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Tinga S, Hughes N, Jones SC, Park B, Palm L, Desaraju SS, Banks SA, MacArthur SL, Lewis DD. Stifle kinematics in 4 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency treated by CORA-based leveling osteotomy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1052327. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1052327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to quantify three-dimensional (3D) stifle kinematics during walking in dogs with complete cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency (CCL-I) treated with a CORA-based leveling osteotomy (CBLO).Study designFour client-owned dogs with unilateral complete CCL-I were prospectively enrolled. Custom digital 3D models of the femora and tibiae were created from pre-and postoperative computed tomographic scans for each dog. Lateral view fluoroscopic images were collected during treadmill walking preoperatively and 6 months after CBLO. Results were generated using a 3D-to-2D image registration process. Pre-and postoperative stifle kinematics (craniocaudal translation, extension angle) were compared to that of the unaffected contralateral (control) stifle. Force plate gait analysis was performed, and symmetry indices (SI) were calculated for peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI).ResultsAfter CBLO, craniocaudal femorotibial motion was reduced by a median (range) of 43.0 (17.0–52.6) % over the complete gait cycle. Median (range) PVF SI was 0.49 (0.26–0.56) preoperatively and 0.92 (0.86–1.00) postoperatively, and VI SI was 0.44 (0.20–0.48) preoperatively and 0.92 (0.82–0.99) postoperatively.ConclusionCBLO mitigated but did not fully resolve abnormal craniocaudal translation; lameness was substantially improved at 6 months.
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Bliss M, Terry J, de Godoy RF. Limbs kinematics of dogs exercising at different water levels on the underwater treadmill. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2374-2381. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bliss
- Writtle University College School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Chelmsford UK
| | - Jade Terry
- Writtle University College School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Chelmsford UK
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A Formalized Method to Acclimate Dogs to Voluntary Treadmill Locomotion at Various Speeds and Inclines. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050567. [PMID: 35268136 PMCID: PMC8908820 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The land treadmill provides a range of behavioral and physical training benefits for dogs. Walking and trotting on the treadmill, however, is unfamiliar to many dogs and requires acclimation. This study developed and conducted a voluntary treadmill acclimation protocol on eight working dogs in training or working dogs performing detection research. The acclimation protocol was successfully completed for seven out of eight dogs. An acclimation assessment protocol was developed to measure a previously exposed dog’s degree of acclimation. This protocol was successfully used in two previously exposed dogs. A muscle soreness protocol was created to evaluate the soreness developed during the acclimation protocol. These protocols offer an option to acclimate dogs to the treadmill and determine the degree of acclimation for previously exposed dogs for research and training purposes. Abstract The land treadmill is a multipurpose tool with a unique set of behavioral and physical benefits for training and assessing active dogs. Habituation to voluntary treadmill locomotion is crucial for training a dog or accurately assessing a dog’s fitness on a treadmill. Therefore, a treadmill acclimation program was developed and evaluated with working dogs in training or working dogs performing detection research. Seven of eight naive dogs became acclimated to the treadmill using the protocol developed. Two previously experienced dogs successfully conducted an acclimation assessment to test for habituation to the treadmill. A muscle soreness protocol was created to evaluate the soreness developed during the acclimation program. This detailed protocol was successful in acclimating dogs to the treadmill at various safe speeds and inclines.
