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Jang HJ, Kim JA, Kim Y. Characterization of feline-originated probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus CACC612 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CACC789 and and evaluation of their host response. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:128. [PMID: 38561808 PMCID: PMC10983674 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are beneficial for animal health and new potential probiotics need to be characterized for their prospective use in improving animal health. In this study, 32 bacterial strains were isolated from a Norwegian forest cat (castrated, 12 years old) and a Persian cat (castrated, 10 years old), which were privately owned and had indoor access. RESULTS Lactobacillus rhamnosus CACC612 (CACC612) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CACC789 (CACC789) were selected as potential probiotics; characterization of the two strains showed equivalent acid tolerance, similar cell adhesion rates on the HT-29 monolayer cell line, and superior bile tolerance compared to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Subsequently, they exhibited inhibitory effects against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli (KCTC 2617), Salmonella Derby (NCCP 12,238), Salmonella Enteritidis (NCCP 14,546), Salmonella Typhimurium (NCCP 10,328), Clostridium difficile JCM 1296T. From evaluating host effects, the viability of the feline macrophage cell line (Fcwf-4) increased with the treatment of CACC612 or CACC789 (P < 0.05). The induced expression of immune-related genes such as IFN-γ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, and TNF-α by immune stimulation was significantly attenuated by the treatment of CACC612 or CACC789 (P < 0.05). When 52 clinical factors of sera from 21 healthy cats were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the animals were obviously clustered before and after feeding with CACC612 or CACC789. In addition, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) significantly increased after CACC612 feeding (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, feline-originated probiotics were newly characterized and their potentially probiotic effects were evaluated. These results contribute to our understanding of the functional effects of feline-derived probiotics and support their industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Yangseon Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Center for Industrialization of Agricultural and Livestock Microorganisms, Jeongeup-si, South Korea.
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Belà B, Di Simone D, Pignataro G, Fusaro I, Gramenzi A. Effects of L. reuteri NBF 2 DSM 32264 Consumption on the Body Weight, Body Condition Score, Fecal Parameters, and Intestinal Microbiota of Healthy Persian Cats. Vet Sci 2024; 11:61. [PMID: 38393079 PMCID: PMC10893002 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the literature, there are several studies showing the effects of different probiotic administrations in dogs, while there is limited information about their effects in cats. Furthermore, there are no studies that examined the effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri on cats' welfare, especially considering a specific breed. In this study, the effects of L. reuteri NBF 2 DSM 32264 on body weight, body condition score (BCS), and fecal parameters (fecal score and fecal moisture) of healthy Persian cats were assessed; additionally, a microbiological analysis was carried out to quantify bacterial species like Escherichia coli (for the total coliform count) and Lactobacilli. The administration of L. reuteri NBF 2 DSM 32264 showed no alteration in the body weight and body condition score of Persian cats. The fecal moisture decreased at the end of the study and the values of fecal score were improved. Moreover, at the end of the study period, an increase in Lactobacilli (p > 0.001) was observed. The data collected report the ability of L. reuteri NBF 2 DSM 32264 to improve fecal quality parameters in healthy adult Persian cats, leading to an increase in Lactobacilli and a reduction in total coliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Belà
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Daniele Di Simone
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica 53, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giulia Pignataro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Isa Fusaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Gramenzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.P.); (I.F.); (A.G.)
