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Revisiting Periodontal Disease in Dogs: How to Manage This New Old Problem? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121729. [PMID: 36551385 PMCID: PMC9774197 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent oral inflammatory diseases in dogs. PD onset begins with the formation of a polymicrobial biofilm (dental plaque) on the surface of the teeth, followed by a local host inflammatory response. To manage this disease, several procedures focusing on the prevention and control of dental plaque establishment, as well as on the prevention of local and systemic PD-related consequences, are essential. The removal of dental plaque and the inhibition of its formation can be achieved by a combination of dental hygiene homecare procedures including tooth brushing, the application of different oral products and the use of specific diet and chew toys, and regular professional periodontal procedures. Additionally, in some cases, periodontal surgery may be required to reduce PD progression. Associated with these measures, host modulation therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and other innovative therapeutic options may be useful in PD management. Moreover, PD high prevalence and its relation with potential local and systemic consequences reinforce the need for investment in the development of new preventive measures, treatments, and oral procedures to improve the control of this disease in dogs. Knowledge on the specific guidelines and diversity of the available products and procedures are fundamental to apply the most adequate treatment to each dog with PD.
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Pesset CM, Fonseca COD, Antunes M, Santos ALLD, Teixeira IM, Ribeiro TAN, Sachs D, Penna B. Characterizing biofilm formation of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in different suture materials. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105796. [PMID: 36155066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the primary cause of pyoderma and surgical site infection (SSI) in dogs, and biofilm formation is the main reason for persistent SSI. The presence of biofilm in medical devices can directly impact treatment. Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) emerged rapidly in companion animals, limiting treatment options. MRSP is a public health problem since zoonotic transmission can occur. The study seeks to evaluate biofilm formation capacity via Staphylococcus pseudintermedius collected from dogs affected by topical infections, in suture materials commonly used in companion animal surgery. We tested segments of four types of sutures. Biofilm production was measured by staining with safranin and colorimetric absorbance measurement. We calculated colony-forming units (CFUs) for each type of sutures and visualized biofilm via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The genes associated with biofilm formation (icaA and icaD) were identified using PCR. The colorimetric tests showed that the biofilm is most abundantly formed on the cotton sutures and polyglactin 910. The ability to form biofilm on polypropylene and nylon sutures has also been demonstrated, although at varying intensities. PCR revealed the presence of the two genes (icaA and icaD) in all the isolates. We used a positive control using a reference strain and negative control without bacteria for comparisons. Suture material allowing biofilm formation makes it difficult to prevent and treat surgical site infections. Therefore, it is important to know which suture thread is more susceptible to biofilm formation by bacteria to prevent possible secondary infections at surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Pesset
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Carolina O da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Milena Antunes
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Izabel M Teixeira
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Tainara A N Ribeiro
- Microbiological Testing Laboratory Associated with Materials and Drugs of the Center for Studies, Research and Innovation in Biofunctional Materials and Biotechnology, Federal, University of Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sachs
- Microbiological Testing Laboratory Associated with Materials and Drugs of the Center for Studies, Research and Innovation in Biofunctional Materials and Biotechnology, Federal, University of Itajubá, 37500-903, Itajubá, Brazil
| | - Bruno Penna
- Laboratory of Gram-Positive Cocci, Federal Fluminense University, Biomedical Institute, Rua Professor Hernani Melo N.° 101, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ, Cep: 24210-130, Brazil.
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Do Different Sutures with Triclosan Have Different Antimicrobial Activities? A Pharmacodynamic Approach. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091195. [PMID: 36139974 PMCID: PMC9494962 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Three antimicrobial absorbable sutures have different triclosan (TS) loads, triclosan release kinetics and hydrolysis times. This in vitro study aims to analyse and compare their antimicrobial pharmacodynamics. (2) Methods: Time-kill assays were performed with eight triclosan-susceptible microorganisms common in surgical site infections (SSIs) and a segment of each TS. Microbial concentrations were measured at T0, T4, T8 and T24 h. Similar non-triclosan sutures (NTS) were used as controls. Microbial concentrations were plotted and analysed with panel analysis. They were predicted over time with a double-exponential model and four parameters fitted to each TS × microorganism combination. (3) Results: The microbial concentration was associated with the triclosan presence, timeslot and microorganism. It was not associated with the suture material. All combinations shared a common pattern with an early steep concentration reduction from baseline to 4-8 h, followed by a concentration up to a 24-h plateau in most cases with a mild concentration increase. (4) Conclusions: Microorganisms seem to be predominantly killed by contact or near-contact killing with the suture rather than the triclosan concentration in the culture medium. No significant in vitro antimicrobial pharmacodynamic difference between the three TS is identified. Triclosan can reduce the suture microbial colonisation and SSI risk.
