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Fries RC. Current use of cardiac MRI in animals. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:13-23. [PMID: 38052149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has evolved to become an indispensable tool in human cardiology. It is a non-invasive technique that enables objective assessment of myocardial function, size, and tissue composition. Recent innovations in magnetic resonance imaging scanner technology and parallel imaging techniques have facilitated the generation of parametric mapping to explore tissue characteristics, and the emergence of strain imaging has enabled cardiologists to evaluate cardiac function beyond conventional metrics. As veterinary cardiology continues to utilize CMR beyond the reference standard, clinical application of CMR will further expand our capabilities. This article describes the current use of CMR and adoption of more recent advances such as T1/T2 mapping in veterinary cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2
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Two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived global longitudinal strain in healthy Doberman Pinschers: method evaluation, variability, and reference values. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 45:3-14. [PMID: 36587449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST)-derived global longitudinal strain (GLS) in healthy Doberman Pinschers (DP) is essential before it can be used in diseased DP to assess systolic function. To determine feasibility and observer related measurement variability of 2D-ST-derived GLS by use of AutoSTRAIN (AUTO) and 2D Cardiac Performance Analysis (TomTec Imaging Systems GmbH, Unterschleissheim, Germany). ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS This prospective study included 120 healthy, client-owned DP presented for screening evaluation. Global longitudinal strain of the apical four- (GLSA4C), two-, and three-chamber view as well as the average GLS of all three views combined (GLSAV) were determined, compared, and reference values established. Measurement variability was assessed by using intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation. RESULTS A small difference existed for GLSAV (mean + 0.23%; P=0.022) between the two software programs although the determined strain values were similar and positively correlated (r = 0.84; P<0.001). No difference could be found between GLSAV and GLSA4C for AUTO (mean + 0.16%; P=0.228), whereas a difference existed for Cardiac Performance Analysis (mean -0.89% (end-systolic strain) and -0.56% (peak strain), P<0.0001). Software specific reference values were established for GLSAV and GLSA4C. Intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation revealed very low to low measurement variability, with better results for AUTO. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST) derived GLS is a feasible technique to assess systolic function with low measurement variability. Whenever possible, GLSAV should be determined, although GLSA4C might be a potential alternative.
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Wess G. Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:51-68. [PMID: 34732313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiac disease in large breed dogs. The disease can start with arrhythmias or with systolic dysfunction of the myocardium. OBJECTIVE To describe screening methods for DCM in various breeds and provide a new, modified staging system. RECOMMENDATIONS Screening for occult DCM should start at three years of age and use Holter monitoring in Boxers and Dobermans and might be useful also in other breeds. Single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) can be detected in many healthy dogs, but healthy animals typically have <50 VPCs in 24 h and demonstrate minimal complexity most often occurring only as single ectopic beats. In general, >100 VPCs in 24 h was recommended as the cut-off value for establishing a diagnosis of DCM. However, there are breed-specific recommendations related to Holter recording diagnosis of DCM in Dobermans and Boxers. Yearly screening over the life of a dog is recommended, as a one-time screening is not sufficient to rule out the future development of DCM. Several echocardiographic methods such as M-mode derived measurements, the measurement of the left ventricular (LV) volume by Simpson's method of discs (SMOD), and E-point to septal separation (EPSS) are recommended for screening purposes. The value of additional tests such as cardiac biomarkers (troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) as well as a 5-min resting electrocardiogram (ECG) or newer echocardiographic methods such as strain measurements is discussed. CONCLUSION This review suggests some guidelines for screening for DCM in various breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, Munich, 80539, Germany.