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3
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Lee AH, Jha AR, Do S, Scarsella E, Shmalberg J, Schauwecker A, Steelman AJ, Honaker RW, Swanson KS. Dietary enrichment of resistant starches or fibers differentially alter the feline fecal microbiome and metabolite profile. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:61. [PMID: 36471455 PMCID: PMC9720964 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats are strict carnivores but possess a complex gastrointestinal (GI) microbial community that actively ferments dietary substrates that are not digested and reach the colon. The GI microbiota responses to dietary inclusion of resistant starches versus fibers have not been tested in cats. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of diets enriched in resistant starch or fibers on the fecal characteristics, microbiome, and metabolite profiles of cats. Twelve healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (age = 9.6 ± 4.0 year; body weight = 3.9 ± 1.0 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to test diets that were enriched with: (1) resistant starch (ERS), (2) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend (FPPB), or (3) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend + immune-modulating ingredients (iFPPB). In each 28-day period, 22 days of diet adaptation was followed by fecal and blood sample collection. Fecal samples were used for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. In addition, fecal and blood metabolite measurements and white blood cell stimulation was performed to assess immune function. RESULTS A total of 1690 bacterial species were identified, with 259 species differing between fiber-rich and ERS treatments. In comparison with fiber-rich treatments that increased diversity and promoted Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations, resistant starch reduced microbial diversity and fecal pH, led to a bloom in Actinobacteria, and modified Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology (KO) terms pertaining to starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, epithelial cell signaling, among others. Resistant starch also differentially modified fecal metabolite concentrations with relevance to GI and overall host health (increased butyrate; decreased propionate and protein catabolites - branched-chain fatty acids; phenols and indoles; ammonia) and reduced blood cholesterol, which correlated strongly with microbial taxa and KO terms, and allowed for a high predictive efficiency of diet groups by random forest analysis. CONCLUSION Even though domestic cats and other carnivores evolved by eating low-carbohydrate diets rich in protein and fat, our results demonstrate that the feline microbiome and metabolite profiles are highly responsive to dietary change and in directions that are predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H. Lee
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Aashish R. Jha
- grid.440573.10000 0004 1755 5934Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE ,NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, CA 94607 USA
| | - Sungho Do
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Elisa Scarsella
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, CA 94607 USA ,grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Amy Schauwecker
- PetSmart Proprietary Brand Product Development, Phoenix, AZ 85080 USA
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | | | - Kelly S. Swanson
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ,162 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive, M/C 630, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Gookin JL, Strong SJ, Bruno-Bárcena JM, Stauffer SH, Williams S, Wassack E, Azcarate-Peril MA, Estrada M, Seguin A, Balzer J, Davidson G. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of feline-origin Enterococcus hirae probiotic effects on preventative health and fecal microbiota composition of fostered shelter kittens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923792. [PMID: 36467638 PMCID: PMC9714445 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrhea is the second most common cause of mortality in shelter kittens. Studies examining prevention strategies in this population are lacking. Probiotics are of particular interest but studies in cats are largely limited to healthy adults or those with induced disease. Only one study in domestic cats describes the use of host-derived bacteria as a probiotic. We previously identified Enterococcus hirae as a dominant species colonizing the small intestinal mucosa in healthy shelter kittens. Oral administration of a probiotic formulation of kitten-origin E. hirae (strain 1002-2) mitigated the increase in intestinal permeability and fecal water loss resulting from experimental enteropathogenic E. coli infection in purpose-bred kittens. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that administration of kitten-origin E. hirae to weaned fostered shelter kittens could provide a measurable preventative health benefit. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial to determine the impact of a freeze-dried E. hirae probiotic on body weight gain, incidence of diarrhea, carriage of potential diarrheal pathogens, and composition of the intestinal microbiota in weaned fostered shelter kittens. RESULTS One-hundred thirty kittens completed the study. Fifty-eight kittens received the probiotic and 72 received the placebo. There were no significant differences in age, weight upon initiation of the study, number of days in the study, average daily gain in body weight, or weight at completion of the study. Kittens treated with E. hirae were 3.4 times less likely to develop diarrhea compared to kittens treated with placebo (odds ratio = 0.294, 95% CI 0.109-0.792, p = 0.022). A significant impact of E. hirae was not observed on the presence or abundance of 30 different bacterial, viral, protozoal, fungal, algal, and parasitic agents in feces examined by qPCR. With exception to a decrease in Megamonas, administration of the E. hirae probiotic did not alter the predominant bacterial phyla present in feces based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. DISCUSSION Decreased incidence of diarrhea associated with preventative administration of E. hirae to foster kittens supports a rationale for use of E. hirae for disease prevention in this young population at high risk for intestinal disease though additional studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sandra J Strong
