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Löhr CV, Stieger-Vanegas SM, Terry JL, Milovancev M, Medlock J. Targeting Peritumoral Lesions Identified by Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas for Microscopic Examination. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:923-934. [PMID: 33969752 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211012949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peritumoral lesions identified during in vivo imaging of feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) are frequently interpreted as neoplastic. We recently showed that most peritumoral imaging-identified lesions (PTIILs) in FISS are non-neoplastic. In this article, we describe a protocol to target PTIIL for microscopic examination and report on the protocol's performance. Ten client-owned cats with FISS were prospectively enrolled. A fiducial marker sutured onto the skin, centered on the palpable mass, served as reference point throughout the study. Each FISS and surrounding tissue was imaged in vivo by dual phase computed tomography angiography and multiple magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences and each PTIIL documented. Subgross measurements obtained during trimming aided localization and identification of PTIIL during microscopy. Histologic findings were categorized by descending clinical relevance: neoplastic, equivocal, non-neoplastic, within normal limits (WNL). Based on in vivo imaging resolution limits, histologic findings were ≥3 mm in at least one dimension and ≥3 mm apart. Surgical margins served as control tissue for PTIILs. Eighty-one of 87 PTIIL were examined histologically; 13 were neoplastic, 16 equivocal, and 28 non-neoplastic; 24 had no identified histologic correlate. Two neoplastic and 10 equivocal findings were located outside of PTIILs but none of them were located in sections of surgical margins. Computation of a simple confusion matrix yielded fair sensitivity (70.4%) and low specificity (59.7%) for prediction of PTIIL by histologic findings. After combining instances of normal microanatomy with non-neoplastic histologic findings, specificity increased (85.1%) and sensitivity decreased (35.8%). The protocol is a blueprint for targeting PTIIL for microscopic examination but may benefit from further refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesse L Terry
- 2694Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Dr Terry is now at MedVet Northern Utah, Sunset, UT, USA
| | | | - Jan Medlock
- 2694Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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2
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Currie HAL, Flores Martin N, Espindola Garcia G, Davis FM, Kemp PS. A mechanical approach to understanding the impact of the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus on the European eel swimbladder. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219808. [PMID: 32748794 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most detrimental factors in the drastic decline of the critically endangered European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was the inadvertent introduction of the invasive nematode Anguillicoloides crassus Infection primarily affects the swimbladder, a gas-filled organ that enables the eel to control its depth in the water. A reduction in swimbladder function may be fatal for eel undergoing their spawning migration to the Sargasso Sea, a journey of over 5000 km. Although the physiological damage caused by this invasive parasite is well studied through the use of quantifiable gross pathological indices, providing a good measure of the swimbladder health status, they cannot separate the role of mechanical and morphological damage. Our study examined the appropriateness of three commonly used indices as a measure of mechanical damage by performing uniaxial tensile tests on swimbladder specimens obtained from an infected eel population. When the test results were compared with the gross pathological indices it was found that thickness correlated most strongly with mechanical damage, both confirming and, more importantly, explaining the counterintuitive findings of earlier work. In a damaged swimbladder, the immune response leads to a trade-off; increasing wall thickness raises the pressure required for organ rupture but decreases strength. The results indicate that for moderate infection the mechanical integrity of the swimbladder can be maintained. For severe infection, however, a reduction in mechanical integrity may reach a tipping point, thereby affecting the successful completion of their oceanic migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A L Currie
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Nicholas Flores Martin
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Gerardo Espindola Garcia
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Frances M Davis
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
| | - Paul S Kemp
- International Centre for Ecohydraulics Research, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Boldrewood Innovation Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK
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3
