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Theuerkauf K, Obach-Schröck C, Staszyk C, Moritz A, Roscher KA. Activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:448-457. [PMID: 35168432 PMCID: PMC9066687 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221077969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, activated platelets contribute to sepsis complications and to multiple organ failure. In our prospective analytical study of cases of the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), we adapted a standard human protocol for the measurement of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) in equine platelet-leukocyte-rich plasma (PLRP) by flow cytometry, and we investigated the hypothesis that activated platelets and PLAs are increased in clinical cases of SIRS. We included 17 adult horses and ponies fulfilling at least 2 SIRS criteria, and 10 healthy equids as controls. Activation of platelets was determined by increased expression of CD62P on platelets. Activated platelets and PLAs were measured before and after in vitro activation of platelets with collagen. Median expression of CD62P on platelets was significantly increased after activation in the control group: 1.45% (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.08-1.99%) initially versus 8.78% (IQR: 6.79-14.78%, p = 0.002) after activation. The equids with SIRS had significantly more activated platelets and PLAs in native PLRP than controls: CD62P 4.92% (median, IQR: 2.21-12.41%) versus 1.45% in controls (median, IQR: 1.08-1.99%, p = 0.0007), and PLAs 4.16% (median, IQR: 2.50-8.58%) versus 2.95% in controls (median, IQR: 1.57-3.22%, p = 0.048). To our knowledge, increased platelet activation and PLAs have not been demonstrated previously with flow cytometry in clinical cases of equine SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Obach-Schröck
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Duggan M, Mair T, Fews D. Equine limb cellulitis/lymphangitis resulting in distal limb ischaemia and avulsion of the hoof capsule. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Duggan
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone UK
- University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - T. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone UK
| | - D. Fews
- Finn Pathologists Harleston UK
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Lilliehöök I, Bröjer J, Nostell K, Kindahl H, Tvedten HW, Edner A, Hagman R. Hematologic, prostaglandin F 2α -metabolite, serum amyloid A, and serum iron changes in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:319-325. [PMID: 32539184 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxemia is a common and severe disease of horses. Most previous studies have monitored changes caused by a bolus dose of endotoxin over short time periods. OBJECTIVES We aimed to describe inflammatory responses to endotoxin with inflammatory and hematologic markers monitored over a longer time than has been performed in the past using more prolonged endotoxin exposures. METHODS Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin was administered as a 6-hour continuous intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to eight horses. Blood cell counts, and prostaglandin F2α -metabolite (PGM), serum amyloid A (SAA), and serum total iron concentrations were monitored for up to 3 or 6 days. RESULTS An immediate and severe decrease in neutrophils and monocytes occurred in all horses, which subsequently changed to a moderate to strong neutrophilia and monocytosis that persisted for more than 78 hours postinfusion (PI) of LPS. Lymphocyte and eosinophil numbers decreased gradually and then normalized after 66- and 78-hours PI, respectively. Mild to moderate, biphasic thrombocytopenia occurred. A pronounced, transient increase in PGM occurred between 1 and 7 hours, peaking at 2 hours. Serum amyloid A began to increase after 6 hours PI and remained elevated after 72 hours PI. Serum iron was decreased between 6 and 48 hours. The clinical signs were most prominent during the first 24 hours PI and subsided within 48 hours PI. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophilia, monocytoses, and high SAA concentrations were present in horses even after the clinical signs had subsided. Serum iron normalized before SAA. Knowledge of these findings is imperative when interpreting laboratory results in horses with possible endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lilliehöök
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Bröjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Nostell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Kindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harold W Tvedten
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Edner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Norris JW, Watson JL, Tablin F, Kozikowski TA, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and competitive pharmacodynamics of ADP-induced platelet activation after oral administration of clopidogrel to horses. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:505-512. [PMID: 31034271 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral administration of a single dose of clopidogrel to horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected before and at various times up to 24 hours after oral administration of clopidogrel (2 mg/kg). Reactivity of platelets from each blood sample was determined by optical aggregometry and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Concentrations of clopidogrel and the clopidogrel active metabolite derivative (CAMD) were measured in each blood sample by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with a noncompartmental model. RESULTS Compared with results for preadministration samples, platelet aggregation in response to 12.5μM ADP decreased significantly within 4 hours after clopidogrel administration for 5 of 6 horses. After 24 hours, platelet aggregation was identical to that measured before administration. Platelet aggregation in response to 25μM ADP was identical between samples obtained before and after administration. Phosphorylation of VASP in response to ADP (20μM) and prostaglandin E1 (3.3μM) was also unchanged by administration of clopidogrel. Time to maximum concentration of clopidogrel and CAMD was 0.54 and 0.71 hours, respectively, and calculated terminal-phase half-life of clopidogrel and CAMD was 1.81 and 0.97 hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clopidogrel or CAMD caused competitive inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation during the first 24 hours after clopidogrel administration. Because CAMD was rapidly eliminated from horses, clopidogrel administration may be needed more frequently than in other species in which clopidogrel causes irreversible platelet inhibition. (Am J Vet Res 2019;80:505-512).
