1
|
Mańkowska A, Witkowska D. The Most Common Environmental Risk Factors for Equine Asthma-A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2062. [PMID: 39061524 PMCID: PMC11273653 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is a popular subject of research. Many factors influencing the methods used to improve the welfare of asthmatic horses remain unclear. This study reviews scientific articles published after 2000 to collect the most important information on the terminology, symptoms, and potential environmental factors influencing the development and course of equine asthma. Our work highlights the impact of environmental factors on the severity of equine asthma and why these factors should be controlled to improve treatment outcomes. The present article provides horse owners and veterinarians with valuable information on how to improve the well-being of horses that are at risk of developing asthma symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mańkowska
- Department of Animal Welfare and Research, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagley DC, Russell T, Ortiz-Zapater E, Stinson S, Fox K, Redd PF, Joseph M, Deering-Rice C, Reilly C, Parsons M, Brightling C, Rosenblatt J. Bronchoconstriction damages airway epithelia by crowding-induced excess cell extrusion. Science 2024; 384:66-73. [PMID: 38574138 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is deemed an inflammatory disease, yet the defining diagnostic feature is mechanical bronchoconstriction. We previously discovered a conserved process called cell extrusion that drives homeostatic epithelial cell death when cells become too crowded. In this work, we show that the pathological crowding of a bronchoconstrictive attack causes so much epithelial cell extrusion that it damages the airways, resulting in inflammation and mucus secretion in both mice and humans. Although relaxing the airways with the rescue treatment albuterol did not affect these responses, inhibiting live cell extrusion signaling during bronchoconstriction prevented all these features. Our findings show that bronchoconstriction causes epithelial damage and inflammation by excess crowding-induced cell extrusion and suggest that blocking epithelial extrusion, instead of the ensuing downstream inflammation, could prevent the feed-forward asthma inflammatory cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin C Bagley
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Tobias Russell
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sally Stinson
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR BRC, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Polly F Redd
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Merry Joseph
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | - Maddy Parsons
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Christopher Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR BRC, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- The Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Piovesana TR, Rodrigues LDS, Bovolato ALDC, Rodríguez-Sánchez DN, Rinaldi JC, Santos NJ, Mori JC, Lourenção PLTDA, Birch L, Bertanha M. Urinary Bladder Patch Made with Decellularized Vein Scaffold Seeded with Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Model in Rabbits. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2814. [PMID: 36359335 PMCID: PMC9687924 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate tissue regeneration of the urinary bladder after the implantation of a decellularized vein sown with autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) on luminal surfaces. METHODS New Zealand rabbits (n = 10) were distributed in two groups: Group Bioscaffold alone (G1)-decellularized vena cava (1 cm2) was implanted, and Group Bioscaffold plus ACSs (G2)-decellularized vena cava (1 cm2) containing ASCs were implanted. ASCs were expanded, characterized, and maintained for one week in culture with a decellularized vein scaffold. The implants were performed under general anesthesia using a continuous suture pattern. Afterward, 21 d (day) specimens were collected and analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS The integrity of the urinary bladder was maintained in both groups. A superior regenerative process was observed in the G2 group, compared to the G1 group. We observed a greater urothelial epithelialization and maturity of the mucosa and submucosa fibroblasts. Furthermore, SEM demonstrated a notable amount of urothelial villus in the G2 group. CONCLUSION Decellularized vena cava scaffolds were able to maintain the integrity of the urinary bladder in the proposed model. In addition, ASCs accelerated the regenerative process development, observed primarily by the new urothelial epithelization and the maturity of mucosa and submucosa fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeu Ravazi Piovesana
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Lenize da Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Ana Livia de Carvalho Bovolato
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Diego Noé Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Carvalho Rinaldi
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Nilton José Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Bioscience of Botucatu, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas–UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Julia Calvi Mori
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Physiopathology, State University of Maringa, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Lynn Birch
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Matheus Bertanha
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beling JCF, Santos DMSA, Ferreira MP, Silva PCAR, Costa MFM, Lessa DAB. Post‐exercise endoscopic and cytologic diagnosis of equine asthma syndrome in asymptomatic Brazilian pacers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. F. Beling
- Faculdade de Veterinária Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária (MCV) Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói RJ Brasil
| | - D. M. S. A. Santos
- Faculdade de Veterinária Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária (MCV) Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói RJ Brasil
| | - M. P. Ferreira
- Faculdade de Veterinária Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária (MCV) Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói RJ Brasil
| | - P. C. A. R. Silva
- Faculdade de Veterinária Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária (MCV) Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói RJ Brasil
| | - M. F. M. Costa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences The University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - D. A. B. Lessa