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Kingston AK. Longitudinal study of rat volar fat pad fixation and ethanol storage: implications for the use of fluid-preserved specimens in morphological studies. J Anat 2018; 233:607-617. [PMID: 30155995 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Museum fluid collections preserve important biological specimens for study. Tissues are often fixed in 10% buffered formalin to halt metabolic activities and transferred to a solution of ethanol for long-term storage. This process, however, forces water from the tissues and has been shown to alter the morphology of preserved specimens in ways that may influence the biological interpretation of results. The degree to which fluid preservation alters morphology is linked to multiple biological factors, such as tissue size and composition, and should therefore be examined prior to functional analysis. This study is undertaken as part of a more inclusive examination of mammalian volar morphology. A sample of five adult male and five adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus) was utilized to evaluate longitudinal changes in the dimensions of the volar pads across fixation in 10% buffered formalin and preservation in 70% ethanol for 1 year. No significant changes to the measured dimensions of the rat volar pads were present across stages of fixation and preservation, and no significant interactions of specimen size or sex were noted. These findings indicate that small mammalian volar pads that have been fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol are appropriate for morphological study using the measurements described here without corrective algorithms. This finding is rare among preservation studies but highlights the variability of tissue behavior during chemical preservation and the necessity of preliminary investigations of preservation artifacts. Concurrence here between the preserved and unpreserved samples is likely related to the anhydrous nature of the volar pads and the supporting skeletal structure, and their confined position between major joints of the hands and feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Kingston
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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4
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Upchurch DA, Klocke EE, Henningson JN. Amount of skin shrinkage affecting tumor versus grossly normal marginal skin of dogs for cutaneous mast cell tumors excised with curative intent. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:779-786. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.7.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kiser PK, Löhr CV, Meritet D, Spagnoli ST, Milovancev M, Russell DS. Histologic processing artifacts and inter-pathologist variation in measurement of inked margins of canine mast cell tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:377-385. [PMID: 29429400 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718757582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although quantitative assessment of margins is recommended for describing excision of cutaneous malignancies, there is poor understanding of limitations associated with this technique. We described and quantified histologic artifacts in inked margins and determined the association between artifacts and variance in histologic tumor-free margin (HTFM) measurements based on a novel grading scheme applied to 50 sections of normal canine skin and 56 radial margins taken from 15 different canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Three broad categories of artifact were 1) tissue deformation at inked edges, 2) ink-associated artifacts, and 3) sectioning-associated artifacts. The most common artifacts in MCT margins were ink-associated artifacts, specifically ink absent from an edge (mean prevalence: 50%) and inappropriate ink coloring (mean: 45%). The prevalence of other artifacts in MCT skin was 4-50%. In MCT margins, frequency-adjusted kappa statistics found fair or better inter-rater reliability for 9 of 10 artifacts; intra-rater reliability was moderate or better in 9 of 10 artifacts. Digital HTFM measurements by 5 blinded pathologists had a median standard deviation (SD) of 1.9 mm (interquartile range: 0.8-3.6 mm; range: 0-6.2 mm). Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated good inter-pathologist reliability in HTFM measurement (κ = 0.81). Spearman rank correlation coefficients found negligible correlation between artifacts and HTFM SDs ( r ≤ 0.3). These data confirm that although histologic artifacts commonly occur in inked margin specimens, artifacts are not meaningfully associated with variation in HTFM measurements. Investigators can use the grading scheme presented herein to identify artifacts associated with tissue processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti K Kiser
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Danielle Meritet
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Sean T Spagnoli
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Duncan S Russell
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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Chen L, Liu T, Zhao X. Inferring anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) class of drugs using shortest path and random walk with restart algorithms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:2228-2240. [PMID: 29247833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system is a widely accepted drug classification scheme. This system comprises five levels and includes several classes in each level. Drugs are classified into classes according to their therapeutic effects and characteristics. The first level includes 14 main classes. In this study, we proposed two network-based models to infer novel potential chemicals deemed to belong in the first level of ATC classification. To build these models, two large chemical networks were constructed using the chemical-chemical interaction information retrieved from the Search Tool for Interactions of Chemicals (STITCH). Two classic network algorithms, shortest path (SP) and random walk with restart (RWR) algorithms, were executed on the corresponding network to mine novel chemicals for each ATC class using the validated drugs in a class as seed nodes. Then, the obtained chemicals yielded by these two algorithms were further evaluated by a permutation test and an association test. The former can exclude chemicals produced by the structure of the network, i.e., false positive discoveries. By contrast, the latter identifies the most important chemicals that have strong associations with the ATC class. Comparisons indicated that the two models can provide quite dissimilar results, suggesting that the results yielded by one model can be essential supplements for those obtained by the other model. In addition, several representative inferred chemicals were analyzed to confirm the reliability of the results generated by the two models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Accelerating Precision Medicine through Genetic and Genomic Big Data Analysis edited by Yudong Cai & Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xian Zhao