- Department of Environmental Services, Wake County Animal Center, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Orange County Animal Services, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - José M Bruno-Bárcena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Stephen H Stauffer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Shelby Williams
- Veterinary Hospital Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- University of Wisconsin Veterinary Care, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erica Wassack
- Veterinary Hospital Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and UNC Microbiome Core, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Marko Estrada
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Joerg Balzer
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Gigi Davidson
- Veterinary Hospital Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Wu L, Liu X, Hu R, Chen Y, Xiao M, Liu B, Zeng F. Prebiotic Agrocybe cylindracea crude polysaccharides combined with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG postpone aging-related oxidative stress in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:1218-1231. [PMID: 35019929 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-aging mechanisms of Agrocybe cylindracea crude polysaccharides (APS), when used synergistically with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (APS + LGG) in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model. In the Morris water maze test, APS + LGG showed a significantly higher memory and learning capacity compared to untreated, APS only treated and LGG treated mice. This was thought to be mediated by increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which decreased escape latency. In addition to this, in the aging mouse model, APS + LGG co-treatment markedly alleviated liver oxidation and metabolism by enhancing the antioxidant activity of enzymes; this decreased the lipid metabolism and peroxidation levels. Furthermore, high throughput sequencing analysis revealed that an APS + LGG supplemented feed increased the relative abundance of positive bacteria in the gut microbiota such as Alloprevotella and Parvibacter. Importantly, Alloprevotella and Parvibacter showed a negative relationship with low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the Spearman correlation analysis. These results illustrate that APS, in combination with LGG, postponed aging related oxidative stress when used as a prebiotic. The proposed mechanism for this is the reduction in liver oxidation and lipid metabolism, as well as the regulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiu Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rongkang Hu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Meifang Xiao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China. .,National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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de Oliveira Matheus LF, Risolia LW, Ernandes MC, de Souza JM, Oba PM, Vendramini THA, Pedrinelli V, Henríquez LBF, de Oliveira Massoco C, Pontieri CFF, Brunetto MA. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall addition on feed digestibility, fecal fermentation and microbiota and immunological parameters in adult cats. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:351. [PMID: 34784923 PMCID: PMC8596940 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing dosages of a commercial product composed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (YAM), with active metabolites, which are beta glucans, nucleotides, organic acids, polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins and minerals (Original XPCtm, Diamond V, IOWA, USA) added to a commercially available dry cat food. Apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients, fecal microbiota, fecal fermentation products and immunological parameters were evaluated. Twenty-seven healthy cats of mixed sexes, with a mean body weight of 4.19 ± 0.83 kg and a mean age of 9.44 ± 5.35 years were distributed by age in an unbalanced randomized block design, consisting of three experimental treatments: CD (control diet), YAM 0.3 (control diet with 0.3% yeast with active metabolites) and YAM 0.6 (control diet with 0.6% yeast with active metabolites). Results The inclusion of the additive elevated the apparent digestibility of crude fiber (p = 0.013) and ash (p < 0.001) without interfering feed consumption, fecal production and fecal characteristics. Regarding fermentation products present in the feces, prebiotic inclusion increased lactic acid concentration (p = 0.004) while reducing isovaleric acid (p = 0.014), only in the treatment YAM 0.3. No differences were noticed on biogenic amines (BA), fecal pH, ammonia concentration, total and individuals short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and total and individuals branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) (except isovaleric acid in YAM 0.3). As regards to fecal microbiota, prebiotic inclusion has resulted in the reduction of Clostridium perfringens (p = 0.023). No differences were found in the immunological parameters evaluated. Conclusion It can be concluded that the additive, at the levels of inclusion assessed shows prebiotic potential and it has effects on fecal fermentation products and microbiota without interfering on crude protein and dry matter digestibility. More studies evaluating grater inclusion levels of the prebiotic are necessary to determine optimal concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantucci de Oliveira Matheus
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Larissa Wunsche Risolia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Mariane Ceschin Ernandes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Johnny Maciel de Souza
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Massae Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 120, 7 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ben Fiuza Henríquez
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Oliveira Massoco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil.
