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Sutter CM, Dear JD, Fine JR, Pires J, Sykes JE, Segev G, Westropp JL. Evaluation of a rapid immunoassay for bacteriuria in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1015-1020. [PMID: 37084042 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to detect bacteriuria in dogs with a point-of-care test might improve medical care and antimicrobial stewardship. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE A rapid immunoassay (RIA; RapidBac) will provide acceptable sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of bacteriuria. ANIMALS Forty-four client-owned dogs with a clinical indication for urinalysis and aerobic bacterial urine culture. METHODS Prospective study. Urine, collected by cystocentesis, was submitted for urinalysis and culture at a diagnostic laboratory. Owners completed an enrollment questionnaire regarding their dogs' clinical signs. The RIA was performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Results were compared to culture. RESULTS Forty-four urine specimens were evaluated from 44 dogs. The sensitivity and specificity of the RIA test to detect bacteriuria compared to urine culture were 81.8% (95% CI, 65.7%-97.9%) and 95.5% (95% CI, 86.8%-99.9%), respectively. For cultures yielding ≥103 CFU/mL, sensitivity increased to 90.0% (95% CI, 76.9%-100%) and specificity was similar at 95.2% (95% CI, 86.1%-99.9%). Malodorous urine, bacteriuria, and pyuria were more likely to be present in dogs with positive RIA or urine culture results compared to dogs with negative results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The RIA was easy to perform and had good sensitivity and excellent specificity in this group of dogs. The RIA might be a useful screening test for decision-making regarding antimicrobial therapy in dogs with a clinical indication for urine culture. Consideration could be given to amending the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Disease definition of bacterial cystitis as the presence of signs of lower urinary tract disease together with positive culture or a positive RIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Sutter
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jonathan D Dear
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jully Pires
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gilad Segev
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jodi L Westropp
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Urinary Tract Infections Treatment/Comparative Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:581-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cole SD, Swiderski M, Dietrich J, McGonigle KM. Comparison of a Chromogenic Urine Culture Plate System (UTid+) and Conventional Urine Culture for Canine and Feline Specimens. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030138. [PMID: 35324866 PMCID: PMC8950472 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In companion animal medicine, urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common indications for antimicrobial therapy. Definitive diagnosis of UTI requires isolation of bacteria with routine urine culture from an animal with concurrent clinical signs. Urine culture is typically performed at reference laboratories where paired susceptibility testing can be performed, but delays in shipment or processing can affect results. This study evaluated the use of a selective chromogenic, point-of-care culture system (UTid+) compared to conventional urine culture. A total of 119 (73 canine and 46 feline) cystocentesis urine samples were evaluated. Conventional urine culture was positive for 28 (23.5%) of the 119 cultures and UTid+ culture was positive for 26 (21.8%). The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 92.3%, 97.8%, 92.3%, 97.8 and 96.6% for UTid+ respectively. Overall, the UTid+ culture system showed an acceptable level of accuracy when compared to conventional urine culture. Agreement of identification results was high (κ = 0.90) with an important exception being Proteus spp. which was only identified in 1/3 positive cultures. UTid+ may be useful in scenarios where a common UTI pathogen is expected and identification within 24 h is ideal; however, conventional urine culture remains the gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Cole
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.S.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maya Swiderski
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Jaclyn Dietrich
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (M.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Kathryn M. McGonigle
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Casna BR, Simmerson SM, Subashchandrabose S. Feasibility study evaluating a veterinary point-of-care urine culture system for diagnosing septic peritonitis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:595-600. [PMID: 34331824 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a veterinary point-of-care urine culture system (POCUCS) for the diagnosis of septic peritonitis. DESIGN Prospective feasibility study performed between August 2017 and April 2018. SETTING Private referral hospital. ANIMALS Twenty samples of naturally occurring canine peritoneal effusion collected via aseptic abdominocentesis. PROCEDURES Point-of-care urine culture systems were inoculated and incubated according to manufacturer's instructions. The presence of bacterial growth, estimation of colony-forming units/mL of bacteria, and organism identification were recorded. Bacterial growth and organism identification on POCUCS were compared to an aerobic culture performed at a commercial microbiology laboratory. Serial dilution and subsequent culture on a POCUCS of a confirmed Escherichia coli infected peritoneal effusion and negative control sample were performed to determine the lowest concentration of bacteria detectable. RESULTS There were 10 septic and 10 aseptic samples of peritoneal effusion confirmed by aerobic laboratory culture. Of the 10 culture-positive samples, 8 were culture-positive on the POCUCS. The sensitivity and specificity of the POCUCS for the detection of bacteria in peritoneal effusion were 80.0% and 100%, respectively. The POCUCS lowest limit of detectable bacteria in peritoneal effusion was 1000 CFUs/mL. CONCLUSIONS The POCUCS evaluated in this study was less sensitive and less rapid for diagnosing septic peritonitis than blood glucose to peritoneal effusion glucose ratio and plasma lactate to peritoneal effusion glucose ratio. This POCUCS is not recommended as a tool for diagnosing septic peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Casna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carolina Veterinary Specialists, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan M Simmerson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carolina Veterinary Specialists, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Frey E, Jacob M. Development of a method for creating antibiograms for use in companion animal private practices. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:950-960. [PMID: 33064617 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.9.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a method for developing antibiograms for use in companion animal private practices (PPs). SAMPLES Reports (n = 532) of aerobic bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2018, at 11 PPs and 1 academic primary care practice (APCP). PROCEDURES Data extracted from reports included patient identification number, laboratory accession number, patient signalment, collection method, body site, and results of bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A custom antibiogram was then constructed with the help of commonly available software by adapting methods used by human hospitals. Susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated by PPs and the APCP were compared to identify challenges associated with collating data from multiple laboratories. RESULTS 4 bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) and 3 bacterial groups (Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp) met the minimum requirement of ≥ 15 isolates for construction of an antibiogram. For urine samples, 3 bacterial species and 2 bacterial groups met the minimum requirement of ≥ 10 isolates. For samples from skin, 2 bacterial species and 2 bacterial groups met the minimum requirement of ≥ 10 isolates. Patient signalment, sample source, and distribution of bacterial isolates were similar between PP and APCP patients. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results demonstrated that it was feasible to adapt existing guidelines for developing antibiograms in human medicine to the veterinary outpatient setting. Use of antibiograms could aid in empirical antimicrobial drug selection in a manner that supports antimicrobial stewardship principles.