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Diogo CC, Camassa JA, Fonseca B, Maltez da Costa L, Pereira JE, Filipe V, Couto PA, Raimondo S, Armada-da-Silva PA, Maurício AC, Varejão ASP. A Comparison of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Techniques for Kinematic Analysis of the Sagittal Motion of Sheep Hindlimbs During Walking on a Treadmill. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:545708. [PMID: 34485422 PMCID: PMC8415828 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.545708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to rodents, sheep offer several attractive features as an experimental model for testing different medical and surgical interventions related to pathological gait caused by neurological diseases and injuries. To use sheep for development of novel treatment strategies in the field of neuroscience, it is key to establish the relevant kinematic features of locomotion in this species. To use sheep for development of novel treatment strategies in the field of neuroscience, it is crucial to understand fundamental baseline characteristics of locomotion in this species. Despite their relevance for medical research, little is known about the locomotion in the ovine model, and next to nothing about the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the hindlimb. This study is the first to perform and compare two-dimensional (2D) and 3D hindlimb kinematics of the sagittal motion during treadmill walking in the ovine model. Our results show that the most significant differences took place throughout the swing phase of the gait cycle were for the distal joints, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint, whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. The results provide evidence of the inadequacy of a 2D approach to the computation of joint kinematics in clinically normal sheep during treadmill walking when the interest is centered on the hoof's joints. The findings from the present investigation are likely to be useful for an accurate, quantitative and objective assessment of functionally altered gait and its underlying neuronal mechanisms and biomechanical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cardoso Diogo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Arthur Camassa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Fonseca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Maltez da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vítor Filipe
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Tecnologia e Ciência (INESC TEC), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alexandre Couto
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Paulo A Armada-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Dafundo, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo de Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Animal Science and Study Centre (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal
| | - Artur S P Varejão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Bascuñán A, Soula M, Millar KK, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE. In vivo three-dimensional knee kinematics in goats with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1052-1063. [PMID: 32633844 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the goat is an established animal model in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) research, in vivo kinematics associated with ACL deficiency have not been previously described in this species. Three-dimensional knee kinematics were determined before and after unilateral ACL transection in eight goats. Fluoroscopic imaging of the knees during treadmill walking and force-platform gait analysis during over-ground walking were performed prior to ACL transection, and 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after ACL transection. Transient lameness of the ACL-transected limb was noted in all goats but resolved by 3 months post-ACL transection. Increased extension of 8.7° to 17.0° was noted throughout the gait cycle in both the ACL-transected and the contralateral unaffected knees by 3 months post-ACL transection, in a bilaterally symmetric pattern. Peak anterior tibial translation increased by 3 to 6 mm after ACL transection and persisted over the 6-month study period. No changes in axial rotation or abduction angle were observed after ACL transection. Unilateral ACL deficiency in goats resulted in persistent kinematic alterations, despite the resolution of lameness by 3 months post-ACL transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bascuñán
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mariajesus Soula
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kristina K Millar
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, Jones SC, Park BH, Chapman SM, Pozzi A, Lewis DD. Femorotibial joint kinematics in nine dogs treated with lateral suture stabilization for complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:493-501. [PMID: 33620247 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.5.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify 3-D femorotibial joint kinematics during ambulation in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture treated with lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization (LFTS). ANIMALS 9 adult dogs (body weight, 15 to 35 kg [33 to 77 lb]) with unilateral complete CCL rupture. PROCEDURES Digital 3-D bone models of the femur and fabellae and tibia and fibula were created from CT scans. Lateral fluoroscopic images of stifle joints were collected during treadmill walking before surgery and 6 months after LFTS. The LFTS was performed with nylon leader material secured with knots. Gait cycles were analyzed with a 3-D to 2-D image registration process. Femorotibial joint kinematics (craniocaudal translation, internal-external rotation, and flexion and extension angles) were compared among CCL-deficient stifle joints before LFTS, CCL-deficient stifle joints 6 months after LFTS, and unaffected contralateral (control) stifle joints. Owners and veterinarians subjectively assessed lameness by use of a visual analog scale and gait examination, respectively, at each time point. RESULTS At midstance phase, medial cranial tibial translation decreased from 9.3 mm before LFTS to 7.6 mm after LFTS but remained increased when compared with control stifle joint values. Following LFTS, axial rotation and stifle joint flexion and extension angles were not significantly different from control stifle joints. On the owner survey, the median walking lameness score improved from 9.3 of 10 before surgery to 0.3 after surgery. On gait examination, median walking lameness score improved from 2 of 4 before surgery to 0 after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stifle joint instability was only slightly mitigated at 6 months following LFTS performed with knotted nylon leader material in medium to large dogs with CCL rupture, despite improvement in lameness.
