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Grayck M, Sullivan MN, Boscan P, Gish M, Proença L, Guerrera W, Rao S, Sadar MJ. Use of subcutaneous maropitant at two dosages for pain management in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy or orchiectomy. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 61:100888. [PMID: 38964540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effect of two doses of maropitant on pain scores, food intake, and fecal output in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy or orchiectomy. ANIMALS 26 (11 female, 15 male) rabbits from three institutions. PROCEDURES Rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: low-dose maropitant (LDM; 2 mg/kg SC once; n=8), moderate-dose maropitant (MDM; 4 mg/kg SC once; n=10), and control (saline equivalent to 4 mg/kg maropitant SC once; n=8), administered prior to surgery. Following surgery, all rabbits were provided buprenorphine (0.06 mg/kg q 8 hours) and meloxicam (1 mg/kg q 24 hours) intramuscularly. Rabbits were monitored using video surveillance postoperatively until 24 hours after surgery or discharge from the hospital, whichever came first. Pain scores were assessed by three blinded observers, and results were grouped into early (0-4 hours), mid (5-8 hours), and late (12-24 hours) time frames. Food intake and fecal output were compared between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi square, Fisher's exact tests, and a mixed model approach. RESULTS There were no adverse effects with maropitant administration. Rabbits that received MDM had significantly lower pain scores in the mid-time frame and behavior scores in the late-time frame compared to controls. Male rabbits consumed more food than females and rabbits hospitalized longer than 12 hours consumed more food than those that were discharged prior. No significant differences were detected in facial grimace scale scores, food intake, or fecal production among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Moderate dose maropitant decreased pain related behaviors in the mid-time frame and behavior scores in the late-time frame after surgery. Further studies are necessary to better characterize the potential use of maropitant in postoperative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Grayck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Sadar, Rao, Boscan), Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Michelle N Sullivan
- College of Natural Sciences (Grayck, Gish), Colorado State University, 117 Statistics Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Pedro Boscan
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University (Sullivan), 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Megan Gish
- College of Natural Sciences (Grayck, Gish), Colorado State University, 117 Statistics Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Laila Proença
- Veterinary Centers of America, West Los Angeles Animal Hospital (Proença), Dr. Proenca's current affiliation is: VetAhead, 5739 Kanan Road #108, Agoura Hills, CA 91301
| | - William Guerrera
- Arvada Veterinary Hospital (Guerrera), 6645 Wadsworth Blvd, Arvada, CO 80003
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University (Sullivan), 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Miranda J Sadar
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University (Sullivan), 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239.
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Smith JS, Gebert JE, Ebner LS, Bennett KO, Collins RJ, Hampton CE, Kleine SA, Mulon PY, Smith CK, Seddighi R, Bussieres G, Mochel JP, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular maropitant in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:158-164. [PMID: 36872454 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are at risk of vomiting from medical conditions as well as the emetic side effects of drugs administered for peri-operative manipulations, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for potential anti-emetic therapies, such as maropitant, in this species. The main objective of this study was to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for maropitant in pigs after a single intramuscular (IM) administration dosed at 1.0 mg/kg. A secondary objective was to estimate pilot pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs after oral (PO) administration at 2.0 mg/kg. Maropitant was administered to six commercial pigs at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg IM. Plasma samples were collected over 72 h. After a 7-day washout period, two pigs were administered maropitant at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg PO. Maropitant concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A non-compartmental analysis was used to derive pharmacokinetics parameters. No adverse events were noted in any of the study pigs after administration. Following single IM administration, maximum plasma concentration was estimated at 412.7 ± 132.0 ng/mL and time to maximum concentration ranged from 0.083 to 1.0 h. Elimination half-life was estimated at 6.7 ± 1.28 h, and mean residence time was 6.1 ± 1.2 h. Volume of distribution after IM administration was 15.9 L/kg. Area under the curve was 1336 ± 132.0 h*ng/mL. The relative bioavailability of PO administration was noted to be 15.5% and 27.2% in the two pilot pigs. The maximum systemic concentration observed in the study pigs after IM administration was higher than what was observed after subcutaneous administration in dogs, cats, or rabbits. The achieved maximum concentration exceeded the concentrations for anti-emetic purposes in dogs and cats; however, a specific anti-emetic concentration is currently not known for pigs. Further research is needed into the pharmacodynamics of maropitant in pigs to determine specific therapeutic strategies for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jessica E Gebert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa S Ebner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kailee O Bennett
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca J Collins
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chiara E Hampton
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie A Kleine
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher K Smith
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Genevieve Bussieres
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Ozawa S, Cenani A, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman Lv D. Treatment of Pain in Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:201-227. [PMID: 36402482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rabbits occupy facets of veterinary medicine spanning from companion mammals, wildlife medicine, zoologic species, and research models. Therefore, analgesia is required for a variety of conditions in rabbits and is a critical component of patient care. Considerations when selecting an analgesic protocol in rabbits include timing of administration, route of administration, degree or anticipated pain, ability to access or use controlled drugs, systemic health, and any potential side effects. This review focuses on pharmacologic and locoregional management of pain in rabbits and emphasizes the need for further studies on pain management in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 Williams Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Alessia Cenani
- Department of Surgical and Radiographical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman Lv
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Pellett S, Hinde J. Approach to the anorexic rabbit. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mones AB, Petritz OA, Knych HK, Sadar MJ, Thomson AE, Guzman DSM. Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate in Rhode Island Red chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) following subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:495-500. [PMID: 35734891 PMCID: PMC9544110 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maropitant citrate is a synthetic neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist and substance P inhibitor used for control of emesis in dogs in cats. Maropitant citrate is used empirically in birds, despite a lack of pharmacokinetic data in avian species. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of maropitant citrate 1 and 2 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) in eight Rhode Island Red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A crossover study design was used with 1‐week washout between trials. Blood samples were collected over 36 h after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via non‐compartmental analysis. The mean maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and elimination half‐life following 1 and 2 mg/kg SC were 915.6 ± 312.8 ng/ml and 1195.2 ± 320.2 ng/ml, 0.49 ± 0.21 h and 1.6 ± 2.6 h, and 8.47 ± 2.24 h and 8.58 ± 2.6 h, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data suggests doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg SC may be administered every 12–24 h to maintain above target plasma concentration similar to dogs (90 ng/ml). These data provide a basis for further investigation of maropitant citrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa B Mones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Miranda J Sadar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrea E Thomson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Sadar MJ, McGee WK, Au GG, Kendall LV, Gustafson DL, Boscan P. Pilot pharmacokinetics of a higher dose of subcutaneous maropitant administration in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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