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Ness SL, Frye AH, Divers TJ, Rishniw M, Erb HN, Brooks MB. Randomized placebo-controlled study of the effects of Yunnan Baiyao on hemostasis in horses. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:969-976. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.8.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kiers D, van der Heijden WA, van Ede L, Gerretsen J, de Mast Q, van der Ven AJ, El Messaoudi S, Rongen GA, Gomes M, Kox M, Pickkers P, Riksen NP. A randomised trial on the effect of anti-platelet therapy on the systemic inflammatory response in human endotoxaemia. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:1798-1807. [PMID: 28692111 DOI: 10.1160/th16-10-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is associated with improved outcome in patients with sepsis, and P2Y12 inhibitors have been suggested to also have immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of clinically relevant combinations of antiplatelet therapy on the immune response in experimental endotoxaemia in humans in vivo. Forty healthy subjects were randomised to seven days of placebo, placebo with ASA, ticagrelor and ASA, or clopidogrel and ASA treatment. Systemic inflammation was elicited at day seven by intravenous administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin. ASA treatment profoundly augmented the plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but did not affect anti-inflammatory cytokines. Addition of either P2Y12 antagonist to ASA did not affect any of the circulating cytokines, except for an attenuation of the ASA-induced increase in TNFα by ticagrelor. Systemic inflammation increased plasma adenosine, without differences between groups, and although P2Y12 inhibition impaired platelet reactivity, there was no correlation with cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Kiers
- Prof. N. P. Riksen, Dept. of Internal Medicine 463, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 24 3618819, Fax: +31 24 3616519, E-mail:
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Roscher KA, Failing K, Schenk I, Moritz A. Suspected aspirin resistance in individual healthy adult warmblood horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:e16-e22. [PMID: 28390056 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reasons for this prospective experimental study were to determine a dosing scheme with loading and maintenance dose of aspirin inducing inhibition of platelet function measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry. Ten horses received aspirin orally in the morning with one loading dose of 4.7-5 mg/kg and maintenance doses of 1-1.3 mg/kg daily the following 4 days. Aggregometries (COLtest, ASPItest, ADPtest) and serum salicylic acid were measured. ASPItest showed significant difference in inhibition at 24 and 48 hr (p < .05) and 96 hr (p < .01). Significant change for ADPtest and COLtest couldn't be detected. Serum salicylic acid concentrations were significantly (p < .01) increased at 6 and 12 hr. Despite this, three horses failed any inhibitory effect of platelet function, suspecting an aspirin resistance. Regarding the other seven horses platelet aggregation induced by ASPItest was reduced between 37% and 100% from baseline at 6 and 12 hr and between 0 and 98% during the next 4 days. Correlations of serum concentration of salicylic acid and aggregometries couldn't be detected. It can be presumed that equine platelets are less susceptible to aspirin what may compromise eventually the anticoagulatory effects and efficacy in preventing and treating diseases with increased platelet activation as endotoxaemia or laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - I Schenk
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Moritz
- Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Bonelli F, Meucci V, Divers TJ, Wagner B, Intorre L, Sgorbini M. Kinetics of plasma procalcitonin, soluble CD14, CCL2 and IL-10 after a sublethal infusion of lipopolysaccharide in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 184:29-35. [PMID: 28166929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxemia represents a significant clinical and economic problem for the equine industry. This study assesses the kinetics of soluble CD14 (sCD14), chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and plasma procalcitonin (PCT) in healthy horses after the intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The aim was to contribute to the basic understanding of the equine species-specific kinetics of these molecules in response to LPS exposure, which could support further findings in clinical studies and identify valuable inflammatory biomarkers for equine practice. Eleven healthy horses were involved in this experimental in vivo study. Horses were classified as healthy before the LPS infusion. After the pre-infusion blood collection (T0), all horses received an infusion of E. coli endotoxin (30ng/kg over 30min). Data and samples were collected 1h (T1), 2 (T2), 3 (T3) and 24h (T24) after infusion. Plasma sCD14, CCL2 and IL-10 were evaluated with a fluorescent bead-based assay, while PCT was evaluated with an equine PCT ELISA assay. A one-way ANOVA test was performed between each blood-sampling time for PCT, sCD14 and IL-10, and a Friedman test was performed for CCL2. Plasma PCT, IL-10 and CCL2 concentrations increased statistically significantly at T1, T2 and T3 compared to T0. No statistically significant differences were found between plasma IL-10 and CCL2 concentrations between T0 vs T24, although plasma PCT values remained high 24h after LPS infusion. Plasma sCD14 concentration showed no statistically significant differences for any of sampling times. Our results demonstrate that LPS injection into healthy horses results in PCT, CCL2 and IL-10 increases in plasma without an increase in sCD14. The increases in PCT, CCL2 and IL-10 are related to the inflammatory response induced by circulating lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy.
| | - Valentina Meucci
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Thomas J Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University (Wagner, Divers), Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Bettina Wagner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University (Wagner, Divers), Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Luigi Intorre
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- The Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa (Bonelli, Intorre, Meucci, Sgorbini), 56122, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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