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Eberhard J, Wess G. The prevalence of atrial premature complexes in healthy Doberman Pinschers and their role in the diagnosis of occult dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet J 2020; 259-260:105475. [PMID: 32553239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of atrial premature complexes (APCs) as a possible marker of occult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Doberman Pinschers (DP) is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify APC in healthy DP and to investigate their role as early markers of occult DCM. Holter-ECG results from 561 examinations of 153 DP at different time points were retrospectively evaluated, with special emphasis on APCs. Holter results from 110 healthy control DPs were compared to the last normal Holter and echocardiographic examinations in 43 DP that subsequently developed DCM within 15 months (DCM group), and to the first examination in the DCM group that contained ventricular premature complexes (VPC). There were no significant differences in the number of APCs or the coupling interval between the control group and the last normal examination in the DCM group (P > 0.05). The number of APCs increased slightly at the first abnormal examination in the DCM group. Healthy male DP had more APCs than females (P = 0.009) and older dogs had APCs more frequently than younger dogs (P < 0.001). About 85% of healthy DP with at least one APC/24 h had <20 APCs/24 h. Extracardiac diseases, especially gastrointestinal diseases influenced the occurrence of APCs (P = 0.037 and P = 0.006, respectively). APCs were present without obvious cardiac disease and were not a marker for the development of DCM, as they were not identified until after VPCs were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eberhard
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Gunasekaran T, Olivier NB, Sanders RA. Comparison of single- versus seven-day Holter analysis for the identification of dilated cardiomyopathy predictive criteria in apparently healthy Doberman Pinscher dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 27:78-87. [PMID: 32086162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary objective of this study was to test whether seven-day Holter recording improves the sensitivity of detecting dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) predictive criteria (DCMp) compared with 24-h Holter recording in asymptomatic Doberman Pinscher (DP) dogs. ANIMALS Twenty-eight asymptomatic DP dogs with normal echocardiographic examinations. METHODS Dogs with normal echocardiographic examinations underwent seven-day Holter monitoring. The presence of ≥50 ventricular premature complexes and or ≥ one couplet/one triplet/one episode of ventricular tachycardia per 24-h period was considered positive for DCMp. RESULTS Five dogs were positive on the first day, and an additional six dogs tested positive from day two to seven of the Holter recording. The number of dogs positive for DCMp detected by four days was significantly different (p = 0.031) compared with the first-day Holter recording. CONCLUSIONS Seven-day Holter recording detected significantly more dogs with DCMp compared with the first-day Holter recording. Follow-up studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term accuracy of multiple-day Holter analysis in predicting the development of DCM in DP dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gunasekaran
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - N B Olivier
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - R A Sanders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, 736 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Wiberg M, Niskanen JE, Hytönen M, Dillard K, Hagner K, Anttila M, Lohi H. Ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in young Leonbergers. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 27:10-22. [PMID: 31881369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe unexpected sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young Leonbergers (<3 years) and to review the circumstances before death and necropsy findings; to prospectively evaluate the presence of possible arrhythmias in young Leonbergers; and to examine pedigrees for determining potential modes of inheritance. ANIMALS Postmortem evaluations included 21 Leonbergers. Clinical evaluation consisted of 46 apparently healthy Leonbergers with and without a close family history of SCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Necropsy reports were reviewed retrospectively. Prospective clinical evaluation included physical examination, 5-min electrocardiogram, 24-h Holter, echocardiography, and laboratory tests. Pedigree data were examined for mode of inheritance. RESULTS Based on necropsy reports, SCD occurred at a median age of 12 months (range, 2.0-32.0 months) without any previous clinical signs and usually in rest. No evidence of structural cardiac disease was found; arrhythmia-related death was suspected. Clinical evaluation and 24-h Holter showed ventricular arrhythmia (VA) in 14 apparently healthy Leonbergers (median age, 18 months; range, 12-42 months). Severity of VA varied from infrequent couplets/triplets to frequent complexity (couplets, triplets, nonsustained ventricular tachycardias,VTs) characterized by polymorphology. During follow-up, two dogs with polymorphic VT died. Although breed specificity and high prevalence indicate a heritable disease, based on available pedigree data, the mode of inheritance could not be determined. CONCLUSIONS Sudden cardiac death in young Leonbergers is associated with malignant VA characterized by complexity and polymorphic nature. Diagnosis is based on 24-h Holter monitoring. Pedigree analysis suggests that the arrhythmia is familial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiberg
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O BOX 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - J E Niskanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Hytönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Dillard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland; Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, Finnish Food Authority, P.O. BOX 200, 00027, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Hagner
- Veterinary Pathology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Anttila
