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Branco SEMT, de Lima MPA, Silva RA, Nogueira MM, Wenceslau RR, Gonçalves JE, Beier SL, Carneiro RA, Melo MM. The clinical effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on rabbits medicated with diazepam. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:78-83. [PMID: 36512977 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE) have been increasingly used to reverse a wide range of lipophilic drug intoxications. However, it is still unknown if these emulsions interfere with other lipophilic drugs routinely used while treating intoxicated patients, such as diazepam, one of the main antiepileptic drugs. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the administration of a 20% ILE interferes with diazepam's clinical effect. We randomly allocated thirty rabbits to five groups. Three of those groups received diazepam (1.0 mg/kg, IV), one of which did not receive any additional treatment, while the two remaining groups were treated with ILE or lactated ringer solution (1.5 mL/kg followed by 0.25 mL/kg/min for 30 min). The fourth group only received lipid emulsion, and the fifth only lactated ringer. Successive neurological exams at 20 min intervals for a total of 100 min were performed to assess the rabbits' neurological state. We concluded that the ILE did not interfere with diazepam's clinical effect but, although unlikely, the possibility of recurrence of a sedative effect should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Elise Muniz Tavares Branco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Paulo Antunes de Lima
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renata Andrade Silva
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marina Moller Nogueira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Raphael Rocha Wenceslau
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Suzane Lilian Beier
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rubens Antônio Carneiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha da UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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2
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Gabba L, Iannucci C, Vigani A. Hemodialysis as emergency treatment of a severe baclofen intoxication in a 3 kg dog. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:43-46. [PMID: 36516306 PMCID: PMC9857140 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical efficacy and drug removal kinetics of hemodialysis (HD) as emergency treatment in a small size dog with severe baclofen intoxication. CASE DESCRIPTION A 2-year-old dog was presented in stupor to the emergency service a few hours after ingestion of up to 25 mg of baclofen. Medical stabilisation was attempted but was unsuccessful in improving the neurological condition and the patient rapidly progressed to coma. A 4-h session of HD was performed in emergency with near complete resolution of neurological signs and only mild disorientation by the end of the treatment. No adverse side effects occurred during HD. Baclofen concentration was measured serially during the session. Drug extraction ratio, clearance and mass removal by the dialyser were calculated. Dialytic elimination rate constant (Kd ) was seven times higher than the intrinsic elimination rate constant (Kintr ) and the half-life (t½) during HD was nearly nine times shorter than the endogenous one. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first case report providing pharmacokinetic data associated with HD treatment of severe baclofen intoxication in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gabba
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical CareDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Claudia Iannucci
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical CareDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alessio Vigani
- Division of Small Animal Emergency and Critical CareDepartment of Clinical Veterinary MedicineVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Epstein SE, Hopper K, Farrell KS. Manual plasma exchange to treat an accidental overdose of intravenous lipid emulsion in a dog with baclofen toxicosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:650-656. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.03.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION
An approximately 2-year-old sexually intact male German Shorthair Pointer was presented for treatment of baclofen toxicosis.
CLINICAL FINDINGS
The dog had signs of severe baclofen toxicosis (no gag reflex, intermittent vocalization, and stupor) and received intravenous lipid emulsion (142 mL/kg) as a constant rate infusion over 11 hours. Severe hypertriglyceridemia (29,221 mg/dL; reference interval, 19 to 133 mg/dL) developed, followed by cardiovascular depression (poor peripheral perfusion, hyperlactatemia, and hypertension), severe hypoglycemia (26 mg/dL), acute kidney injury (serum creatinine, 3.6 mg/dL), intravascular hemolysis, and coagulopathy (hypocoagulable thromboelastogram and marked bilateral epistaxis).