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Häusler KA, Braun D, Liu NC, Penrose F, Sutcliffe MPF, Allen MJ. Evaluation of the repeatability of kinetic and temporospatial gait variables measured with a pressure-sensitive treadmill for dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:922-929. [PMID: 33251838 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.12.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate intrasession and intersession repeatability of measurements for temporospatial and kinetic variables obtained with a pressure-sensitive treadmill designed for gait analysis of dogs. ANIMALS 16 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES The influence of treadmill speed on accuracy of ground reaction force (GRF) measurements was assessed by simulated gait analysis at 0 to 7.5 km/h with a custom test device. A similar test was performed with 1 client-owned dog ambulating on the treadmill at 5 speeds (3 to 7 km/h) for GRF calculations. Fifteen client-owned dogs were then walked on the treadmill at 3 km/h for collection of temporospatial and kinetic data. Intrasession repeatability was determined by comparing 2 sets of measurements obtained ≤ 2 hours apart. Intersession repeatability was determined by comparing the first set of these measurements with those for a second session ≥ 4 days later. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; consistency test) and difference ratios were calculated to assess repeatability. RESULTS Increases in treadmill speed yielded a mean 9.1% decrease in weight-normalized force data at belt speeds of up to 7.5 km/h for the test device, compared with the value when the treadmill belt was stationary. Results were similar for the dog at increasing treadmill speeds (mean decrease, 12.4%). For temporospatial data, intrasession ICCs were > 0.9 and intersession ICCs ranged from 0.75 to 0.9; for GRFs, intrasession and intersession ICCs ranged from 0.68 to 0.97 and from 0.35 to 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repeatability of temporospatial data for healthy dogs was good to excellent; results for kinetic data varied. Further research is needed to investigate use of this system for gait analysis with larger samples of dogs and dogs with lameness.
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Foutz TL, Budsberg SC. Impact of wearing a service vest on three-dimensional truncal motion in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:210-219. [PMID: 32101042 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a 3-D kinematic model to measure truncal motion in dogs and assess changes in truncal motion in dogs when wearing each of 2 service vests. ANIMALS 5 adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURES 27 reflective markers were placed on the pelvis, trunk, and scapula of each dog. Six infrared cameras were placed around a treadmill to track the location of the markers within a calibrated space. Dogs were recorded during walking and trotting on the treadmill. Local and global coordinate systems were established, and a segmental rigid-body model of the trunk was created. Dogs were then recorded while wearing a custom vest and an adjustable vest during walking and trotting on the treadmill. Range of motion of the trunk when dogs were and were not wearing vests was compared by repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS An anatomic coordinate system was established by use of markers located at T1, T13, and the xiphoid process. Range of motion of the trunk during a gait cycle did not differ significantly regardless of the day of the test for both walking and trotting gaits. Trunk motion of dogs when walking and trotting was significantly reduced when dogs were wearing a vest, compared with trunk motion when not wearing a vest. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A 3-D kinematic model for measuring truncal rotation was developed. Results indicated measurable differences in the gait of dogs when wearing each of the 2 service vests, compared with the gait when not wearing a vest.
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Lin CC, Wang SN, Lu M, Chao TY, Lu TW, Wu CH. Description of soft tissue artifacts and related consequences on hindlimb kinematics during canine gait. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9379. [PMID: 32617192 PMCID: PMC7323716 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soft tissue artifacts (STAs) are a source of error in marker-based gait analysis in dogs. While some studies have revealed the existence of STAs in the canine hindlimb, STAs and their influence on kinematic gait analysis remain unclear. Methods Thirteen healthy Taiwan dogs affixed with twenty skin markers on the thigh and crus were recruited. Soft tissue artifacts and their influence on the determination of segment poses and stifle angles were assessed by simultaneously measuring marker trajectories and kinematics of the underlying bones via a model-based fluoroscopic analysis method. Results Markers on the thigh showed higher STAs than those on the crus, with root-mean-square amplitudes up to 15.5 mm. None of the tested marker clusters were able to accurately reproduce the skeletal poses, in which the maximum root-mean-square deviations ranged from 3.4° to 8.1°. The use of markers resulted in overestimated stifle flexion during 40–60% of the gait cycle and underestimated stifle flexion during 80–90% of the gait cycle. Conclusions Considerable magnitudes and effects of STAs on the marker-based 3D gait analysis of dogs were demonstrated. The results indicate that the development of error-compensation techniques based on knowledge regarding STAs is warranted for more accurate gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nuan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chao