- Faculdade de Veterinária Departamento de Patologia e Clínica Veterinária (MCV) Universidade Federal Fluminense Niterói RJ Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dupuis-Dowd F, Lavoie JP. Airway smooth muscle remodelling in mild and moderate equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:865-874. [PMID: 34529300 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway smooth muscle remodelling in severe equine asthma includes both thickening of airway smooth muscle, resulting from hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and changes in contractility. However, airway smooth muscle changes have not been studied in milder forms of the disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate bronchial smooth muscle remodelling in horses with mild and moderate asthma (MEA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. METHODS The endobronchial biopsies from 18 horses with MEA referred to the Equine Hospital of the Université de Montréal and from seven healthy age-matched control horses were studied. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Airway smooth muscle cell proliferation was measured by quantifying the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) using immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. The expression of the (+)insert smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) isoform, an hypercontractile protein, was assessed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Expression of the (+)insert SMMHC isoform in airway smooth muscle was approximately 1.5 times greater in horses with MEA compared with controls (P = .02, mean difference 0.01). Although there were no differences between groups in the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (P = .4) or myocyte density (P = .3, mean difference -0.6), the percentage of proliferating myocytes was correlated to pulmonary neutrophilia in horses with neutrophilic inflammation (P = .01, r = .80) and to the expression of the (+)insert SMMHC isoform in asthmatic horses (P = .03, r = .66). MAIN LIMITATIONS Small cohorts of horses were studied, and conclusions are limited to the central airways. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the presence of bronchial smooth muscle remodelling in mild forms of equine asthma and pave the way for the development of biomarkers to measure asthma progression and response to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Dupuis-Dowd
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barton AK, Gehlen H. [Remodeling in equine asthma - Effects of antigen avoidance and pharmacological therapy]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:320-325. [PMID: 34470055 DOI: 10.1055/a-1581-6231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The term remodeling describes the process resulting in a tissue that is structurally and architecturally altered compared to its healthy counterpart. At least in severe equine asthma, this occurs mainly, but not exclusively, as a consequence of neutrophilic airway inflammation and is characterized by hypertrophy of the smooth muscle layers in airway and arterial walls as well as fibrosis of the bronchial walls and pulmonary interstitial tissue. To date, much less is known for mild to moderate equine asthma. For a long time it was assumed that these processes are irreversible, and at least for the remodeling of airway smooth muscle this is valid until today. In contrast, remodeling of the extracellular matrix disappears almost completely following long-term remission in consequence to strict antigen avoidance and environmental improvement as well as after glucocorticoid therapy. The remodeling of the arterial vasculature is also reversible following at least 12 months of antigen avoidance and bronchodilatory therapy, but not by inhaled glucocorticoids alone. Although not proven to date, the mild to moderate forms with a good prognosis for complete recovery may be a progenitor for severe equine asthma, in which lung function is restricted even during disease remission despite the absence of obvious clinical signs. Early diagnosis and therapy are, therefore, essential for the management of equine asthma prior to the development of irreversible remodeling, in particular of the bronchial smooth muscle. Antigen avoidance is of highest importance, and should be supported by glucocorticoids and bronchodilators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kristin Barton
- Klinik für Pferde, allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Klinik für Pferde, allgemeine Chirurgie und Radiologie, Freie Universität Berlin
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morini M, Peli A, Rinnovati R, Magazzù G, Romagnoli N, Spadari A, Pietra M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051376. [PMID: 34066204 PMCID: PMC8151432 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-7970
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Magazzù
- DVM, Vet Practitioner, 40024 Castel San Pietro Terme, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Millares-Ramirez EM, Picotte K, Lavoie JP. Pulmonary response of severely asthmatic horses after intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:78-84. [PMID: 32348605 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular (IA) administration of corticosteroids is performed routinely in equine practice. The lung function of severe asthmatic horses has recently been shown to be improved by IA triamcinolone acetonide (TA). We therefore hypothesised that IA methylprednisolone acetate (MPA), another commonly used corticosteroids, would also decrease the airway obstruction in severe asthmatic horses. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of intra-articular (IA) and intramuscular (IM) methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) administration on lung function and serum cortisol levels in horses with severe asthma. STUDY DESIGN Randomised and controlled experiments on severe asthmatic research animals. METHODS Severe asthmatic horses in exacerbation were administered 200 mg of MPA either intramuscularly (n = 6) or via intra-articular injections in the tarsocrural joints (n = 6; 100 mg/joint). Serum cortisol concentration and pulmonary function was measured for 8 days. RESULTS A significant decrease in pulmonary resistance in the IA group (P = .003, mean diff 1.14) on day 1 in comparison with baseline was observed. A significant decrease from baseline was also observed on serum cortisol values in the IA group 6 hours after injection (P = .001, mean diff 44.5), and at day 1 (P = .003, mean diff 45.1). MAIN LIMITATIONS Joint health was not evaluated in the current study and the physiological response of the severe asthmatic horses might deviate from that of the milder forms of asthma. CONCLUSIONS MPA IA administration improves the lung function of severe asthmatic horses. However, this effect was mild and of a short duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Millares-Ramirez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Khristine Picotte