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Therapeutic plasma exchange was performed in 4 stages to treat the hypertriglyceridemia. For each stage, an approximately 500-mL aliquot of blood (22 mL/kg) was removed and centrifuged, and the patient’s RBCs and allogenic fresh-frozen plasma were returned to the dog. Approximately 1.2 times the dog’s plasma volume was exchanged, reducing the serum triglyceride concentration to 1,349 mg/dL and improving the dog’s cardiovascular function and coagulation. Hours after the procedure was completed, the dog regurgitated and developed acute respiratory distress as a result of presumptive aspiration pneumonia, and the owner elected to have the dog euthanized.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Veterinarians should be aware of possible complications associated with administration of intravenous lipid emulsion, and veterinary-specific guidelines for the maximum dose of intravenous lipid emulsion should be developed to help prevent adverse effects. TPE appears to be an effective method for treating iatrogenic hypertriglyceridemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Epstein
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kate Hopper
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kate S. Farrell
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Hoffman L, Londoño LA, Martinez J. Management of severe baclofen toxicosis using hemodialysis in conjunction with mechanical ventilation in a cat with chronic kidney disease. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211033770. [PMID: 34367653 PMCID: PMC8312170 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211033770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 2-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of acute and progressive neurologic signs 2-4 h after exposure to baclofen. The suspected ingested dose was 2.1 mg/kg. On admission, the cat was tetraplegic with stuporous mentation, and venous blood gas analysis showed mild hypercapnia (PvCO2 43.4 mmHg) raising concern for hypoventilation. Owing to the acute nature of the ingestion, severity of the clinical signs and reported history of chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis was recommended to remove the toxin. A 5 h hemodialysis session was performed using an intermittent platform without hemoperfusion. At the beginning of hemodialysis, worsening hypoventilation and hypercapnia (PvCO2 88.6 mmHg) required endotracheal intubation and manual ventilation initially, followed by mechanical ventilation. At the end of the dialysis session, the cat was breathing spontaneously and disconnected from the ventilator. The cat was ambulatory and alert 1 h after the end of dialysis. After an additional 12 h of monitoring, the cat had full return of neurologic function and was discharged from hospital. Serum baclofen concentration measured prior to, during and after hemodialysis showed a 77.7% reduction in baclofen levels immediately after hemodialysis. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of baclofen toxicity in a cat successfully treated with hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation simultaneously. Treatment with hemodialysis therapy and mechanical ventilation could be considered in cases of acute baclofen toxicosis to improve outcome and reduce the length of the hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Hoffman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leonel A Londoño
- Department of Critical Care, Capital Veterinary Specialists, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jenifer Martinez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kopke MA, Yozova ID. Management of presumptive canine permethrin toxicosis using intravenous lipid emulsion as an adjunctive therapy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kopke
- School of Veterinary ScienceMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Ivayla D Yozova
- School of Veterinary ScienceMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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Ahn JO, Jaung WJ, Won SH, Ryu MO, Song WJ, Jeon KO, Chung JY, Youn HY. Accidental afloqualone intoxication in two dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:152-155. [PMID: 29142147 PMCID: PMC5797875 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two dogs presented to the emergency service after accidental ingestion of afloqualone tablets, a muscle relaxant used for back pain in humans. Toxic effects of the drug in these dogs included vomiting, respiratory
depression, seizures, ataxia, bradycardia, and hematuria. Treatment consisted of fluid diuresis, furosemide, and propofol. Flumazenil, a gamma-amino butyric acid antagonist, was administered intravenously; however, it
was not effective in stopping the seizures in these dogs. Both dogs recovered with supportive treatment. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented report of afloqualone intoxication in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ok Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joung Jaung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Heum Won
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ok Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Ok Jeon
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Becker MD, Young BC. Treatment of severe lipophilic intoxications with intravenous lipid emulsion: a case series (2011-2014). VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2017; 8:77-85. [PMID: 30050859 PMCID: PMC6042488 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s129576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the responses to treatment with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) and the outcomes for a variety of severe intoxications. This case series includes 10 client-owned animals, 9 dogs and 1 cat, that underwent treatment with ILE for a variety of severe intoxications over a 4-year period. History, physical examination findings, clinical signs, clinicopathological test results, treatment, response to treatment, and outcome were recorded. Eight of the 10 patients survived to discharge. The toxicities included in this case series were baclofen, ivermectin and spinosad plus milbemycin oxime, baclofen and tadalafil, carbamate, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amlodipine, bromethalin, and organophosphate. The two patients who died were intoxicated with bromethalin and an organophosphate. Six of the 10 patients developed lipemia secondary to ILE administration, and there were no other known adverse effects. Overall, ILE was a safe therapeutic option. This case series provides clinical evidence of successful treatment with ILE as an antidote for previously unpublished toxicities (amlodipine, carbamate, methamphetamine, and dextroamphetamine sulfate), additional evidence of success in treating baclofen and ivermectin toxicosis, as well as unsuccessful treatment of bromethalin and organophosphate toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Becker
- Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Specialty Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
| | - Brian C Young
- Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Specialty Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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Langfitt E, Prittie JE, Buriko Y, Calabro JM. Disorders of micturition in small animal patients: clinical significance, etiologies, and management strategies. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:164-177. [PMID: 28122140 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the physiology of micturition, the pathophysiology of micturition disorders, and current pharmacological agents used to treat these disorders. To discuss different urinary catheterization techniques, along with the risks of catheter-associated urinary tract infections attributed with these techniques. ETIOLOGY Many critically ill veterinary patients are at risk of developing a number of neurological and non neurological micturition-related disorders. DIAGNOSIS Micturition disorders can be diagnosed based on physical examination findings, urinary voiding contrast studies, urethral pressure profiles, and diagnostic testing such as urinalysis and urine cultures. THERAPY Therapy can be either pharmacological, involvement of urinary catheterization, surgical, or a combination of all the above. The goal of the treatment is to correct the underlying causes resulting in the micturition-related disorder, and if possible, allow the patient to regain their normal physiological micturition behavior. PROGNOSIS Depending on the underlying disease process and duration of the micturition disorder, the prognosis can be variable. In many instances, near-normal or normal function can return, but in severe cases, the patient may not regain its normal, appropriate micturition response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Langfitt
- Friendship Hospital for Animals, Urgent Care Service, Washington, DC, 20016
| | - Jennifer E Prittie
- Animal Medical Center, Emergency and Critical Care Service, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Yekaterina Buriko
- Animal Medical Center, Emergency and Critical Care Service, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Janine M Calabro
- Friendship Hospital for Animals, Urgent Care Service, Washington, DC, 20016
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9
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Abstract
This review discusses the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) in the treatment of intoxications with lipophilic agents in veterinary medicine. Despite growing scientific evidence that ILE has merit in the treatment of certain poisonings, there is still uncertainty on the optimal composition of the lipid emulsion, the dosing, the mechanism of action, and the efficacy. Therefore, a critical view of the clinician on the applicability of this modality in intoxications is still warranted. The use of ILE therapy is advocated as an antidote in cases of intoxications with some lipophilic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Henricus Robben
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.154, Utrecht NL-3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Marieke Annet Dijkman
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, Division of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Fox CM, Daly ML. Successful treatment of severe baclofen toxicosis initially refractory to conventional treatment. Clin Case Rep 2016; 5:44-50. [PMID: 28096989 PMCID: PMC5224782 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
After ingesting a dose of baclofen thought to be lethal, a patient with severe neurologic signs was successfully managed despite initially being refractory to treatment. Patients with persistent neurologic abnormalities may still have an excellent prognosis despite lack of initial response. Additionally, we present a potential case of benzodiazepine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Fox
- Critical Care Department BluePearl Veterinary Partners New York City New York USA
| | - Meredith L Daly
- Critical Care Department BluePearl Veterinary Partners New York City New York USA
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Levine M, Hoffman RS, Lavergne V, Stork CM, Graudins A, Chuang R, Stellpflug SJ, Morris M, Miller-Nesbitt A, Gosselin S. Systematic review of the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for non-local anesthetics toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:194-221. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1126286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert S. Hoffman
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valéry Lavergne
- Department of Medical Biology, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christine M. Stork
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Upstate Medical University, New York and Upstate New York Poison Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andis Graudins
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Clinical Toxicology Service at Monash Health and Monash Emergency Translational Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan Chuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Calgary, Poison and Drug Information Service, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Martin Morris
- Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Andrea Miller-Nesbitt
- Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and
| | - Sophie Gosselin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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13
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Poisoning of dogs and cats by drugs intended for human use. Vet J 2014; 203:52-8. [PMID: 25475169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the main causes of poisoning of small animals is exposure to drugs intended for human use. Poisoning may result from misuse by pet owners, off-label use of medicines or, more frequently, accidental ingestion of drugs that are improperly stored. This review focuses on classes of drugs intended for human use that are most commonly involved in the poisoning of small animals and provides an overview of poisoning episodes reported in the literature. To perform this review a comprehensive search of public databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar) using key search terms was conducted. Additionally, relevant textbooks and reference lists of articles pertaining to the topic were reviewed to locate additional related articles. Most published information on small animal poisoning by drugs intended for human use was from animal and human poison control centres or from single case reports. The dog was the species most frequently poisoned. The major drugs involved included analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), antihistamines (H1-antihistamines), cardiovascular drugs (calcium channel blockers), central nervous system drugs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, baclofen, benzodiazepines and zolpidem), gastrointestinal drugs (loperamide), nutritional supplements (vitamin D and iron salts) and respiratory drugs (β2-adrenergic receptor agonists).
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Edwards P, Shihab N, Scott HW. Treatment of a case of feline baclofen toxicosis with intravenous lipid therapy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Edwards
- Abington Park Veterinary Group427 Wellingborough RoadNorthamptonNN1 4EZUK
| | - Nadia Shihab
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsUnit 6 Forest Corner Farm, HangersleyRingwoodHampshireBH24 3JWUK
| | - Harry W. Scott
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsUnit 6 Forest Corner Farm, HangersleyRingwoodHampshireBH24 3JWUK
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