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, Jones SC, Park BH, Burtch M, Pozzi A, Lewis DD. Femorotibial kinematics in dogs treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: An in vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. Vet Surg 2019; 49:187-199. [PMID: 31777975 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) to address abnormal femorotibial kinematics caused by cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture during walking in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical. ANIMALS Sixteen dogs (20-40 kg) with unilateral complete CCL rupture. METHODS Lateral view fluoroscopy was performed during treadmill walking preoperatively and 6 months after TPLO. Digital three-dimensional (3D) models of the femora and tibiae were created from computed tomographic (CT) images. Gait cycles were analyzed by using a 3D-to-2D image registration process. Craniocaudal translation, internal/external rotation, and flexion/extension of the femorotibial joint were compared between preoperative and 6-month postoperative time points for the affected stifle and 6-month postoperative unaffected contralateral (control) stifles. RESULTS In the overall population, CCL rupture resulted in 10 ± 2.2 mm (mean ± SD) cranial tibial translation at midstance phase, which was converted to 2.1 ± 4.3 mm caudal tibial translation after TPLO. However, five of 16 TPLO-treated stifles had 4.1 ± 0.3 mm of cranial tibial subluxation during mid-to-late stance phase, whereas 10 of 16 TPLO-treated stifles had 4.3 ± 0.4 mm of caudal tibial subluxation throughout the gait cycle. Overall, postoperative axial rotational and flexion/extension patterns were not different from control, but stifles with caudal tibial subluxation had more external tibial rotation during mid-to-late stance phase compared with stifles with cranial tibial subluxation. CONCLUSION TPLO mitigated abnormal femorotibial kinematics but did not restore kinematics to control values in 15 of 16 dogs during walking. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy reduces cranial tibial subluxation during walking, but persistent instability is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Tinga
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian H Park
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Matthew Burtch
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Lu M, Lin CC, Lu TW, Wang SN, Wu CH. Effects of soft tissue artefacts on computed segmental and stifle kinematics in canine motion analysis. Vet Rec 2019; 186:66. [PMID: 31409754 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Skin marker-based motion analysis has been widely used to evaluate the functional performance of canine gait and posture. However, the interference of soft tissues between markers and the underlying bones (soft tissue artefacts, STAs) may lead to errors in kinematics measurements. Currently, no optimal marker attachment sites and cluster compositions are recommended for canine gait analysis. The current study aims to evaluate cluster-level STAs and the effects of cluster compositions on the computed stifle kinematics. Ten mixed-breed healthy dogs affixed with 19 retroreflective markers on the thigh and shank were enrolled. During isolated stifle passive extension, the marker trajectories were acquired with a motion capture system, and the skeletal poses were determined by integrating fluoroscopic and CT images of the bones. The cluster-level STAs were assessed, and clusters were paired to calculate the stifle kinematics. A selection of cluster compositions was useful for deriving accurate sagittal and frontal plane stifle kinematics with flexion angles below 50 per cent of the range of motion. The findings contribute to improved knowledge of canine STAs and their influence on motion measurements. The marker composition with the smallest error in describing joint kinematics is recommended for future applications and study in dogs during dynamic gait assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nuan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taipei, Taiwan .,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Assaf ND, Rahal SC, Mesquita LR, Kano WT, Abibe RB. Evaluation of parameters obtained from two systems of gait analysis. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:414-417. [PMID: 31286488 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The technical difficulties in utilising the force platform have stimulated the use and development of other gait systems. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the values of gait parameters obtained from a pressure-sensitive walkway and from a treadmill in healthy dogs during walking. METHODS Twelve healthy, privately owned, Labrador retriever dogs were used. During each trial, each dog was led across the pressure-sensitive walkway utilising a loose leash to the right of the handler. The velocity was restricted to the range of 0.9 to 1.1 m/s and the acceleration between -0.15 and 0.15 m/s2 . For the treadmill, each dog also walked with leash loose on the treadmill. The treadmill speed was maintained at 0.9m/s. The temporospatial variables, and percentage of body weight distribution/percentage of pressure were evaluated between the two gait systems. RESULTS For both forelimbs and hind limbs, significant differences were found between stance percentage, which was higher on treadmill, and swing percentage and stride length/stance distance, which were higher on the pressure-sensitive walkway. The duty factor value was 0.57 for the pressure-sensitive walkway and 0.60 for treadmill. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Each gait system has limitations, but also advantages that must be considered depending upon the variable and animal to be evaluated. The gait parameters obtained from the Tekscan pressure-sensitive walkway and Gait4Dog treadmill revealed differences in the temporospatial parameters between systems, but similarity in body-weight distribution/pressure percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Assaf