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Research Unit, Finnish Food Authority, P.O. BOX 200, 00027, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
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Klüser L, Maier ET, Wess G. Evaluation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay compared to a first-generation cardiac troponin I assay in Doberman Pinschers with and without dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:54-63. [PMID: 30536428 PMCID: PMC6335507 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography and 24-hour ECG are the gold standard tests to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Doberman Pinschers (DP), but myocardial damage might be detected earlier using a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare an hs-cTnI assay (Advia Centaur TnI-Ultra assay) with a conventional cTnI assay in DP with different stages of DCM and in healthy DP. ANIMALS Three hundred forty-five examinations from 162 DP with and 179 DP without DCM. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study. Dogs were allocated into 6 groups based on echocardiographic and 24-hour ECG criteria: (1) healthy group (179 dogs), (2) last-normal group (29 dogs), which included dogs that were considered to be healthy at the time of their examination but were assigned to the last-normal group retrospectively when DCM was diagnosed at their next examination within 1.5 years, (3) only arrhythmias (45 dogs, 119 examinations), (4) only echocardiographic changes (24 dogs, 61 examinations), (5) echocardiographic changes with ventricular premature complexes (41 dogs, 100 examinations), and (6) decompensated (23 dogs, 36 examinations). Hs-cTnI and conventional cTnI concentration measurements were performed and compared. RESULTS A cutoff value of hs-cTnI concentration >0.113 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 81.2% and a specificity of 73.2% to identify the presence of DCM. The conventional cTnI assay showed a similar test performance, but the hs-cTnI assay identified more dogs (21/29 dogs, 72%) in the last-normal group compared to the conventional cTnI test (18/29 dogs, 62%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The hs-cTnI is an additional test with good potential to identify early DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Klüser
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
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Oliveira P, Arnott H, Mavropoulou A. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Oliveira
- Department of CardiologyDavies Veterinary SpecialistsHitchinUK
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9
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Klüser L, Holler PJ, Simak J, Tater G, Smets P, Rügamer D, Küchenhoff H, Wess G. Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death in Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 30:722-32. [PMID: 27177626 PMCID: PMC4913570 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Risk factors for SCD are poorly defined. Aim To assess cardiac biomarkers, Holter‐ECG, echocardiographic variables and canine characteristics in a group of Doberman Pinschers with DCM dying of SCD and in a DCM control group to identify factors predicting SCD. Methods/Animals A longitudinal prospective study was performed in 95 Doberman Pinschers with DCM. Forty‐one dogs died within 3 months after the last cardiac examination (SCD‐group) and were compared to 54 Doberman Pinschers with DCM surviving 1 year after inclusion. Holter‐ECG, echocardiography, measurement of N‐terminal prohormone of brain‐natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were recorded for all dogs. Results Volume overload of the left ventricle (left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV/BSA) > 91.3 mL/m²) was the single best variable to predict SCD. The probability of SCD increases 8.5‐fold (CI0.95 = 0.8–35.3) for every 50 mL/m²‐unit increment in LVEDV/BSA. Ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVESV/BSA) and NT‐proBNP were highly correlated with LVEDV/BSA (r = −0.63, 0.96, 0.86, respectively). Generated conditional inference trees (CTREEs) revealed that the presence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), increased concentration of cTnI, and the fastest rate (FR) of ventricular premature complexes (VPC) ≥260 beats per minute (bpm) are additional important variables to predict SCD. Conclusion Conditional inference trees provided in this study might be useful for risk assessment of SCD in Doberman Pinschers with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klüser
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - P J Holler
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - J Simak
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - G Tater
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - P Smets
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - D Rügamer
- Statistical Consulting Unit, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - H Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
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Taggart K, Estrada A, Thompson P, Lourenco F, Kirmani S, Suzuki-Hatano S, Pacak CA. PDK4 Deficiency Induces Intrinsic Apoptosis in Response to Starvation in Fibroblasts from Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Biores Open Access 2017; 6:182-191. [PMID: 29285418 PMCID: PMC5745584 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Doberman pinscher (DP) canine breed displays a high incidence of idiopathic, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with increased mortality. A common mutation in DPs is a splice site deletion in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) gene that shows a positive correlation with DCM development. PDK4, a vital mitochondrial protein, controls the switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation based upon nutrient availability. It is likely, although unproven, that DPs with the PDK4 mutation are unable to switch to oxidative phosphorylation during periods of low nutrient availability, and thus are highly susceptible to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. This study investigated cell viability, mitochondrial stress, and activation of the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) apoptotic pathway in dermal fibroblasts from DPs that were healthy (PDK4wt/wt), heterozygous (PDK4wt/del), and homozygous (PDK4del/del) for the PDK4 mutation under conditions of high (unstarved) and low (starved) nutrient availability in vitro. As hypothesized, PDK4wt/del and PDK4del/del cells showed evidence of mitochondrial stress and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway following starvation, while the PDK4wt/wt cells remained healthy and viable under these conditions. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) PDK4-mediated gene replacement experiments confirmed cause-effect relationships between PDK4 deficiency and apoptosis activation. The restoration of function observed following administration of AAV-PDK4 provides strong support for the translation of this gene therapy approach into the clinical realm for PDK4-affected Dobermans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Taggart
