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A systematic review and meta-analysis of impact of strongyle parasitism on growth rates in young cattle. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Hildreth MB, McKenzie JB. Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Northern Climates. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:59-71. [PMID: 32029189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite species infecting cattle throughout northern North American are generally the same as those found throughout North America. Throughout Canada, cattle are primarily infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora, whose larvae survive cold winters within soil of pastures. Overwintering larvae of these species maintain a temporary population of refugia available in spring to grazing cattle. Cattle from northern United States are also infected with Cooperia punctata and Haemonchus placei, whose larvae cannot survive cold winters within pastures. Anthelmintics with persistent activity are used during spring to recover some of these losses; however, anthelmintic resistance limits effectiveness of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, SNP 252, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - John B McKenzie
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, SNP 252, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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3
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Rehbein S, Knaus M, Visser M, Rauh R, Yoon S. Control of parasitic infection with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVOMEC® GOLD) and production benefit in first-season grazing cattle facing a high-level larval challenge in Germany. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4639-4648. [PMID: 27630102 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections are affecting the health and productivity of grazing cattle worldwide. To evaluate the effects of a single treatment with ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15 % ivermectin w/v) in first-grazing season cattle, two studies were conducted under continued stocking conditions for 84 or 100 days in Bavaria, Germany. Each study involved 68 naturally infected, approximately 4- to 6-month-old Brown Swiss bull calves. Animals were blocked based on pretreatment body weights. Within each block of four animals, animals were randomly assigned to treatments: one to saline (control) and three to IVM LAI. Treatments were injected at 1 mL/50 kg body weight subcutaneously in front of the shoulder. Animals in both studies were managed as one herd each grazing together. Cattle were weighed and fecal samples were collected pretreatment and at intervals thereafter for determination of weight gain and treatment efficacy, respectively. Fecal examination including composite fecal culture indicated the presence of nematodes of the genera Cooperia (dominating), Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, and Dictyocaulus, and Moniezia cestodes in the cattle. Following treatment, IVM LAI-treated cattle did not shed any Dictyocaulus larvae for 84 days while controls continued to pass larvae. Compared to the controls, IVM LAI-treated cattle had significantly (p < 0.01) lower strongylid egg counts at each occasion. Percentage reductions were ≥94 % up to 70 days after treatment and were ≥83.9 and 58.9 % at 84 and 100 days. Over the 84- or 100-day study periods, IVM LAI-treated cattle gained significantly more weight than the controls: 22.7 and 12.4 kg, respectively. The two studies demonstrated a high efficacy of IVM LAI against gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections under field conditions in Germany which was associated with significant benefit as to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - M Knaus
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - M Visser
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - R Rauh
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - S Yoon
- Merial Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA
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Eljaki AA, Al Kappany YM, Grosz DD, Smart AJ, Hildreth MB. Molecular survey of trichostrongyle nematodes in a Bison bison herd experiencing clinical parasitism, and effects of avermectin treatment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:48-55. [PMID: 27523937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
North American bison (Bison bison) producers face many challenges, including the potential clinical and economics problems caused by trichostrongyle nematodes within their herds. Little is known about the prevalence, intensity, geographical distribution and clinical significance of these parasites in commercial bison herds, even from regions where bison production has become popular. This study involved a large herd of bison from eastern South Dakota that was experiencing clinical parasitism due to a temporary over-stocking problem. After documenting fecal egg counts (FECs) and trichostrongyle genera present among the 3 main age-categories (i.e. adults, yearlings, calves) of bison during this heavily infected grazing season, the effects of doramectin treatment on the different age groups was also evaluated. This is the first bison study using PCR to identify genera of trichostrongyles in fecal samples. Virtually all 103 bison fecal samples from all 3 age classes were shedding trichostrongyle eggs by the end of the season, and the mean FECs were 34 eggs/g (EPG) among the cows, 125 EPG in the yearlings, and 186 EGP among calves. Based upon this heavily-infected herd, there is evidence that the susceptibility of bison to trichostrongyles is more similar to beef cattle than to sheep. Other parasites such as Moniezia, Nematodirus, Trichuris, and coccidians were also identified in these samples. All but 3 of the 51 samples analyzed with PCR shown at least 1 trichostrongyle genera. Ostertagia was detected in 68.6% of the samples, Cooperia in 80.39%, Haemonchus in at least 73% and Trichostrongylus in 16% of the herd. Most commonly, bison were infected with combinations of Haemonchus/Ostertagia/Cooperia. After treatment with doramectin, the mean FECs dropped by 99.9% for all of the bison age classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Eljaki
- Departments of Biology & Microbiology and Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Departments of Zoology, University of Omar Almukhtar, Al Bayda, Libya and University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Y M Al Kappany
- Departments of Biology & Microbiology and Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States; Department of Parasitology. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia Governorate 35516, Egypt
| | - D D Grosz
- Departments of Biology & Microbiology and Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - A J Smart
- Department of Natural Resources, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - M B Hildreth
- Departments of Biology & Microbiology and Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States.
