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Rabbit as an Animal Model for Ocular Surface Disease, Tear Osmolarity, Electrolyte, and Tear Ferning Profiles. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 97:847-851. [PMID: 33055509 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The tear film promotes ocular surface health and protection through its various constituents' functions. The application of methods for ocular surface examination is essential in the research of diseases that affect the tear film. Rabbits have been used as a model to study some human ocular diseases and to test ophthalmic products. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to determine the biochemical profile, osmolarity, and tear ferning patterns of rabbit tears. METHODS Ten rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were evaluated for tear osmolarity, tear ferning types and grades (using Rolando and Masmali scales), and biochemical analysis of total protein, urea, and electrolytes (chloride, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, and calcium). RESULTS Median ± semi-interquartile range for tear osmolarity was 283.5 ± 7.5 mOsm/L. Tear ferning test grades were type 1.0 ± 0.5 on the Rolando scale and 1.0 ± 0.5 on the Masmali scale. Type I and grade 1 were the most commonly observed ferning classifications (60 and 50%, respectively) for the rabbits' tears. Results for electrolytes and other biochemical compounds were as follows: total protein 4.40 g/dL, urea 130.60 mg/dL, chloride 196.51 mEq/L, phosphate 7.35 mg/dL, iron 95.76 μg/dL, sodium 202.04 mmol/L, potassium 12.74 mmol/L, and calcium 11.53 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS The results of the various tests described herein may serve as a basis for research using rabbits as an ophthalmic disease model and in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents used for ocular health.
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Tang YJ, Chang HH, Tsai CY, Chen LY, Lin DPC. Establishment of a Tear Ferning Test Protocol in the Mouse Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 33344045 PMCID: PMC7718818 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Analysis of ferning formation after tear drop desiccation on a glass slide has been applied as a simple method to examine tear normality and is referred to as the tear ferning (TF) test. Despite use of the TF test in clinical settings and in some animals, thus far no TF test protocol has been developed for the mouse model. This study aimed to establish a mouse TF test protocol that can be used for dry eye research using the mouse as the study model. Methods Tear samples were collected from 24 healthy mice after repeated flushes with 2, 5, 10, or 20 µL wash solutions, either 0.9% NaCl saline or sterile water, on the ocular surface. After sample collection, TF tests were performed at variable drop volumes (2–20 µL), at a relative humidity of either 46% ± 2% or 53% ± 2%, and with temperature fixed at 24°C ± 2°C for comparison. Moreover, the influence of osmolarity (between 280 and 360 mOsm/L) and pH values (6.5–8.0) and the effect of centrifugation (4000 rpm, 10 minutes) on ferning formation were examined. Reproducibility and ferning storage stability were also determined. Results An optimized protocol was established with relative humidity at 46% ± 2% and drop aliquot at 2 µL, using 0.9% NaCl saline as the wash solution. Using sterilized water as the wash solution did not result in any crystalloid formation. Centrifugation did not aid ferning formation in any of the samples. Higher osmolarity increased ferning formation from grades between 0 to 1 to grades between 2 to 3, but pH values that varied between 6.5 and 8.0 did not affect ferning formation. The established mouse TF test protocol also displayed reproducibility and storage stability. Conclusions A TF test protocol for the mouse model was established that could be used for comparative analyses under various ocular surface disease conditions. Translational Relevance This mouse TF test protocol will facilitate the application of basic research into the mouse model to clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsin Chang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - David Pei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Sebbag L, Moody LM, Allbaugh RA, Mochel JP. Nerve growth factor in dogs: Assessment of two immunoassays and selected ocular parameters following a nicergoline challenge per os. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:199-204. [PMID: 31774231 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of corneal nerves can result in the development of ocular surface diseases such as aqueous tear deficiency and neurotrophic keratopathy. This study investigates oral nicergoline, an α-adrenoceptor antagonist shown to enhance endogenous secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) by the lacrimal gland, as a potential therapy for these conditions. Five female spayed Beagle dogs received a 2-week course of oral nicergoline (10 mg twice daily). Drug safety was evaluated with ophthalmic and physical examinations, blood pressure monitoring, bloodwork, and urinalysis. The effect of nicergoline on the ocular surface was assessed with corneal esthesiometry, Schirmer tear test-1, and tear film breakup time. Drug effect on NGF levels was assessed by collecting tears and blood at baseline and completion of therapy using a bead-based immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although nicergoline was well tolerated in all dogs, it did not have a significant impact on corneal sensitivity, tear production, or tear stability. Of note, NGF was below the limit of quantification in all tear samples and was only detected in 8/20 serum samples with no significant difference between levels at baseline (189.4 ± 145.1 pg/mL) and completion of therapy (149.4 ± 79.4 pg/mL). Further validation of NGF analytical assays is warranted before nicergoline is investigated in clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Leah M Moody
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Raposo AC, Portela RD, Masmali A, Cardoso-Brito V, Bernardo M, Oliveira DC, Oriá AP. Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys' tear film. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:371-378. [PMID: 30039860 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the composition and characteristics of capuchin monkey (CM) tear film. METHODS Eleven CM (Sapajus sp.) was evaluated. Strip meniscometry test (SMT), osmolarity, and tear ferning test (TFT) (by Rolando and Masmali scales) were assessed. Tear protein profile (SDS-PAGE), and total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol levels in tear film and blood serum were screened. RESULTS Median ± semi-interquatil range for SMT and osmolarity values were 8.0 ± 1.625 and 303.0 ± 9.875, respectively. TFT for Rolando was 2.0 ± 0.5, and Masmali was 2.0 ± 0.0. Monkeys's tear obtained type II and III for Rolando, and 1 and 2 for Masmali. Tear components showed protein bands among 23-217 kDa, and presence of albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The results of SMT, osmolarity, TFT, SDS-PAGE, and tear biochemistry may serve as a reference baseline for CM, and the data may serve as a basis for future experimental model evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Ali Masmali
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinicius Cardoso-Brito
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bernardo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Dayse Cury Oliveira
- Brazilian Institute of Ophthalmology and Prevention of Blindness, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Arianne Pontes Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Best LJ, Alexiades V, Hendrix DVH, Chen T, Ward DA. Blink patterns and kinematics of eyelid motion in ophthalmologically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:650-657. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.6.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen C, Dong ZQ, Shen JH, Chen HW, Zhu YH, Zhu ZG. 2D Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Sensor for Tear Glucose Monitoring. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3211-3217. [PMID: 31458578 PMCID: PMC6641290 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC) materials have huge potentials as sensors for noninvasive and real-time monitoring glucose in tears. We developed a glucose-sensitive PC material based on monolayered colloidal crystals (MCCs). Polystyrene nanoparticles were first self-assembled into a highly ordered MCC, and this two-dimensional (2D) template was then coated by a 4-boronobenzaldehyde-functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel. Such a sensor efficiently diffracts visible light, whose structural color could change from red through yellow to green, as the glucose concentration altered from 0 to 20 mM, covering both tears' and bloods' physiological ranges. The sensor also represents a rapid response within 180 s at each titration of glucose, combining the characteristics of high accuracy and sensitivity in detecting the glucose concentration in tears, and this intelligent sensing material presents certain possibility for the frontier point-of-care glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- School
of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, 2360 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201209, China
- Shanghai
Innovation Institute for Materials, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Dong
- School
of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, 2360 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shen
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao-Wen Chen
- School
of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, 2360 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Yi-Hua Zhu
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhu
- School
of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, 2360 Jinhai Road, Shanghai 201209, China
- Shanghai
Innovation Institute for Materials, Shanghai 200444, China
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