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Abstract
Probiotics/or synbiotics products for small animals do not fulfill the criteria required to qualify as a probiotic. Studies explaining modes of action are lacking. Outcome measures are inconsistent, with some trials assessing only nonspecific routine diagnostic parameters or fecal scores. Preliminary evidence shows that specific preparations are beneficial in parvovirus infections and acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in dogs and in Tritrichomonas fetus infection in cats. In dogs, inflammatory bowel disease specific probiotics can decrease clinical severity. More studies focusing on functional outcomes in dogs and cats with well-defined diseases to allow evidence-based clinical use of probiotics and synbiotics are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Salavati Schmitz
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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8
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Jha AR, Shmalberg J, Tanprasertsuk J, Perry L, Massey D, Honaker RW. Characterization of gut microbiomes of household pets in the United States using a direct-to-consumer approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227289. [PMID: 32078625 PMCID: PMC7032713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiomes as important regulators of mammalian health is increasingly recognized, although feline and canine gut microbiomes remain poorly characterized. In this proof-of-concept study, we assessed the utility of a direct-to-consumer approach to executing pet microbiome studies. We characterized the gut microbiomes of 238 pets (46 cats and 192 dogs) by generating ~11 million merged reads that were mapped to the V4 region of 16S ribosomal RNA gene at a sequencing depth of 45,806 (±22,325) reads per sample. Analyses of these reads revealed that both feline and canine gut microbiomes are dominated by three major phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides and that alpha diversity is higher in the feline gut. In addition to interspecies differences between the feline and canine gut, we also detected appreciable intraspecies bacterial variation within the canine population. While the dogs in this dataset could be assigned to three distinct clusters based on their gut microbiome, no clustering was observed within the feline population. Integration of additional data obtained from survey questionnaires revealed that geography and body weight may be associated with canine gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, we found that both the inter and intraspecies differences are more pronounced at finer taxonomic levels, indicating that strain-level investigations may be necessary in the future. This study demonstrates that the direct-to-consumer approach overcomes existing limitations in pet microbiome research, for example, it allows collection of large numbers of pet samples. The direct-to-consumer approach has proven successful in human genomics as well as human microbiomics and this study demonstrates that by building partnerships with an engaged general public this approach can also propel the field of pet microbiomics forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish R. Jha
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jirayu Tanprasertsuk
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - LeeAnn Perry
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - Dan Massey
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
| | - Ryan W. Honaker
- Research & Development Division, NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, California, United State of America
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Whittemore JC, Stokes JE, Laia NL, Price JM, Suchodolski JS. Short and long-term effects of a synbiotic on clinical signs, the fecal microbiome, and metabolomic profiles in healthy research cats receiving clindamycin: a randomized, controlled trial. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5130. [PMID: 30038854 PMCID: PMC6054061 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS) occur commonly in cats. Co-administration of synbiotics is associated with decreased AAGS in people, potentially due to stabilization of the fecal microbiome and metabolome. The purpose of this double-blinded randomized-controlled trial was to compare AAGS and the fecal microbiome and metabolome between healthy cats that received clindamycin with a placebo or synbiotic. Methods 16 healthy domestic shorthair cats from a research colony were randomized to receive 150 mg clindamycin with either a placebo (eight cats) or commercially-available synbiotic (eight cats) once daily for 21 days with reevaluation 603 days thereafter. All cats ate the same diet. Food consumption, vomiting, and fecal score were recorded. Fecal samples were collected daily on the last three days of baseline (days 5–7), treatment (26–28), and recovery (631–633). Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry was performed. Clinical signs, alpha and beta diversity metrics, dysbiosis indices, proportions of bacteria groups, and metabolite profiles were compared between treatment groups using repeated measures ANOVAs. Fecal metabolite pathway analysis was performed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The Benjamini & Hochberg’s False Discovery Rate was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. Results Median age was six and five years, respectively, for cats in the placebo and synbiotic groups. Hyporexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or some combination therein were induced in all cats. Though vomiting was less in cats receiving a synbiotic, the difference was not statistically significant. Bacterial diversity decreased significantly on days 26–28 in both treatment groups. Decreases in Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Slackia), Bacteriodetes (Bacteroides), Lachnospiraceae (Blautia, Coprococcus, Roseburia), Ruminococcaceae (Faecilobacterium, Ruminococcus), and Erysipelotrichaceae (Bulleidia, [Eubacterium]) and increases in Clostridiaceae (Clostridium) and Proteobacteria (Aeromonadales, Enterobacteriaceae) occurred in both treatment groups, with incomplete normalization by days 631–633. Derangements in short-chain fatty acid, bile acid, indole, sphingolipid, benzoic acid, cinnaminic acid, and polyamine profiles also occurred, some of which persisted through the terminal sampling timepoint and differed between treatment groups. Discussion Cats administered clindamycin commonly develop AAGS, as well as short- and long-term dysbiosis and alterations in fecal metabolites. Despite a lack of differences in clinical signs between treatment groups, significant differences in their fecal metabolomic profiles were identified. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk of future AAGS or metabolic diseases in cats and whether synbiotic administration ameliorates this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Whittemore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E Stokes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nicole L Laia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Price
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- The Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Santos JPF, Aquino AA, Glória MBA, Avila-Campos MJ, Oba PM, Santos KDM, Vendramini THA, Carciofi AC, Junior AR, Brunetto MA. Effects of dietary yeast cell wall on faecal bacteria and fermentation products in adult cats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1091-1101. [PMID: 29761557 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations of spray-dried yeast cell wall (YCW) in diets for healthy adult cats on apparent nutrient digestibility and on bacterial composition and fermentation products in the stool. Fourteen cats with an average weight of 4.40 ± 1.05 kg and an average age of 6.2 ± 0.54 years were used and assigned to treatments in an unbalanced randomized block design (by experimental period) with two blocks and three or four cats per diet in each block. Treatments included: control (0% YCW), 0.2% YCW, 0.4% YCW and 0.6% YCW, totalling seven animals per experimental diet. We found that YCW did not affect body weight, nutrient and food intake, faecal production, faecal score, faecal pH or urine output (p > .05). Regarding faecal bacteria, we observed a linear reduction in Clostridium perfringens, a quadratic reduction in Escherichia coli, and linear increases in Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. (p < .05) with the inclusion of YCW. Regarding the faecal short-chain fatty acid profile, butyrate, valerate, total biogenic amines, putrescine, cadaverine and histamine increased linearly (p < .05) with the inclusion of YCW. It was concluded that in healthy adult cats, consumption of YCW modulates the faecal bacterial populations, with an increased presence of beneficial bacteria and a reduction in some potentially pathogenic bacteria. It was concluded that YCW modulated the levels of fermentation products. There was an increase in fermentation products coming from carbohydrate metabolism, an important effect that can potentially benefit the intestinal health of cats. The consumption of YCW also increased the fermentation of nitrogen compounds, which have not yet been defined as deleterious or beneficial. The fermentability of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds may be associated. Therefore, YCW may cause rapid fermentation of both classes of compounds by enhancing the fermentability of one class.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P F Santos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - A A Aquino
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B A Glória
- College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M J Avila-Campos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P M Oba
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - K de M Santos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - T H A Vendramini
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - A C Carciofi
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - A R Junior
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Brunetto
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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11
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Lim JM, Choi JH, Choi JW, Yun JW, Park TJ, Park JP. Cloning, Expression, and Production of Xylo-Oligosaccharides by Using a Newly Screened Xylanase Isolated from Bovine Rumen. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1347-1357. [PMID: 29027104 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, 290 Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Choi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Choi
