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Cauvin AR, Wisely SM, Baiser B, Peters RM, Sayler KA, Orange JP, Blackburn JK, Stacy NI. Blood analytes of clinically normal and diseased neonatal and weaned farmed white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) fawns. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 37589252 PMCID: PMC10453971 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2249072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research focused on farmed deer has exposed many knowledge gaps regarding health assessment protocols for white-tailed deer (WTD). The objectives of this study were to establish de novo blood analyte reference intervals for farmed WTD fawns at birth (1-2 days of age; n = 84) and again at weaning (76-125 days of age; n = 28), to compare data at birth and at weaning to understand how these analytes are affected by the intrinsic factors age and sex in clinically normal WTD fawns, and to compare between clinically normal and sick WTD weanlings (respiratory disease n = 12; orbivirus-infected n = 6). Reference intervals were established for WTD fawns at birth and weaning. Female WTD neonates had significantly higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin compared to males. Most blood analytes were significantly different in clinically normal WTD neonates compared to weanlings, suggesting an effect of age. The observed sex- and age-related variations in WTD highlight the need to establish reference intervals that account for intrinsic factors. The comparison of clinically normal and sick WTD weanlings in this study identified higher MCHC and absolute monocytes in sick weanlings but these findings were presumably not biologically relevant given the small sample size for sick fawns. While the reference interval data presented herein will be useful for the veterinary care of WTD fawns at critical time periods in a high-density farm setting, this study also demonstrates the need to identify more sensitive and specific biomarkers for the assessment of health status in farmed WTD with specific underlying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Cauvin
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samantha M. Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin Baiser
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Peters
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine A. Sayler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Orange
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Nicole I. Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Khouri RM, Wagner DC, Walter WD. Efficacy of secondary electric fences at preventing direct contact among white‐tailed deer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Khouri
- Schreyer Honors College The Pennsylvania State University, 10 Schreyer Honors College, University Park, PA 16802, University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Donald C. Wagner
- Deer Research Center The Pennsylvania State University, 335 Agricultural Science and Industries Building, University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - W. David Walter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit The Pennsylvania State University, 403 Forest Resources Building, University Park PA 16802 USA
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Miller WL, Walter WD. Can genetic assignment tests provide insight on the influence of captive egression on the epizootiology of chronic wasting disease? Evol Appl 2020; 13:715-726. [PMID: 32211062 PMCID: PMC7086050 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the sources of ongoing and novel disease outbreaks is critical for understanding the diffusion of epizootic diseases. Identifying infection sources is difficult when few physical differences separate individuals with different origins. Genetic assignment procedures show great promise for assessing transmission dynamics in such situations. Here, we use genetic assignment tests to determine the source of chronic wasting disease infections in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Natural dispersal is thought to facilitate the geographic diffusion of chronic wasting disease, but egression from captive cervid populations represents an alternative source of infection that is difficult to detect due to physical similarities with wild deer. Simulated reference populations were created based on allele frequencies from 1,912 empirical microsatellite genotypes collected in four sampling subregions and five captive facilities. These reference populations were used to assess the likelihood of ancestry and assignment of 1,861 free-ranging deer (1,834 noninfected and 27 infected) and 51 captive individuals to captive or wild populations. The ancestry (Q) and assignment scores (A) for free-ranging deer to wild populations were high (average Q wild = 0.913 and average A wild = 0.951, respectively), but varied among subregions (Q wild = 0.800-0.947, A wild = 0.857-0.976). These findings suggest that captive egression and admixture are rare, but risk may not be spatially uniform. Ancestry and assignment scores for two free-ranging deer with chronic wasting disease sampled in an area where chronic wasting disease was previously unobserved in free-ranging herds indicated a higher likelihood of assignment and proportion of ancestry attributable to captive populations. While we cannot directly assign these individuals to infected facilities, these findings suggest that rare egression events may influence the epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging populations. Continued disease surveillance and genetic analyses may further elucidate the relative disease risk attributable to captive and wild sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Miller
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Ecosystem Science and ManagementIntercollege Graduate Degree Program in EcologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - W. David Walter
- U.S. Geological SurveyPennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