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amara Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Francisco Lourenco
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sara Kirmani
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Silveli Suzuki-Hatano
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Wess G, Domenech O, Dukes-McEwan J, Häggström J, Gordon S. European Society of Veterinary Cardiology screening guidelines for dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:405-415. [PMID: 28965673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiac disease in large breed dogs and is inherited in Doberman Pinschers with a high prevalence (58%). OBJECTIVE The European Society for Veterinary Cardiology convened a task force to formulate screening guidelines for DCM in Dobermans. RECOMMENDATIONS Screening for occult DCM in Dobermans should start at three years of age and use both Holter monitoring and echocardiography. Yearly screening over the life of the dog is recommended, as a one-time screening is not sufficient to rule out future development of DCM. The preferred echocardiographic method is the measurement of the left ventricular volume by Simpson's method of discs (SMOD). Less than 50 single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) in 24 h are considered to be normal in Dobermans, although detection of any number of VPCs is cause for concern. Greater than 300 VPCs in 24 h or two subsequent recordings within a year showing between 50 and 300 VPCs in 24 h is considered diagnostic of occult DCM in Dobermans regardless of the concurrent echocardiographic findings. The guidelines also provide recommendations concerning ancillary tests, that are not included in the standard screening protocol, but which may have some utility when recommended tests are not available or financially untenable on an annual basis. These tests include assay of cardiac biomarkers (Troponin I and N-Terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide) as well as a 5-min resting electrocardiogram (ECG). CONCLUSION The current guidelines should help to establish an early diagnosis of DCM in Dobermans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - O Domenech
- Department of Cardiology, Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, United States
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Thomason JD, Rapoport G, Fallaw T, Calvert CA. The influence of enalapril and spironolactone on electrolyte concentrations in Doberman pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet J 2014; 202:573-7. [PMID: 25257351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with an aldosterone receptor antagonist can increase serum potassium and magnesium and lower serum sodium concentrations. The objective of this study was to retrospectively determine whether an ACEI and spironolactone can be co-administered to Doberman pinschers with occult dilated cardiomyopathy without serious adverse influences on serum electrolyte concentrations. Between 2001 and 2007, 26 client-owned Doberman pinschers were given enalapril, spironolactone, and carvedilol and followed for at least 6 months. Most dogs had been prescribed mexiletine for ventricular tachyarrhythmia suppression. Dogs were treated with pimobendan when congestive heart failure was imminent. Baseline and follow-up (3-10 visits) color-flow Doppler echocardiograms, serum urea nitrogen (SUN), creatinine, sodium, potassium, and magnesium concentration data were tabulated. Compared to baseline data, there were no significant changes in serum sodium or serum creatinine concentrations. Serum magnesium (P = 0.003), serum potassium (P = 0.0001), and SUN (P = 0.0001) concentrations increased significantly with time. Although the combination of ACEI and spironolactone was associated with significant increases in magnesium, potassium, and SUN concentrations, these changes were of no apparent clinical relevance. At the dosages used in this study, this combination of drugs appears safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thomason
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Health Center, Kansas State University, 1800 Dension Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - G Rapoport
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - T Fallaw
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C A Calvert
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Oyama MA, Boswood A, Connolly DJ, Ettinger SJ, Fox PR, Gordon SG, Rush JE, Sisson DD, Stepien RL, Wess G, Zannad F. Clinical usefulness of an assay for measurement of circulating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs and cats with heart disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:71-82. [PMID: 23786193 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Barretto F, Ferreira F, Freitas M, Santos V, Correa E, Carvalho C. Eletrocardiografia contínua (Holter) em cães saudáveis submetidos a diferentes exercícios físicos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes cargas de exercícios físicos no comportamento da frequência e do ritmo cardíaco de cães saudáveis, ao longo das 24 horas de gravação Holter. Utilizaram-se 23 cães, sem restrição de sexo, idade ou raça, dos quais 15 foram submetidos a atividades físicas e pertenciam ao grupo controle. Os resultados mostraram alterações na frequência cardíaca durante as atividades propostas, em que se alcançaram 174±27bpm durante a caminhada leve, 148±30 durante a atividade com bola e 165±26 durante o Cooper. Ademais, observaram-se arritmias, incluindo bloqueios atrioventriculares e extrassístoles e maior número e duração de pausas (até 5s) em repouso, além de uma menor variação na frequência cardíaca (FC) durante o período de sono dos animais do grupo experimental. Esses eventos não foram observados no grupo controle, o que sugere que o exercício físico extenuante interfere na modulação autonômica do coração, podendo predispor a arritmias importantes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.L. Barretto