- Department of Bioindustry, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - T J Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Halal Industrialization Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - J P Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, 290 Yugok-dong, Gyeongsan, 38610, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Redfern A, Suchodolski J, Jergens A. Role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in small animal health and disease. Vet Rec 2017; 181:370. [PMID: 28916525 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a large and emerging interest in the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in health and disease. This paper serves to review the current knowledge and recommendations of the gastrointestinal microbiota in health and gastrointestinal disease. Further, this review evaluates the current literature and suggests guidelines for faecal microbial transplantation, a novel therapy for dysbiosis in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Redfern
- Department of Internal Medicine, BluePearl Veterinary Partners, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jan Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Albert Jergens
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
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13
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Stokes JE, Price JM, Whittemore JC. Randomized, Controlled, Crossover trial of Prevention of Clindamycin-Induced Gastrointestinal Signs Using a Synbiotic in Healthy Research Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1406-1413. [PMID: 28755457 PMCID: PMC5598878 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synbiotics often are prescribed to limit antibiotic‐associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS) in cats, but data to support this recommendation are lacking. Objective To determine whether synbiotic co‐administration mitigates AAGS in healthy research cats treated with clindamycin. Animals 16 healthy research cats. Methods A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, 2‐way, 2‐period, crossover study with a 6‐week washout was performed. Each study period consisted of a 1‐week baseline and a 3‐week treatment period. Cats received 75 mg clindamycin with food once daily for 3 weeks, followed 1 hour later by either 2 capsules of a synbiotic or placebo. Food consumption, vomiting, fecal score, and completion of treatment were compared using repeated measures split plot or crossover designs with covariates, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Results Cats that received the synbiotic were more likely to complete treatment in period 1 (100% vs. 50%, P = 0.04). Cats vomited less when receiving the synbiotic but this was not significant, but there were significant period effects (F‐value = 11.4, P < 0.01). Cats had higher food intake while receiving the synbiotic (F‐value = 31.1, P < 0.01) despite period effects (F‐value = 8.6, P < 0.01). There was no significant effect of treatment on fecal scores, which significantly increased over time (F‐value = 17.9, P < 0.01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Administration of a synbiotic 1 hour after clindamycin administration decreased hyporexia and vomiting in healthy cats. Additionally, significant period effects suggest that clinical benefits of synbiotic administration persist for at least 6 weeks after discontinuation, decreasing the severity of AAGS in cats that subsequently received clindamycin with placebo. Unlike in people, synbiotic administration did not decrease antibiotic‐associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Stokes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - J M Price
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - J C Whittemore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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14
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Krentz T, Allen S. Bacterial translocation in critical illness. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:191-198. [PMID: 28186322 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation involves the passage of intestinal bacteria to extraintestinal sites and has been shown to increase morbidity and mortality in critical illness. This review outlines the pathophysiology of bacterial translocation, host defence mechanisms, and reviews the evidence for the clinical management of critically ill patients in order to minimise the negative outcomes associated with bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krentz
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
| | - S Allen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA, 01801, USA
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15