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brankston G, Greer AL, Marshall Q, Lang B, Moore K, Hodgins D, Hennessey JTG, Beeler-Marfisi J. Increased Weekly Mean PM 2.5, and NO 2 Are Associated With Increased Proportions of Lower Airway Granulocytes in Ontario Horses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:185. [PMID: 32432128 PMCID: PMC7214617 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient pollution is associated with the development and exacerbation of human asthma, but whether air pollution exposure is associated with lower airway inflammation in horses has not been fully evaluated. The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is an online tool used by asthmatic Ontarians to modify their outdoor activity when ambient pollution is high. A single AQHI value, falling on a scale from 1 to 10+, is calculated from measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). Increased AQHI values predict an increased risk for presenting to a health care provider for assessment of asthma exacerbation, with a time lag of 0-9 days after an increase. Whether ambient air pollution is a risk factor for identifying increased lower airway inflammatory cells on cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses has not yet been explored. To investigate this relationship, case data including BALF cytology preparations from horses across southern Ontario, Canada, were retrieved from the Guelph Animal Health Laboratory's archives. Spanning the years 2007-2017, 154 cases were identified within a 41- by 30-km area surrounding the cities of Guelph and Kitchener. In 78 of 154 cases, cytologic reevaluation identified increased proportions of one or a combination of BALF neutrophils (mean 5%, range 0-15%), eosinophils (mean 2%, range 0-31%), and mast cells (mean 4%, range 0-10%). To assess the effect of lagged pollutant and temperature exposures in these 78 cases, weekly mean values of AQHI, PM2.5, NO2, O3, and temperature were recorded for the 4 weeks prior to the date of the horse's presentation for respiratory tract evaluation. The relationship between ambient exposures and increased proportions of lower airway granulocytes was evaluated using a case-crossover design. Single unit increases in 2-, and 3-week lagged weekly mean PM2.5 and NO2, were associated, respectively, with an 11% (p = 0.04, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.01-1.22), and 24% (p = 0.03, 95% CI = 1.08-1.43) greater risk of identifying increased lower airway granulocytes. These findings suggest that exposure to increased ambient pollutants is associated with lower airway inflammation in Guelph and Kitchener area horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Brankston
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amy L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Quinn Marshall
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brittany Lang
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kai Moore
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Janet Beeler-Marfisi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bullone M, Lavoie JP. The equine asthma model of airway remodeling: from a veterinary to a human perspective. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 380:223-236. [PMID: 31713728 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchospasm and airway remodeling. The latter is a major determinant of the structure-function relationship of the respiratory system and likely contributes to the progressive and accelerated decline in lung function observed in patients over time. Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. While their action on inflammation and lung function is well characterized, their effect on remodeling remains largely unknown. An important hindrance to the study of airway remodeling as a major focus in asthma research is the lack of reliable non-invasive biomarkers. In consequence, the physiologic and clinical consequences of airway wall thickening and altered composition are not well understood. In this perspective, equine asthma provides a unique and ethical (non-terminal) preclinical model for hypothesis testing and generation. Severe equine asthma is a spontaneous disease affecting adult horses characterized by recurrent and reversible episodes of disease exacerbations. It is associated with bronchoalveolar neutrophilic inflammation, bronchospasm, and excessive mucus secretion. Severe equine asthma is also characterized by bronchial remodeling, which is only partially improved by prolonged period of disease remission induced by therapy or antigen avoidance strategies. This review will focus on the similarities and differences of airway remodeling in equine and human asthma, on the strengths and limitations of the equine model, and on the challenges the model has to face to keep up with human asthma research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Montreal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bond S, Léguillette R, Richard EA, Couetil L, Lavoie JP, Martin JG, Pirie RS. Equine asthma: Integrative biologic relevance of a recently proposed nomenclature. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2088-2098. [PMID: 30294851 PMCID: PMC6271326 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “equine asthma” has been proposed as a unifying descriptor of inflammatory airway disease (IAD), recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), and summer pasture‐associated obstructive airway disease. Whilst the term will increase comprehensibility for both the lay and scientific communities, its biologic relevance must be compared and contrasted to asthma in human medicine, recognizing the limited availability of peer‐reviewed equine‐derived data, which are largely restricted to clinical signs, measures of airway obstruction and inflammation and response to therapy. Such limitations constrain meaningful comparisons with human asthma phenotypes. Suggested minimum inclusion criteria supporting the term asthma, as well as similarities and differences between IAD, RAO, and multiple human asthma phenotypes are discussed. Furthermore, differences between phenotype and severity are described, and typical features for equine asthma subcategories are proposed. Based on shared features, we conclude that mild/moderate (IAD) and severe (RAO) equine asthma are biologically appropriate models for both allergic and non‐allergic human asthma, with RAO (severe equine asthma) also being an appropriate model for late‐onset asthma. With the development of new biologic treatments in humans and the application of more targeted therapeutic approaches in the horse, it would appear appropriate to further investigate the allergic (Th‐2) and non‐allergic (non‐Th‐2) phenotypes of equine asthma. Further research is required to more fully determine the potential clinical utility of phenotype classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | | | - Eric A Richard
- Equine Immunity & Inflammation, LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UniCaen, Biotargen, France
| | - Laurent Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cook WR. Fifty years of recurring struggles with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:870. [PMID: 30030931 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W R Cook
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|