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Do Triclosan Sutures Modify the Microbial Diversity of Surgical Site Infections? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050927. [PMID: 35630370 PMCID: PMC9146332 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) report a lower incidence rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) with triclosan sutures (TSs) compared with non-triclosan sutures (NTSs). Do triclosan sutures modify the microbial diversity of culture-confirmed SSIs (ccSSIs)? If so, this would support the association between TS antimicrobial activity and the SSI incidence rate. This prospective systematic literature review (PROSPERO CRD42019125099) was conducted according to PRISMA. RCTs that compared the incidence of SSIs with TSs and NTSs and reported microbial counts from SSI cultures per suture group were eligible. The microbial species were grouped by genus, and the association between genera and sutures was tested. The pooled relative risk (RR) of ccSSIs was also calculated. Twelve RCTs were eligible. No publication bias was identified. The microorganism count was 180 in 124 SSIs with TSs versus 246 in 199 SSIs with NTSs. No significant difference in microbial diversity was found, but statistical power was low for test results to support or challenge the association between the antimicrobial activity of TSs and the reduced rate of SSIs. The RR of the ccSSIs was significant and consistent with comprehensive meta-analyses. The certainty of the pooled RR was moderate.
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Daoud FC, Goncalves R, Moore N. How Long Do Implanted Triclosan Sutures Inhibit Staphylococcus aureus in Surgical Conditions? A Pharmacological Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030539. [PMID: 35335916 PMCID: PMC8953209 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sutures with triclosan (TS) are used to reduce the risk of surgical site infections (SSI), but most clinical trials are inconclusive. The traceability of SSI risk to antimicrobial activity in operated tissues is needed. (2) Objectives: This study aimed to predict triclosan antistaphylococcal activity in operated tissues. (3) Methods: Three TS were exposed to static water for 30 days, and triclosan release was recorded. Polyglactin TS explanted from sheep seven days after cardiac surgery according to 3Rs provided ex vivo acceleration benchmarks. TS immersion up to 7 days in ethanol-water cosolvency and stirring simulated tissue implantation. Controls were 30-day immersion in static water. The release rate over time was measured and fitted to a predictive function. Antistaphylococcal activity and duration were measured by time-kill analysis with pre-immersed polyglactin TS. (4) Fifteen to 60-fold accelerated in vitro conditions reproduced the benchmarks. The rate prediction with double-exponential decay was validated. The antistaphylococcal activity was bactericidal, with TS pre-immersed for less than 12 h before then S. aureus began to grow. The residual triclosan level was more than 95% and played no detectable role. (5) Conclusions: Polyglactin, poliglecaprone, and polydioxanone TS share similar triclosan release functions with parametric differences. Polyglactin TS is antistaphylococcal in surgical conditions for 4 to 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Christopher Daoud
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (R.G.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +33-(0)6-0300-6898
| | - Ruben Goncalves
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (R.G.); (N.M.)
- CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie, Place Amélie Raba Léon, CEDEX, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicholas Moore
- INSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (R.G.); (N.M.)
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Shrestha P, Zhang Y, Chen WJ, Wong TY. Triclosan: antimicrobial mechanisms, antibiotics interactions, clinical applications, and human health. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:245-268. [PMID: 32955413 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1809286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale applications of Triclosan in industrial and household products have created many health and environmental concerns. Despite the fears of its drug-resistance and other issues, Triclosan is still an effective drug against many infectious organisms. Knowing the cross-interactions of Triclosan with different antibiotics, bacteria, and humans can provide much-needed information for the risk assessment of this drug. We review the current understanding of the antimicrobial mechanisms of Triclosan, how microbes become resistant to Triclosan, and the synergistic and antagonistic effects of Triclosan with different antibiotics. Current literature on the clinical applications of Triclosan and its effect on fetus/child development are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Shrestha
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Wen-Jen Chen
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tit-Yee Wong
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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