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de Godoy MR, Hervera M, Swanson KS, Fahey GC. Innovations in Canine and Feline Nutrition: Technologies for Food and Nutrition Assessment. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 4:311-33. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pet owners have increasing concerns about the nutrition of their pets, and they desire foods and treats that are safe, traceable, and of high nutritive value. To meet these high expectations, detailed chemical composition characterization of ingredients well beyond that provided by proximate analysis will be required, as will information about host physiology and metabolism. Use of faster and more precise analytical methodology and novel technologies that have the potential to improve pet food safety and quality will be implemented. In vitro and in vivo assays will continue to be used as screening tools to evaluate nutrient quality and adequacy in novel ingredients prior to their use in animal diets. The use of molecular and high-throughput technologies allows implementation of noninvasive studies in dogs and cats to investigate the impact of dietary interventions by using systems biology approaches. These approaches may further improve the health and longevity of pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R.C. de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| | | | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;, ,
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16
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The Role of the Microbiota in Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease. AUGUST'S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE, VOLUME 7 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152113 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Deusch O, O’Flynn C, Colyer A, Swanson KS, Allaway D, Morris P. A Longitudinal Study of the Feline Faecal Microbiome Identifies Changes into Early Adulthood Irrespective of Sexual Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144881. [PMID: 26659594 PMCID: PMC4682054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion animals provide an excellent model for studies of the gut microbiome because potential confounders such as diet and environment can be more readily controlled for than in humans. Additionally, domestic cats and dogs are typically neutered early in life, enabling an investigation into the potential effect of sex hormones on the microbiome. In a longitudinal study to investigate the potential effects of neutering, neutering age and gender on the gut microbiome during growth, the faeces of kittens (16 male, 14 female) were sampled at 18, 30 and 42 weeks of age. DNA was shotgun sequenced on the Illumina platform and sequence reads were annotated for taxonomy and function by comparison to a database of protein coding genes. In a statistical analysis of diversity, taxonomy and functional potential of the microbiomes, age was identified as the only factor with significant associations. No significant effects were detected for gender, neutering, or age when neutered (19 or 31 weeks). At 18 weeks of age the microbiome was dominated by the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (35% and 20% average abundance). Structural and functional diversity was significantly increased by week 30 but there was no further significant increase. At 42 weeks of age the most abundant genera were Bacteroides (16%), Prevotella (14%) and Megasphaera (8%). Significant differences in functional potential included an enrichment for genes in energy metabolism (carbon metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation) and depletion in cell motility (flagella and chemotaxis). We conclude that the feline faecal microbiome is predominantly determined by age when diet and environment are controlled for. We suggest this finding may also be informative for studies of the human microbiome, where control over such factors is usually limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Deusch
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ciaran O’Flynn
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Colyer
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Allaway
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Morris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Domestic cats are obligate carnivores and in this light hindgut fermentation has been considered unimportant in this species. However, a diverse microbiota has been found in the small and large intestines of domestic cats. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies support the hypothesis that microbial fermentation is significant in felines with potential benefits to the host. Results on microbiota composition and microbial counts in different regions of the feline gastrointestinal tract are compiled, including a description of modulating host and technical factors. Additionally, the effects of dietary fibre supplementation on the microbiota composition are described. In a second section, in vitro studies, using inocula from fresh feline faeces and focusing on the fermentation characteristics of diverse plant substrates, are described. In vivo studies have investigated the effects of dietary fibre on a broad range of physiological outcomes. Results of this research, together with studies on effects of plant fibre on colonic morphology and function, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and the effects of plant fibre on disease conditions that require a decrease in dietary protein intake, are shown in a third section of the present review. Conclusively, for fructans and beet pulp, for example, diverse beneficial effects have been demonstrated in the domestic cat. Both dietary fibre sources are regularly used in the pet food industry. More research is warranted to reveal the potential benefits of other fibre sources that can be used on a large scale in feline diets for healthy and diseased cats.