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618970, Brazil
| | - S C Rahal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618970, Brazil
| | - L R Mesquita
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618970, Brazil
| | - W T Kano
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618970, Brazil
| | - R B Abibe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, 18618970, Brazil
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Preston T, Wills A. A single hydrotherapy session increases range of motion and stride length in Labrador retrievers diagnosed with elbow dysplasia. Vet J 2018; 234:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, Jones SC, Park BH, Pozzi A, Lewis DD. Femorotibial kinematics in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: a three-dimensional in-vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29530093 PMCID: PMC5848543 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency is a degenerative condition that is a common cause of pelvic limb lameness and osteoarthritis in dogs. Surgical therapies developed to treat dogs with naturally occurring CrCL insufficiency aim to address the resultant instability, but the in-vivo alterations in stifle kinematics associated with CrCL insufficiency have not been accurately defined. The objective of this study was to quantify the 3-dimensional femorotibial joint kinematics of dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency during ambulation. Eighteen client-owned dogs (20-40 kg) with natural unilateral complete CrCL rupture were included. Computed tomographic scans were used to create digital 3-dimensional models of the femur and tibia bilaterally for each dog. Lateral fluoroscopic images were obtained during treadmill walking and 3 complete gait cycles were analyzed. Stifle flexion/extension angle, craniocaudal translation, and internal/external rotation were calculated throughout the gait cycle using a previously described 3D-to-2D image registration process. Results were compared between the pre-operative CrCL-deficient and 6-month post-operative contralateral stifles (control). RESULTS CrCL-deficient stifles were maintained in greater flexion throughout the gait cycle. Cranial tibial subluxation was evident in CrCL-deficient stifles at all time points throughout the gait cycle [9.7 mm at mid-stance (P < 0.0001); 2.1 mm at mid-swing (P < 0.0017)], and the magnitude of cranial tibial subluxation was greater at mid-stance phase than at mid-swing phase (P < 0.0001). Greater internal tibial rotation was present in CrCL-deficient stifles during stance phase (P < 0.0022) but no difference in axial rotation was evident during swing phase. CONCLUSIONS Naturally occurring CrCL rupture causes profound craniocaudal translational and axial rotational instability, which is most pronounced during the stance phase of gait. Surgical stabilization techniques should aim to resolve both craniocaudal subluxation and axial rotational instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Tinga
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA.
| | - Scott A Banks
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Brian H Park
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
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Andrada E, Reinhardt L, Lucas K, Fischer MS. Three-dimensional inverse dynamics of the forelimb of Beagles at a walk and trot. Am J Vet Res 2017. [PMID: 28650238 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.7.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform 3-D inverse dynamics analysis of the entire forelimb of healthy dogs during a walk and trot. ANIMALS 5 healthy adult Beagles. PROCEDURES The left forelimb of each dog was instrumented with 19 anatomic markers. X-ray fluoroscopy was used to optimize marker positions and perform scientific rotoscoping for 1 dog. Inverse dynamics were computed for each dog during a walk and trot on the basis of data obtained from an infrared motion-capture system and instrumented quad-band treadmill. Morphometric data were obtained from a virtual reconstruction of the left forelimb generated from a CT scan of the same dog that underwent scientific rotoscoping. RESULTS Segmental angles, torque, and power patterns were described for the scapula, humerus, ulna, and carpus segments in body frame. For the scapula and humerus, the kinematics and dynamics determined from fluoroscopy-based data varied substantially from those determined from the marker-based data. The dominant action of scapular rotation for forelimb kinematics was confirmed. Directional changes in the torque and power patterns for each segment were fairly consistent between the 2 gaits, but the amplitude of those changes was often greater at a trot than at a walk. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that control of the forelimb joints of dogs is similar for both a walk and trot. Rotation of the forelimb around its longitudinal axis and motion of the scapula should be reconsidered in the evaluation of musculoskeletal diseases, especially before and after treatment or rehabilitation.