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | - F.S. Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | | | | | - E.S. Correa
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
| | - C.B. Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
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15
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Holler PJ, Wess G. Sphericity index and E-point-to-septal-separation (EPSS) to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:123-9. [PMID: 24428318 PMCID: PMC4895524 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background E‐point‐to‐septal‐separation (EPSS) and the sphericity index (SI) are echocardiographic parameters that are recommended in the ESVC‐DCM guidelines. However, SI cutoff values to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) have never been evaluated. Objectives To establish reference ranges, calculate cutoff values, and assess the clinical value of SI and EPSS to diagnose DCM in Doberman Pinschers. Animals One hundred seventy‐nine client‐owned Doberman Pinschers. Methods Three groups were formed in this prospective longitudinal study according to established Holter and echocardiographic criteria using the Simpson method of disk (SMOD): control group (97 dogs), DCM with echocardiographic changes (75 dogs) and “last normal” group (n = 7), which included dogs that developed DCM within 1.5 years, but were still normal at this time point. In a substudy, dogs with early DCM based upon SMOD values above the reference range but still normal M‐Mode measurements were selected, to evaluate if EPSS or SI were abnormal using the established cutoff values. Results ROC‐curve analysis determined <1.65 for the SI (sensitivity 86.8%; specificity 87.6%) and >6.5 mm for EPSS (sensitivity 100%; specificity 99.0%) as optimal cutoff values to diagnose DCM. Both parameters were significantly different between the control group and the DCM group (P < 0.001), but were not abnormal in the “last normal” group. In the substudy, EPSS was abnormal in 13/13 dogs and SI in 2/13 dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance E‐point‐to‐septal‐separation is a valuable additional parameter for the diagnosis of DCM, which can enhance diagnostic capabilities of M‐Mode and which performs similar as well as SMOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Holler
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
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16
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Steudemann C, Bauersachs S, Weber K, Wess G. Detection and comparison of microRNA expression in the serum of Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy and healthy controls. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:12. [PMID: 23327631 PMCID: PMC3608136 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common heart disease in Doberman Pinschers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs playing important roles in gene regulation. Different miRNA expression patterns have been described for DCM in humans and might represent potential diagnostic markers. There are no studies investigating miRNA expression profiles in canine DCM. The aims of this study were to screen the miRNA expression profile of canine serum using miRNA microarray and to compare expression patterns of a group of Doberman Pinschers with DCM and healthy controls. Results Eight Doberman Pinschers were examined by echocardiography and 24-hour-ECG and classified as healthy (n = 4) or suffering from DCM (n = 4). Total RNA was extracted from serum and hybridized on a custom-designed 8x60k miRNA microarray (Agilent) containing probes for 1368 individual miRNAs. Although total RNA concentrations were very low in serum samples, 404 different miRNAs were detectable with sufficient signal intensity on miRNA microarray. 22 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the two groups (p < 0.05 and fold change (FC) > 1.5), but did not reach statistical significance after multiple testing correction (false discovery rate adjusted p > 0.05). Five miRNAs were selected for further analysis using quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR (qPCR) assays. No significant differences were found using specific miRNA qPCR assays (p > 0.05). Conclusions Numerous miRNAs can be detected in canine serum. Between healthy and DCM dogs, miRNA expression changes could be detected, but the results did not reach statistical significance most probably due to the small group size. miRNAs are potential new circulating biomarkers in veterinary medicine and should be investigated in larger patient groups and additional canine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Steudemann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, Munich 80539, Germany
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17
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Summerfield NJ, Boswood A, O'Grady MR, Gordon SG, Dukes-McEwan J, Oyama MA, Smith S, Patteson M, French AT, Culshaw GJ, Braz-Ruivo L, Estrada A, O'Sullivan ML, Loureiro J, Willis R, Watson P. Efficacy of pimobendan in the prevention of congestive heart failure or sudden death in Doberman Pinschers with preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (the PROTECT Study). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1337-49. [PMID: 23078651 PMCID: PMC3546380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of pimobendan in delaying the progression of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Dobermans is not reported. HYPOTHESIS That chronic oral administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM will delay the onset of CHF or sudden death and improve survival. ANIMALS Seventy-six client-owned Dobermans recruited at 10 centers in the UK and North America. METHODS The trial was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group multicenter study. Dogs were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive pimobendan (Vetmedin capsules) or visually identical placebo. The composite primary endpoint was prospectively defined as either onset of CHF or sudden death. Time to death from all causes was a secondary endpoint. RESULTS The proportion of dogs reaching the primary endpoint was not significantly different between groups (P = .1). The median time to the primary endpoint (onset of CHF or sudden death) was significantly longer in the pimobendan (718 days, IQR 441-1152 days) versus the placebo group (441 days, IQR 151-641 days) (log-rank P = 0.0088). The median survival time was significantly longer in the pimobendan (623 days, IQR 491-1531 days) versus the placebo group (466 days, IQR 236-710 days) (log-rank P = .034). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM prolongs the time to the onset of clinical signs and extends survival. Treatment of dogs in the preclinical phase of this common cardiovascular disorder with pimobendan can lead to improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Summerfield