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19
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Pinna C, Stefanelli C, Biagi G. In vitro effect of dietary protein level and nondigestible oligosaccharides on feline fecal microbiota. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5593-602. [PMID: 25367521 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of some prebiotic substances and 2 dietary protein levels on the composition and activity of feline fecal microbiota. Two in vitro studies were conducted. First, 6 nondigestible oligosaccharides were studied; treatments were control diet (CTRL), gluconic acid (GA), carrot fiber (CF), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), lactitol (LAC), and pectins from citrus fruit (PEC). Substrates were added to feline fecal cultures at 2 g/L for 24 h incubation. Compared with the CTRL, ammonia had been reduced (P<0.05) by GOS (-9%) after 6 h and by GA (-14%), LAC (-12%), and PEC (-10%) after 24 h. After 24 h, all treatments had resulted in a lower pH versus the CTRL. Putrescine concentrations at 24 h were greater (P<0.05) in cultures treated with FOS (+90%), GOS (+96%), and LAC (+87%). Compared with the CTRL, total VFA were higher (P<0.05) in bottles containing CF (+41%), whereas the acetic to propionic acid ratio was reduced by LAC (-51%; P<0.05). After 24 h, Enterobacteriaceae had been reduced (P<0.05) by LAC and PEC. In a second study, LAC and FOS were selected to be tested in the presence of 2 diets differing in their protein content. There were 6 treatments: low-protein (LP) CTRL with no addition of prebiotics (CTRL-LP), high-protein (HP) CTRL with no addition of prebiotics (CTRL-HP), LP diet plus FOS, CTRL-HP plus FOS, LP diet plus LAC, and CTRL-HP plus LAC. Both FOS and LAC were added to feline fecal cultures at 2 g/L for 24 h incubation. Ammonia at 24 h was affected (P<0.05) by the protein level (36.2 vs. 50.2 mmol/L for LP and HP, respectively). The CTRL-HPs resulted in a higher pH and increased concentrations of biogenic amines were found after 6 and 24 h of incubation (P<0.05); putrescine at 24 h showed an increase (P<0.05) in cultures treated with FOS. Total VFA were influenced (P<0.05) by the protein level (40.9 vs. 32.6 mmol/L for LP and HP, respectively). At 24 h, the CTRL-HPs were associated with increased Clostridium perfringens and reduced Lactobacillus spp. and enterococci counts (P<0.05). The results from the present study show that different prebiotics exert different effects on the composition and activity of feline intestinal microbiota and that high dietary protein levels in a cat's diet can have negative effects on the animal intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - C Stefanelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini campus, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - G Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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20
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Deusch O, O’Flynn C, Colyer A, Morris P, Allaway D, Jones PG, Swanson KS. Deep Illumina-based shotgun sequencing reveals dietary effects on the structure and function of the fecal microbiome of growing kittens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101021. [PMID: 25010839 PMCID: PMC4091873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we demonstrated that dietary protein:carbohydrate ratio dramatically affects the fecal microbial taxonomic structure of kittens using targeted 16S gene sequencing. The present study, using the same fecal samples, applied deep Illumina shotgun sequencing to identify the diet-associated functional potential and analyze taxonomic changes of the feline fecal microbiome. Methodology & Principal Findings Fecal samples from kittens fed one of two diets differing in protein and carbohydrate content (high–protein, low–carbohydrate, HPLC; and moderate-protein, moderate-carbohydrate, MPMC) were collected at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age (n = 6 per group). A total of 345.3 gigabases of sequence were generated from 36 samples, with 99.75% of annotated sequences identified as bacterial. At the genus level, 26% and 39% of reads were annotated for HPLC- and MPMC-fed kittens, with HPLC-fed cats showing greater species richness and microbial diversity. Two phyla, ten families and fifteen genera were responsible for more than 80% of the sequences at each taxonomic level for both diet groups, consistent with the previous taxonomic study. Significantly different abundances between diet groups were observed for 324 genera (56% of all genera identified) demonstrating widespread diet-induced changes in microbial taxonomic structure. Diversity was not affected over time. Functional analysis identified 2,013 putative enzyme function groups were different (p<0.000007) between the two dietary groups and were associated to 194 pathways, which formed five discrete clusters based on average relative abundance. Of those, ten contained more (p<0.022) enzyme functions with significant diet effects than expected by chance. Six pathways were related to amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism linking changes in dietary protein with functional differences of the gut microbiome. Conclusions These data indicate that feline feces-derived microbiomes have large structural and functional differences relating to the dietary protein:carbohydrate ratio and highlight the impact of diet early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Deusch
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran O’Flynn
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Colyer
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Morris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - David Allaway
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Jones
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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