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Gómez Álvarez C, Gustås P, Bergh A, Rhodin M. Vertical head and pelvic movement symmetry at the trot in dogs with induced supporting limb lameness. Vet J 2017; 229:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Torres BT, Fu YC, Sandberg GS, Budsberg SC. Pelvic limb kinematics in the dog with and without a stifle orthosis. Vet Surg 2017; 46:642-652. [PMID: 28198549 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a method of evaluating 3-dimensional joint motion in dogs with a stifle orthosis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. ANIMALS Six healthy dogs. METHODS Three-dimensional pelvic limb joint motion was recorded with and without a stifle orthosis. Kinematic data were collected from dogs at a walk and trot for the hip, stifle, and tarsus prior to, and after application of, a stifle orthosis. Data were also obtained for the orthosis alone. Comparisons were made between the braced and unbraced limb, and between the braced limb and the orthosis alone. Complete waveforms, kinematic, and temporospatial variables were compared. RESULTS Gait waveforms differed between braced and unbraced limbs for all joints and planes of motion (P < .05), as well as between the braced stifles and the orthosis alone at both a walk and trot. However, joint ROM was inconsistently altered. The effect of bracing on stifle ROM was limited to a reduced extension at the end of stance. Adjacent joint ROM was affected by the stifle orthosis. Temporospatial variables were predominantly affected while walking. CONCLUSIONS The restrictive motion of the stifle orthosis is not fully translated to the underlying joint, based on the limited differences between the motion of braced and unbraced stifles. This effect varies with plane of motion and phase of the gait cycle, with most changes in stifle motion being detected during the stance phase. The stifle orthosis had an equal or greater effect on the motion of adjacent joints, especially the tarsus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Torres
- The Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yang-Chieh Fu
- The Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Gabriella S Sandberg
- The Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven C Budsberg
- The Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
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Keebaugh AE, Redman-Bentley D, Griffon DJ. Influence of leash side and handlers on pressure mat analysis of gait characteristics in small-breed dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:1215-21. [PMID: 25970218 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.11.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the gait of small-breed dogs walked on a pressure walkway by handlers moving at a metronome-set tempo and to determine the influence of handler and leash side on gait characteristics. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 5 healthy adult small-breed dogs weighing < 11.4 kg (25 lb). PROCEDURES Dogs were walked by each of 5 handlers moving at a metronome-set tempo (100 beats/min). Velocity, cadence, stance time, number of activated sensors, total pressure index (TPI), left or right hind reach, and symmetry indices were obtained with the leash on the left and right sides of each dog for each handler. RESULTS Coefficients of variation for TPI and stance time approximated 30%, whereas coefficients of variation for symmetry indices remained < 20%. Changing handlers and leash side did not influence hind limb variables. Changing handlers influenced the TPI of the forelimbs, inducing changes of up to 8%. Leash side accounted for 12% and 14% of the variation in symmetry indices of TPI and number of sensors activated between forelimbs, respectively (mean alterations for recorded variables, 9%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Symmetry indices appeared to vary less than variables obtained for individual dog limbs, and it may therefore be advantageous to determine those indices during large trials. Handlers or leash side may be changed in studies focusing on dogs' hind limbs without affecting results. Use of symmetry indices is recommended in forelimb studies requiring multiple handlers. Pressure walkway analyses of the forelimbs should include equal distribution of left- and right-sided leash-led trials, given that small-breed dogs tended to shift weight toward the forelimb opposite the leash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Keebaugh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766