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
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Milovancev M, Townsend KL, Bracha S, Gorman E, Curran K, Russell DS. Reductions in margin length after excision of grade II mast cell tumors and grade I and II soft tissue sarcomas in dogs. Vet Surg 2017; 47:36-43. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Katy L. Townsend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Shay Bracha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Elena Gorman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Kaitlin Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - Duncan S. Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
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Abstract
Forensic pathologists who autopsy stab wound victims may be called upon to determine whether a specific weapon recovered as evidence caused the decedent's wounds. Some forensic training programs instruct pathologists to excise wounds and place them in formalin. There is little published information about the reliability of these assessments. To address these deficiencies, a porcine model was used to establish the limits of in situ knife wound measurements of wounds caused by 3 knives of different widths stabbed at 90 degrees to the skin surface. The results indicate that within the 95% confidence interval, most stab wounds when measured on the surface of the skin will be within 1 to 3 mm of the size of the knife blade. Four wounds from different anatomical areas of the pig were excised from the body, and after excision, their measurements differed from their in situ length. After fixation in a 10% buffered formalin solution, one wound stayed the same, one wound lengthened, one shrunk minimally, and the one from the thinner abdominal skin shrunk by 6 mm (11%). This study presents a porcine model that can be used to define parameters for testimony.
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Andrews CJ, Kempf M, Kimble R, Cuttle L. Skin thickness measurements increase with excision and biopsy processing procedures. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:338-340. [PMID: 28370706 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Andrews
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Margit Kempf
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Roy Kimble
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Children's Health Queensland, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Leila Cuttle
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
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10
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Milovancev M, Russell DS. Surgical margins in the veterinary cancer patient. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1136-1157. [PMID: 28194921 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary oncologic specimens, histopathology is the gold standard for determining adequacy of excision. Despite limitations of this technique, the pathologist's interpretation of margin status significantly impacts patient management, including indications for adjuvant therapy. This article aims to summarize peer-reviewed literature as it relates to histologic margin evaluation in veterinary cancer patients. The value of histologic tumour-free margins and technical factors influencing histopathologic margin outcomes are also discussed. We review alternative strategies for determining excisional status, and discuss how an evolving understanding of tumour biology might inform clinical and research perspectives on surgical margins. In doing so, we aim to provide context and a stimulus for future investigations into this important yet incompletely understood topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milovancev
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - D S Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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11
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Steffey MA. Principles and Applications of Surgical Oncology in Exotic Animals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 20:235-254. [PMID: 27890291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of cancer in exotic species is a rapidly evolving area of veterinary medicine. In general, surgical excision remains pivotal in cancer treatment, although optimal outcomes are achieved when a coherent and thorough diagnostic and therapeutic plan is created prior to surgery. While surgical cure is not always achieveable, multimodal treatment plans can offer a variety of options, and palliative procedures may be used to improve quality of life. Treatment goals, whether curative intent or palliative intent, should be identified before surgery, and practitioners should endeavor to adhere to surgical principles in order to attain the best outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Steffey
- Surgical Oncology, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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