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5
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A critical review and meta-analysis of the magnitude of the effect of anthelmintic use on stocker calf production parameters in Northern US States. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:2-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Rehbein S, Knaus M, Visser M, Winter R, Yoon S, Anderson A, Cramer L. Activity of ivermectin long-acting injectable (IVOMEC(®) GOLD) in first-season grazing cattle exposed to natural challenge conditions in Germany. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:47-54. [PMID: 25280515 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The persistent activity of ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15% ivermectin w/v) against nematode infections of cattle was evaluated under natural challenge conditions. Seventy nematode-free Brown Swiss calves were blocked by pre-treatment bodyweight and allocated randomly to seven groups of 10 animals each: saline (control) at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight once on day 0 or IVM LAI at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight (630 mcg IVM/kg) on either days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35. After housing until day 35, calves were grazed as one herd on a naturally contaminated pasture for 42 days. Calves were then weighed and housed for 4 weeks before being necropsied for parasite counting. Treatment with IVM LAI prevented the establishment (>90%, p < 0.05) of Dictyocaulus viviparus (100%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (100 %), Haemonchus contortus (98.6%), Ostertagia ostertagi/lyrata (94.9%), and Oesophagostomum radiatum (93.3%) for at least 77 days; Ostertagia leptospicularis (99.1%) for 63 days; Cooperia punctata (97.7%), Trichostrongylus axei (96.5%), and Ostertagia spp. inhibited larvae 4 (93.3%) for 56 days; Cooperia oncophora/surnabada (96.9%), Trichuris discolor (93.6%), and Cooperia spp. inhibited larvae 4 (98.8%); and Nematodirus spp. inhibited larvae 4 (97.1%) for 42 days. Calves of groups treated with IVM LAI had significantly (p < 0.001) higher days 0 to 77 weight gains than the saline-treated controls (28.40-39.25 vs 2.60 kg); the weight gains of the IVM LAI-treated groups, however, were not different from one another (p > 0.3). This study demonstrated a very high efficacy of IVOMEC® GOLD in preventing the establishment of a wide range of bovine nematodes for extended periods of time which was associated with a significant benefit to productivity in terms of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany,
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Kunkle B, Williams J, Johnson E, Stromberg B, Yazwinski T, Smith L, Yoon S, Cramer L. Persistent efficacy and production benefits following use of extended-release injectable eprinomectin in grazing beef cattle under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:332-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Perri A, Mejía M, Licoff N, Lazaro L, Miglierina M, Ornstein A, Becu-Villalobos D, Lacau-Mengido I. Gastrointestinal parasites presence during the peripartum decreases total milk production in grazing dairy Holstein cows. Vet Parasitol 2011; 178:311-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hildreth MB, Epperson WB, Mertz KJ. Effect of longitude and latitude on fecal egg and oocyst counts in cow–calf beef herds from the United States Northern Great Plains. Vet Parasitol 2007; 149:207-12. [PMID: 17768010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated potential relationships between parasite egg/oocyst outputs in cow-calf beef herds located within the United States Northern Great Plains and herd longitude and latitude. Management of study herds was typical of herds from this region. Parasite egg/oocyst counts were measured from 10 cows and 5 calves selected from each herd near the end of the traditional grazing season (October 1993). The types and numbers of eggs and oocysts recovered from both cows and spring-born calves were consistent with those described in other studies. No significant relationship between fecal egg/oocyst counts and latitude was observed in calves or cows. Monezia egg output exhibited no significant correlation with longitude for calves or cows. In cows, a significant negative correlation was detected between coccidian oocyst counts and herd longitude but not between helminth egg counts and longitude. In calves, Nematodirus, trichostrongyle and Trichuris egg output and coccidian oocyst output were all negatively correlated with longitude. This negative correlation suggests that nematode populations within the study area decreased slightly from an east to west direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Hildreth
- Department of Biology & Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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10
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Cappello M, Bungiro RD, Harrison LM, Bischof LJ, Griffitts JS, Barrows BD, Aroian RV. A purified Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein with therapeutic activity against the hookworm parasite Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15154-9. [PMID: 17005719 PMCID: PMC1622792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal (Cry) proteins produced by the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are harmless to vertebrates, but they are highly toxic to insects and nematodes. Their value in controlling insects that destroy crops and transmit human diseases is well established. Although it has recently been demonstrated that a few individual Bt Cry proteins, such as Cry5B, are toxic to a wide range of free-living nematodes, the potential activity of purified Cry proteins against parasitic nematodes remains largely unknown. We report here studies aimed at characterizing in vitro and in vivo anthelminthic activities of purified recombinant Cry5B against the hookworm parasite Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a bloodfeeding gastrointestinal nematode for which humans are permissive hosts. By using in vitro larval development assays, Cry5B was found to be highly toxic to early stage hookworm larvae. Exposure of adult A. ceylanicum to Cry5B was also associated with significant toxicity, including a substantial reduction in egg excretion by adult female worms. To demonstrate therapeutic efficacy in vivo, hamsters infected with A. ceylanicum were treated with three daily oral doses of purified Cry5B, the benzimidazole anthelminthic mebendazole, or buffer. Compared with control (buffer-treated) animals, infected hamsters that received Cry5B showed statistically significant improvements in growth and blood hemoglobin levels as well as reduced worm burdens that were comparable to the mebendazole-treated animals. These data demonstrate that Cry5B is highly active in vitro and in vivo against a globally significant nematode parasite and that Cry5B warrants further clinical development for human and veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cappello
- *Program in International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Richard D. Bungiro
- *Program in International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Lisa M. Harrison
- *Program in International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Larry J. Bischof
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Joel S. Griffitts
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Brad D. Barrows
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematodes are considered to be the most important group of internal parasites. Gastrointestinal parasitism is a major constraint to animal health, productivity, and profitability in grazing livestock production systems. The clinical manifestations of infection may range from no apparent effect to death. Despite years of research, assessment of production losses in many regions of the United States and of the potential impact of gastrointestinal nematode control remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Rickard Ballweber
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Wise Center, Spring Street, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA.
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