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Bryce CM, Williams TM. Comparative locomotor costs of domestic dogs reveal energetic economy of wolf-like breeds. J Exp Biol 2016; 220:312-321. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The broad diversity in morphology and geographic distribution of the 35 free-ranging members of the family Canidae is only rivaled by that of the domesticated dog, Canis lupus familiaris. Considered to be among nature's most elite endurance athletes, both domestic and wild canids provide a unique opportunity to examine the variability in mammalian aerobic exercise performance and energy expenditure. To determine the potential effects of domestication and selective breeding on locomotor gait and economy in canids, we measured the kinematics and mass-specific metabolism of three large (>20 kg) dog breed groups (northern breeds, retrievers, and hounds) of varying morphological and genomic relatedness to their shared progenitor, the gray wolf. By measuring all individuals moving in preferred steady-state gaits along a level transect and on a treadmill, we found distinct biomechanical, kinematic, and energetic patterns for each breed group. While all groups exhibited reduced total cost of transport (COT) at faster speeds, the total COT and net COT during trotting and galloping were significantly lower for northern breed dogs (3.0 and 2.1 J∙kg−1∙m−1, respectively) relative to hound (4.2 and 3.4 J∙kg−1∙m−1, respectively) and retriever dogs (3.8 and 3.0 J∙kg−1∙m−1, respectively) of comparable mass. Similarly, northern breeds expended less energy per stride (3.47 J∙kg−1∙stride−1) than hounds or retrievers (4.97 and 4.02 J∙kg−1∙stride−1, respectively). These results suggest that, in addition to their close genetic and morphological ties to gray wolves, northern breed dogs have retained highly cursorial kinematic and physiological traits that promote economical movement across the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Bryce
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - T. M. Williams
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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20
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Carr BJ, Canapp SO, Zink MC. Quantitative Comparison of the Walk and Trot of Border Collies and Labrador Retrievers, Breeds with Different Performance Requirements. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145396. [PMID: 26689372 PMCID: PMC4687030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We hypothesized that breed differences of Border Collies and Labrador Retrievers would be reflected in the temporospatial characteristics of the walk and trot. Materials and Methods Twenty healthy Border Collies and 20 healthy Labrador Retrievers made three passes across a pressure sensing walkway system that recorded quantitative temporospatial information at a walk and a trot. The following variables were measured for each dog: velocity, total pressure index percentage (TPI%), ratio of weight borne on the thoracic vs. pelvic limbs (T/P TPI%), stance time percentage (ST%), and thoracic limb stride length (TSrL). Results The mean T/P TPI% for Border Collies at a walk and at a trot were significantly lower than for Labrador Retrievers (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.0003). Border Collies had a significantly lower ST% than Labrador Retrievers for the thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs at a walk (p = 0.0058 and 0.0003) and the trot (p = 0.0280 and 0.0448). There was no relationship between ST% and TSrL in Border Collies and an inverse correlation between ST% and TSrL in Labrador Retrievers (p = 0.0002). Discussion Key quantitative gait differences were identified in Border Collies and Labrador Retrievers, which could potentially provide each breed with an advantage for their working function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Jean Carr
- Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, 10975 Guilford Rd., Annapolis Junction, MD, 20701, United States of America
| | - Sherman O Canapp
- Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, 10975 Guilford Rd., Annapolis Junction, MD, 20701, United States of America
| | - M. Christine Zink
- Veterinary Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, 10975 Guilford Rd., Annapolis Junction, MD, 20701, United States of America
- Zink Integrative Sports Medicine, 12701 Folly Quarter Rd., Ellicott City, MD, 21042, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kim SE, Jones SC, Lewis DD, Banks SA, Conrad BP, Tremolada G, Abbasi AZ, Coggeshall JD, Pozzi A. In-vivo three-dimensional knee kinematics during daily activities in dogs. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1603-10. [PMID: 25982776 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The canine knee is morphologically similar to the human knee and thus dogs have been used in experimental models to study human knee pathology. To date, there is limited data of normal canine 3D knee kinematics during daily activities. The objective of this study was to characterize 3D in-vivo femorotibial kinematics in normal dogs during commonly performed daily activities. Using single-plane fluoroscopy, six normal dogs were imaged performing walk, trot, sit, and stair ascent activities. CT-generated bone models were used for kinematic measurement using a 3D-to-2D model registration technique. Increasing knee flexion angle was typically associated with increasing tibial internal rotation, abduction and anterior translation during all four activities. The precise relationship between flexion angle and these movements varied both within and between activities. Significant differences in axial rotation and coronal angulation were found at the same flexion angle during different phases of the walk and trot. This was also found with anterior tibial translation during the trot only. Normal canine knees accommodate motion in all planes; precise kinematics within this envelope of motion are activity dependent. This data establishes the characteristics of normal 3D femorotibial joint kinematics in dogs that can be used as a comparison for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E Kim