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, Surrey, RH1 4QP, UK
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18
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Saunders AB. The diagnosis and management of age-related veterinary cardiovascular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:655-68, vi. [PMID: 22720807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The American Veterinary Medical Association reported 81.7 million cats and 72.1 million dogs in the United States, with more than 10% over 11 years of age. Disorders of the cardiovascular system are one of the most commonly encountered disease entities in the aging pet population. This article reviews the diseases affecting older cats and dogs including how to make the diagnosis and when to treat while keeping in mind the unique aspects of comorbid conditions and polypharmacy situations encountered while managing pets with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
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Wess G, Butz V, Mahling M, Hartmann K. Evaluation of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a diagnostic marker of various stages of cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:642-9. [PMID: 21529216 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.5.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic value of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations in Doberman Pinschers in various stages of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). ANIMALS 328 Doberman Pinschers. PROCEDURES Staging of DCM was determined via analysis of results of physical examinations, 24-hour ambulatory ECG (Holter) recordings, and echocardiographic evaluations. Plasma samples for NT-proBNP assays were obtained at each examination. Concentrations of NT-proBNP were measured in 337 samples obtained from 196 healthy Doberman Pinschers (control dogs) and in 195 samples obtained from 132 Doberman Pinschers in various stages of DCM. These included dogs that had ventricular premature contractions (VPCs; 79 samples), echocardiographic changes (23 samples), or both (51 samples); 16 samples were from dogs with overt DCM, and 26 were from dogs that were considered normal during initial examination but developed DCM within 1.5 years after this assessment. Receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed to determine sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP concentrations for detection of DCM. RESULTS NT-proBNP concentrations in dogs that had or developed DCM were significantly higher than those of control dogs. Sensitivity and specificity of NT-proBNP concentrations (cutoff value, > 400 pmol/L) to detect all stages of DCM were 81.1 % and 75.0%, respectively; sensitivity was 90.0% and specificity was 75.0% to predict echocardiographic changes. Specificity to detect echocardiographic changes was 90.4% at a cutoff value of 550 pmol/L. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Plasma concentrations of NT-proBNP were increased in dogs with DCM and in apparently healthy dogs that developed DCM within 1.5 years after samples were obtained, compared with concentrations in control dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Simak J, Keller L, Killich M, Hartmann K, Wess G. Color-coded longitudinal interventricular septal tissue velocity imaging, strain and strain rate in healthy Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:1-11. [PMID: 21315672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference values for septal longitudinal tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in Doberman Pinschers. BACKGROUND TDI includes several new techniques, such as tissue velocity imaging (TVI), strain, and strain rate that might be used to detect early myocardial dysfunction. However, before these techniques can be used, breed specific reference ranges need to be established. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred healthy Doberman Pinschers ≥ 4 years of age were prospectively evaluated using electrocardiography, Holter recording, and echocardiography. Systolic, early and late diastolic parameters of septal longitudinal color-coded TVI, strain, and strain rate were analyzed in three myocardial segments (basal, middle, and apical). RESULTS TDI was feasible in all Doberman Pinschers. Reference values were established for every myocardial segment. There was a significant velocity gradient from the basal to the apical segment for all TVI parameters. No differences between the three segments were found for systolic strain and strain rate. Several diastolic strain rate values were significantly different between myocardial segments. Influence of age, weight, and gender was not clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS This study provides reference values for TVI, strain, and strain rate in Doberman Pinschers. The parameters established here can be used for a supportive diagnostic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Simak
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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21
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Mausberg TB, Wess G, Simak J, Keller L, Drögemüller M, Drögemüller C, Webster MT, Stephenson H, Dukes-McEwan J, Leeb T. A locus on chromosome 5 is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20042. [PMID: 21625443 PMCID: PMC3098859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heterogeneous group of heart diseases with a strong genetic background. Currently, many human DCM cases exist where no causative mutation can be identified. DCM also occurs with high prevalence in several large dog breeds. In the Doberman Pinscher a specific DCM form characterized by arrhythmias and/or echocardiographic changes has been intensively studied by veterinary cardiologists. We performed a genome-wide association study in Doberman Pinschers. Using 71 cases and 70 controls collected in Germany we identified a genome-wide significant association to DCM on chromosome 5. We validated the association in an independent cohort collected in the United Kingdom. There is no known DCM candidate gene under the association signal. Therefore, DCM in Doberman Pinschers offers the chance of identifying a novel DCM gene that might also be relevant for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Simak
