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Hu C, Li H, Wu L, Ke J, Yu X, Xiong Y, Tang X. Metabolic profiling of 19 amino acids in triptolide-induced liver injured rats by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1685-1697. [PMID: 33832337 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an important organ for amino acid metabolism, and its damage can be reflected in the changes of amino acid level in the body. Triptolide (TP) has broad anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities, but its clinical application is limited due to hepatotoxicity. In this work, a simple, accurate and sensitive gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for evaluating the serum levels of amino acids from control and TP-induced liver injured rats, and chemometric analysis was employed for amino acid metabolic profiles analysis. It was found that 11 amino acids showed significant changes after TP administration, and they were mainly involved in 5 metabolic pathways that are phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and arginine biosynthesis. Five amino acids including tyrosine, glutamine, glutamic acid, tryptophan and alanine were identified as biomarkers of TP hepatotoxicity by further analysis. These results indicated that the novel amino acid metabolic profiling study based on the GC-QqQ-MS/MS provided not only exact concentrations of serum amino acids, but also a prospective methodology for evaluation of chemically induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjing Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqun Ke
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Yu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhua Xiong
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilan Tang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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Xu W, Zhong C, Zou C, Wang B, Zhang N. Analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1071-1088. [PMID: 32857227 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are important metabolites for tissue metabolism, growth, maintenance, and repair, which are basic life necessities. Therefore, summarizing analytical methods for amino acid determination in organisms is important. In the past decades, analytical methods for amino acids have developed rapidly but have not been fully explored. Thus, this article provides reference to analytical methods for amino acids in organisms for food and human research. Present amino acid analysis methods include thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and amino acid analyzer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai-lun Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui, 230013, China
| | - Congcong Zhong
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai-lun Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunpu Zou
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai-lun Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Grützner N, Opriessnig T, Lopes R, Suchodolski JS, Nathues H, Steiner JM. Assessment of folate and cobalamin concentrations in relation to their dependent intracellular metabolites in serum of pigs between 6 and 26 weeks of age. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:59-67. [PMID: 32145458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) and cobalamin (vitamin B12) play an important role in amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and methyl group transfer. Two intracellular enzymes, methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, are folate and/or cobalamin-dependent, respectively. At the cellular level, a lack of folate and cobalamin leads to accumulation of serum homocysteine (HCY) and a lack of cobalamin leads to increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations. Altered serum HCY and MMA concentrations can influence amino acid metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in pigs. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum folate, cobalamin, HCY, and MMA concentrations in postweaning pigs between 6 and 26 weeks of age. Serum samples from 12 pigs collected at week 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 as part of an unrelated study were analyzed. Serum folate (p < .0001), cobalamin (p = .0001), HCY (p < .0001), and MMA (p < .0001) concentrations differed significantly during the postweaning period between 6 and 26 weeks of age; with significantly higher serum HCY (at weeks 6 and 7 compared to weeks 9, 14, 18, 22, and 26) and MMA concentrations (at weeks 6, 7, and 8 compared to weeks 14, 18, 22, and 26) and an overall decrease of serum MMA concentrations from week 6 to week 14 in the pigs studied. This study suggests age-dependent changes in intracellular folate- and cobalamin-dependent metabolites (i.e., HCY and MMA) in pigs between 6 and 26 weeks of age, possibly reflecting decreased availability of intracellular folate and/or cobalamin for amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid synthesis, and methyl group transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, BE, CH, Switzerland; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), SA, GER, Germany.
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Rosana Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, BE, CH, Switzerland
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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