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Bryan P Conrad
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Giovanni Tremolada
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Abdullah Z Abbasi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Jason D Coggeshall
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
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Torres BT, Gilbert PJ, Reynolds LR, Fu YC, Navik JA, Sornborger A, Budsberg SC. The Effect of Examiner Variability on Multiple Canine Stifle Kinematic Gait Collections in a 3-Dimensional Model. Vet Surg 2014; 44:581-7. [PMID: 25475483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate examiner variability in a superficial skin marker model of canine stifle kinematics. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. ANIMALS Six clinically normal dogs. METHODS Dogs had 11 retroreflective markers fixed to the skin on the right hindlimb. Dogs were trotted 5 times through the calibrated testing space and this was repeated on 4 different testing days. Examiner A applied all markers to a dog and collected 6 good trials for analysis. The markers were then removed and Examiner B immediately repeated the process on the same dog. This was repeated for each dog on the 4 testing days. The dogs were trotted at a velocity of 1.70-2.10 m/s through the testing space to obtain the dynamic data sets. Comparisons were performed with Fourier analysis and Generalized Indicator Function Analysis (GIFA). Significance was set at P < .05 for all comparisons. RESULTS Fourier analysis and GIFA found differences within and between examiners. Fourier analysis found no differences in sagittal and transverse planes for the experienced (A) and novice examiner (B), respectively. Fourier analysis detected fewer differences for the experienced examiner (A). CONCLUSION Variability occurs within and between examiners using the same kinematic model. Transverse and frontal plane kinematics produce variable results between examiners. Prior experience with the model reduces the amount of variability and results in consistent and repeatable sagittal plane kinematic data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T Torres
- The Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Peter J Gilbert
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lisa R Reynolds
- The Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Yang-Chieh Fu
- The Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, College of Education, Athens, Georgia
| | - Judith A Navik
- The Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Georgia, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Athens, Georgia
| | - Andrew Sornborger
- The Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Faculty of Engineering, Athens, Georgia
| | - Steven C Budsberg
- The Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
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Fuchs A, Goldner B, Nolte I, Schilling N. Ground reaction force adaptations to tripedal locomotion in dogs. Vet J 2014; 201:307-15. [PMID: 24881509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the adaptive mechanisms to tripedal locomotion and increase understanding of the biomechanical consequences of limb amputation, this study investigated kinetic and temporal gait parameters in dogs before and after the loss of a hindlimb was simulated. Nine clinically sound Beagle dogs trotted on an instrumented treadmill and the ground reaction forces as well as the footfall patterns were compared between quadrupedal and tripedal locomotion. Stride and stance durations decreased significantly in all limbs when the dogs ambulated tripedally, while relative stance duration increased. Both vertical and craniocaudal forces were significantly different in the remaining hindlimb. In the forelimbs, propulsive force increased in the contralateral and decreased in the ipsilateral limb, while the vertical forces were unchanged (except for mean force in the contralateral limb). Bodyweight was shifted to the contralateral and cranial body side so that each limb bore ~33% of the dog's bodyweight. The observed changes in the craniocaudal forces and the vertical impulse ratio between the fore- and hindlimbs suggest that a nose-up pitching moment occurs during the affected limb pair's functional step. To regain pitch balance for a given stride cycle, a nose-down pitching moment is exerted when the intact limb pair supports the body. These kinetic changes indicate a compensatory mechanism in which the unaffected diagonal limb pair is involved. Therefore, the intact support pair of limbs should be monitored closely in canine hindlimb amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fuchs
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Small Animal Clinic, Hannover, Germany
| | - B Goldner
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Small Animal Clinic, Hannover, Germany
| | - I Nolte
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Small Animal Clinic, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Schilling
- Friedrich-Schiller-University, Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Jena, Germany.
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