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Keller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T. Webster
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Stephenson
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wess G, Mäurer J, Simak J, Hartmann K. Use of Simpson's Method of Disc to Detect Early Echocardiographic Changes in Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1069-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Wess G, Schulze A, Geraghty N, Hartmann K. Ability of a 5-minute electrocardiography (ECG) for predicting arrhythmias in Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy in comparison with a 24-hour ambulatory ECG. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:367-71. [PMID: 20136711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) are common in the occult stage of cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. Although the gold standard for detecting arrhythmia is the 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) (Holter), this method is more expensive, time-consuming and often not as readily available as common ECG. OBJECTIVES Comparison of 5-minute ECGs with Holter examinations. ANIMALS Eight hundred and seventy-five 5-minute ECGs and Holter examinations of 431 Doberman Pinschers. METHODS Each examination included a 5-minute ECG and Holter examination. A cut-off value of > 100 VPCs/24 hours using Holter was considered diagnostic for the presence of cardiomyopathy. Statistical evaluation included calculation of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. RESULTS Holter examinations revealed > 100 VPCs/24 hours in 204/875 examinations. At least 1 VPC during a 5-minute ECG was detected in 131 (64.2%) of these 204 examinations. No VPCs were found in the 5-minute ECG in 73 (35.8%) examinations of affected Doberman Pinschers. A 5-minute ECG with at least 1 VPC as cut-off had a sensitivity of 64.2%, a specificity of 96.7%, a positive predictive value of 85.6% and a negative predictive value of 89.9% for the presence of > 100 VPCs/24 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A 5-minute ECG is a rather insensitive method for detecting arrhythmias in Doberman Pinschers. However, the occurrence of at least 1 VPC in 5 minutes strongly warrants further examination of the dog, because specificity (96.7%) and positive predictive value (85.6%) are high and could suggest occult cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany.
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24
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Wess G, Simak J, Mahling M, Hartmann K. Cardiac troponin I in Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:843-9. [PMID: 20412436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is useful for detection of cardiac myocyte damage, but its efficacy in detecting various stages of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Doberman Pinschers is unclear. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic value of cTnI in various stages of DCM in Dobermans. ANIMALS Six hundred and fifty-three cTnI measurements of 336 Doberman Pinschers. METHODS Using a longitudinal study design, staging of the disease was based upon 24-hour-ambulatory-ECG (Holter) and echocardiography. A total of 447 cTnI measurements were performed in 264 healthy Dobermans, and 206 cTnI measurements in 75 Dobermans with cardiomyopathy. Eighty-eight cTnI samples were from dogs with >100 ventricular premature contractions (VPCs)/24 hour, but without echocardiographic changes ("VPC group"). Additional 19 samples originated from dogs with only echocardiographic changes ("ECHO group"), and 56 samples from dogs with both VPCs and echocardiographic changes ("VPC plus ECHO group"). Twenty samples were from dogs with clinical signs ("clinical group"). The group "incipient" included 23 dogs, that were considered to be normal according to Holter and echocardiography at the time of the exam, but that developed DCM within 1.5 years. RESULTS cTnI values of dogs in all disease groups, including the "incipient" (0.30+/-0.20) and "VPC group" (0.36+/-0.34), were significantly (P=.04, P<.001) higher than the control group (0.07+/-0.16). A cut-off value of >0.22 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 79.5% and a specificity of 84.4% to detect all forms of cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE cTnI measurement is a valuable diagnostic test that can detect cardiomyopathy in dogs that are otherwise clinically normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Statistical Consulting Unit, LMU University, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Wess G, Schulze A, Butz V, Simak J, Killich M, Keller LJM, Maeurer J, Hartmann K. Prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers in various age groups. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:533-8. [PMID: 20202106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Doberman Pinschers is an autosomal dominant inherited disease. The prevalence of DCM in Doberman Pinschers of various age groups in Europe is currently unknown, but this information would be important to develop recommendations for screening programs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of cardiomyopathy in various age groups of Dobermans. ANIMALS Seven hundred and seventy-five examinations in 412 Doberman Pinschers. METHODS Dogs were included in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Each examination included echocardiography and 24-hour ECG (Holter) examination. A cut-off value of >100 ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) per 24 hours on Holter examination or abnormal echocardiography was considered diagnostic for cardiomyopathy. The cumulative prevalence included all dogs with DCM and healthy dogs >7 years of age. RESULTS DCM prevalence in various age groups was as follows: age group 1 (1 to <2 years) 3.3%, age group 2 (2 to <4 years) 9.9%, age group 3 (4 to <6 years) 12.5%, age group 4 (6 to <8 years) 43.6%, and age group 5 (>8 years) 44.1%. The cumulative prevalence of Doberman Pinscher cardiomyopathy was 58.2%. There was an equal sex distribution, but male dogs showed earlier echocardiographic changes than did female dogs, which had significantly more VPCs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of Doberman cardiomyopathy is very high in Europe. Disease manifestation and progression are different between male and female dogs. Yearly screening for DCM by Holter examination and echocardiography is recommended, starting at 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Kraus M, Thomason J, Fallaw T, Calvert C. Toxicity in Doberman Pinchers with Ventricular Arrhythmias Treated with Amiodarone (1996-2005). J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Calvert CA, Brown J. Influence of antiarrhythmia therapy on survival times of 19 clinically healthy Doberman pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy that experienced syncope, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death (1985-1998). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2007; 40:24-8. [PMID: 14736902 DOI: 10.5326/0400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overtly healthy Doberman pinschers, having moderate to severe myocardial failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy, which experienced ventricular tachycardia, syncope or collapse, and sudden death were studied to determine the effect of antiarrhythmic medication on their clinical outcome. Antiarrhythmia drug therapy may have retarded sudden death in 13 treated dogs compared to the six dogs not administered antiarrhythmia drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/therapeutic use
- Breeding
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/mortality
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/veterinary
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/veterinary
- Dog Diseases/drug therapy
- Dog Diseases/mortality
- Dogs
- Echocardiography/veterinary
- Electrocardiography, Ambulatory/veterinary
- Female
- Male
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Analysis
- Syncope/drug therapy
- Syncope/mortality
- Syncope/veterinary
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/drug therapy
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/mortality
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay A Calvert
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Spier AW, Meurs KM. Evaluation of spontaneous variability in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:538-41. [PMID: 14989546 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate spontaneous variability in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias and assess the influence of day of ECG recording and day of week on arrhythmia frequency in Boxers affected with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 10 Boxers with ARVC with prior ambulatory ECG recordings that included > or = 500 ventricular premature complexes/24 h. PROCEDURE Consecutive 24-hour ambulatory ECG recordings were obtained during a 7-day period in each dog. The number of ventricular premature complexes and grade of the arrhythmia were obtained from each recording. For each dog, the number of ventricular premature complexes for each recording was evaluated to identify any differences relative to the day of recording (recording 1 to 7) and day of the week (Monday through Sunday). RESULTS Spontaneous variability accounted for as much as 80% of the change in frequency of ventricular premature complexes in dogs with frequent arrhythmias; this value was almost 100% in dogs with less frequent arrhythmias. Grade of arrhythmia was less variable but was also inversely related to frequency of arrhythmia. No significant differences in frequency values were identified among days of recording or among days of the week. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes of < or = 80% in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias may be within the limit of spontaneous variability in dogs with ARVC. This degree of variability should be considered in evaluations of ambulatory ECG recordings, particularly in the assessment of the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Spier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Petric AD, Stabej P, Zemva A. Dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers: Survival, Causes of Death and a Pedigree Review in a Related Line. J Vet Cardiol 2002; 4:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/s1760-2734(06)70019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Calvert CA, Wall M. Results of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with equivocal echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 219:782-4. [PMID: 11561653 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine results of ambulatory electrocardiography in and outcome of overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with equivocal echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS 44 overtly healthy (25 male, 19 female) Doberman Pinschers. PROCEDURE 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings with > 90% scan quality obtained the same day that echocardiography was performed were reviewed. RESULTS Holter recordings from 42 of 44 (95%) dogs contained ventricular premature complexes (VPC). Fifteen of 44 (34%) dogs had > 100 VPC, 9 (20%) had > 500 VPC, and 5 (11%) had > 1,000 VPC. Nonsustained (< 30 seconds) ventricular tachycardia was detected in 4 dogs. Eighteen of 27 (67%) dogs with > 100 VPC, any couplets or triplets of VPC, or ventricular tachycardia developed dilated cardiomyopathy within 1 year, compared with 8 of 17 (47%) dogs with < 100 VPC, no couplets or triplets of VPC, and no ventricular tachycardia. Of the 18 dogs that did not develop dilated cardiomyopathy within 1 year, 11 (61%) did so within 3 years. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that a high percentage of Doberman Pinschers with equivocal echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy will be found to have VPC during 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography and that most will develop echocardiographic abnormalities indicative of cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Calvert
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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