibility and normal values. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 34:367-375. [PMID: 28840383 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of cardiac structure and function is central in cardiovascular research. Rabbits are valuable research models of cardiovascular human disease; however, there is little normal data available. The aim of this study was to investigate feasibility and provide normal values for comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of biventricular function in rabbits. New Zealand white rabbits underwent trans-thoracic echocardiography using a general electric (GE) Vivid 7/E9 system with a 10 MHz transducer, under light sedation, to evaluate biventricular function and dimensions. Images for two-dimensional, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle-tracking strain echocardiography were acquired and analysed. 55 male rabbits (sized matched with a newborn human baby) were studied, mean weight was 2.9 ± 0.23 kg. Adequate images were obtained in 90% for the left ventricle (LV) and 80% for the right ventricle (RV). Two-dimensional speckle-tracking strain was feasible in 60%. Average heart rate was 248 ± 36 beats per minute; LV ejection faction 72 ± 8.0; RV fractional area change 45.9 ± 9.0%; RV myocardial performance index 0.39 ± 0.35; tricuspid annular planar systolic excursion 0.60 ± 0.24 cm. LV TDI parameters were S' 8.6 ± 3.1 cm/s; E' 12.0 ± 4.46 cm/s. RV TDI parameters were S' 10.49 ± 3.18; E' 14.95 ± 4.64 cm/s. LV and RV global peak systolic longitudinal strain were -17 ± 5 and -22 ± 8%, respectively. Comprehensive investigation of biventricular dimensions and function by echocardiography is feasible in the rabbit. Apical views and strain imaging have lower feasibility. Normal values of LV and RV functional parameters are with comparable values to human children. Animal cardiovascular research is key to develop new goals in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roldan Ramos
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery and Paediatric Cardiology, Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK.
| | - Guido Pieles
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery and Paediatric Cardiology, Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK
| | - Wei Hui
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ryo Ishii
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cameron Slorach
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mark K Friedberg
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Tearney CC, Barter LS, Pypendop BH. Cardiovascular effects of equipotent doses of isoflurane alone and isoflurane plus fentanyl in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:591-8. [PMID: 26111088 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.7.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of equipotent concentrations of fentanyl and isoflurane, compared with isoflurane alone, on cardiovascular variables in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). ANIMALS 6 adult female New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane, and lungs were mechanically ventilated. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane alone (baseline) and with fentanyl administered IV to achieve 3 targeted plasma concentrations was determined for each rabbit by means of an electrical stimulus. Cardiovascular variables were measured in a separate experiment at 1.3X isoflurane MAC and equipotent doses of isoflurane plus fentanyl at the same 3 targeted plasma concentrations. Blood samples were collected for measurement of blood gas variables and plasma fentanyl concentrations. Treatment effects were evaluated by repeated-measures ANOVA followed by 2-tailed paired t tests with sequentially rejective Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Mean ± SD MAC of isoflurane was 1.95 ± 0.27%. Mean measured plasma fentanyl concentrations of 4.97, 8.93, and 17.19 ng/mL reduced isoflurane MAC by 17%, 37%, and 56%, respectively. Mean measured plasma fentanyl concentrations during cardiovascular measurements were 5.49, 10.26, and 18.40 ng/mL. Compared with baseline measurements, heart rate was significantly lower at all 3 plasma fentanyl concentrations, mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly higher at mean fentanyl concentrations of 10.26 and 18.40 ng/mL, and cardiac output was significantly higher at 18.40 ng of fentanyl/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of fentanyl in isoflurane-anesthetized rabbits resulted in improved mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, compared with isoflurane alone. This balanced anesthesia technique may prove useful in the management of clinical cases in this species.
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Jones KL, Granger LA, Kearney MT, da Cunha AF, Cutler DC, Shapiro ME, Tully TN, Shiomitsu K. Evaluation of a ferret-specific formula for determining body surface area to improve chemotherapeutic dosing. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:142-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gosliga JM, Barter LS. Cardiovascular effects of dopamine hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:116-21. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barter LS, Epstein SE. Cardiopulmonary effects of three concentrations of isoflurane with or without mechanical ventilation and supramaximal noxious stimulation in New Zealand white rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1274-80. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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