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Brooks JW, Kumar A, Narayanan S, Myers S, Brown K, Nagaraja TG, Jayarao BM. Characterization of Fusobacterium isolates from the respiratory tract of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:213-20. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714523613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 23 clinical isolates of Fusobacterium spp. were recovered at necropsy over a 2-year period from the respiratory tract of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). Isolates were identified as Fusobacterium varium (18/23), Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. funduliforme (3/23), and Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum (2/23). Using polymerase chain reaction–based detection of virulence genes, all F. necrophorum isolates were positive for the promoter region of the leukotoxin operon and the hemagglutinin-related protein gene, while all F. varium isolates were negative. The presence of the leukotoxin gene in F. necrophorum isolates and the absence of this gene in F. varium isolates were confirmed by Southern hybridization using 2 separate probes. Toxicity to bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed with all F. necrophorum isolates, but was not observed in any F. varium isolates. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was markedly different for F. varium as compared to F. necrophorum. In summary, no evidence of leukotoxin production was detected in any of the 23 F. varium isolates used in the current study. The data suggests that F. varium, the most common species isolated, may be a significant pathogen in deer with a different virulence mechanism than F. necrophorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Brooks
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
| | - Suzanne Myers
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
| | - Kayla Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
| | - T. G. Nagaraja
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
| | - Bhushan M. Jayarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Myers, Brown, Jayarao)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Kumar, Narayanan, Nagaraja)
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Tack DM, Blanton JD, Holman RC, Longenberger AH, Petersen BW, Rupprecht CE. Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of deer owners following identification of a cluster of captive deer with rabies in Pennsylvania in July 2010. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1279-85. [PMID: 23600787 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.9.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices of deer owners following identification of a cluster of captive deer with rabies as an aid for the development of rabies prevention educational materials. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. POPULATION Captive-deer owners who were members of the pennsylvania deer farmers association. PROCEDURES Information was obtained via a mailed, self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS The questionnaire response rate was 59% (249/425). One hundred three of 206 (50%) respondents had incomplete knowledge of rabies virus vectors, transmission, severity, and prevention measures. Birds or snakes were incorrectly identified as rabies vectors by 96 of 213 (45%) respondents, and most (≥ 94%) respondents identified rabies virus reservoirs as vectors. Ninety of 231 (39%) respondents identified death as an outcome of rabies, and 184 of 235 (78%) respondents would seek emergency treatment if they suspected exposure. Only 62 of 235 (26%) respondents would wash a wound immediately. The majority of respondents (173/239 [72%]) did not know the clinical signs of rabies in deer. Nine respondents indicated that they vaccinated their deer against rabies, and the majority of respondents (158/214 [74%]) would be willing to vaccinate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings suggested that deer owners in Pennsylvania have a basic knowledge of rabies; however, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding prevention of rabies transmission could be improved considerably. Rabies educational materials for deer owners should focus on postexposure procedures, disease severity, recognition of rabies in deer, and changes in management practices such as vaccination to prevent rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Tack
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Tell LA, Brooks JW, Lintner V, Matthews T, Kariyawasam S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from the lungs of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with pneumonia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:1009-13. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro susceptibilities of 29 strains of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from lung lesions of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) with pneumonia were determined using the broth microdilution method to ascertain efficacious treatment options for pneumonic white-tailed deer. All 29 A. pyogenes strains tested were susceptible to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, tiamulin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole but were resistant to both danofloxacin and sulfadimethoxine. Likewise, all 29 isolates were either fully susceptible or intermediately susceptible to gentamicin (25 susceptible; 4 intermediate) and tulathromycin (25 susceptible; 4 intermediate). At least one isolate of A. pyogenes tested was resistant to ampicillin, chlortetracycline, clindamycin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, penicillin, and tilmicosin suggesting their ineffectiveness in treating A. pyogenes–associated lung infections in white-tailed deer. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for tylosin and neomycin could not be interpreted due to unavailability of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)-approved breakpoints for these 2 agents. In summary, based on MIC values, ceftiofur, spectinomycin, tiamulin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole are more efficacious than other antimicrobial agents for treating A. pyogenes–related pneumonia in white-tailed deer. However, ceftiofur may be preferred over the other 4 drugs as it is being widely used to treat respiratory disease in cattle and other animal species, as well as is available for single dose parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA (Tell)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Lintner, Matthews, Kariyawasam)
| | - Jason W. Brooks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA (Tell)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Lintner, Matthews, Kariyawasam)
| | - Valerie Lintner
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA (Tell)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Lintner, Matthews, Kariyawasam)
| | - Tammy Matthews
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA (Tell)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Lintner, Matthews, Kariyawasam)
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA (Tell)
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (Brooks, Lintner, Matthews, Kariyawasam)
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