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Frey E, Jacob M. Commentary: Using antibiograms to promote antimicrobial stewardship during treatment of bacterial cystitis and superficial bacterial folliculitis in companion animal practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:900-903. [PMID: 33064614 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.9.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grant DC, Nappier MT, Corrigan VK. Diagnostic accuracy of a point-of-care test using voided urine samples for detection of bacteriuria in dogs with signs of lower urinary tract disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:993-996. [PMID: 33527463 PMCID: PMC7995359 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial urine culture is recommended in dogs suspected of having urinary tract infection (UTI), but there is expense and delay in obtaining such results. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic performance of a rapid immunoassay (RIA) dipstick for detection of bacteriuria using voided urine from dogs with clinical signs of lower UTI. ANIMALS Twenty-four client-owned dogs. METHODS Voided urine was collected and the RIA performed within 30 minutes. Urine collected by cystocentesis was submitted for aerobic urine culture. McNemar's test and kappa coefficient were calculated to determine agreement between the 2 tests. RESULTS Nine of 21 dogs (43%) had UTI verified by aerobic urine culture. There was 1 false-negative and no false-positive RIA results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the RIA were 89%, 100%, 100%, and 92%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This RIA is promising for correctly identifying whether or not voided urine samples from dogs with lower urinary tract clinical signs have true bacteriuria in a rapid, inexpensive manner. Additional patients should be enrolled in a similar study to determine if diagnostic performance is robust in a large population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Grant
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael T Nappier
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common diagnosis in companion animal practice and is responsible for a significant proportion of antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine. The veterinary community has begun to follow the standards of care in human medicine and shift its definition of an UTI based on culture results and toward the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of UTI, risk factors for clinical disease, and the implementation of more reliable in-house diagnostic testing can lead to improved outcomes for patients and reduce inappropriate treatment. Investigation of antibiotic-sparing therapies holds some promise as well."
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Byron
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Sørensen TM, Bjørnvad CR, Cordoba G, Damborg P, Guardabassi L, Siersma V, Bjerrum L, Jessen LR. Effects of Diagnostic Work-Up on Medical Decision-Making for Canine Urinary Tract Infection: An Observational Study in Danish Small Animal Practices. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:743-751. [PMID: 29469943 PMCID: PMC5867017 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical signs of urinary tract disease in dogs often lead to prescription of antibiotics. Appropriate diagnostic work-up could optimize treatment and reduce the risk of inappropriate use of antibiotics. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe and evaluate the impact of diagnostic work-up on decision to treat (DTT) and choice of antibiotic treatment (COT) for dogs presenting with clinical signs of urinary tract disease. ANIMALS One hundred and fifty-one dogs presenting to 52 Danish veterinary practices. METHODS Prospective, observational study. Clinical signs, diagnostic work-up, and prescriptions were recorded. Urine samples were submitted to a reference laboratory for quantitative bacterial culture (QBC) and susceptibility testing. The laboratory results were used as reference for assessing the appropriateness of DTT and COT. RESULTS In the majority of dogs, veterinarians performed dipstick (99%), microscopic examination of urine (80%) and bacterial culture (56%). Fifty-one percent of dogs had urinary tract infection (UTI) based on reference QBC. Appropriate DTT was made for 62% of the dogs, while 36% were over-prescribed and 2% under-prescribed. Inappropriate use of second-line agents was found in 57% of the UTI cases. Performing microscopy-but not culture-significantly impacted DTT (P = 0.039) while no difference was seen in COT (P = 0.67). The accuracy of in-house microscopy and culture were 64.5 and 77%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Over-prescription of antibiotics was common among dogs with suspected UTI, regardless of the diagnostic work-up performed. Test inaccuracy under practice conditions and incoherence between diagnostic test results and decision-making both explained inappropriate and unnecessary use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Cordoba
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V Siersma
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Bjerrum
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L R Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Uhl A, Hartmann FA, Viviano KR. Clinical performance of a commercial point-of-care urine culture system for identification of bacteriuria in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:922-928. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.8.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jacob ME, Crowell MD, Fauls MB, Griffith EH, Ferris KK. Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid immunoassay for point of-care detection of urinary tract infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:162-6. [PMID: 27027710 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid immunoassay (RIA) for point-of-care detection of urinary tract infection (UTI) of dogs, compared with criterion-referenced diagnosis with bacterial culture. SAMPLE 200 urine samples obtained from dogs and submitted to a veterinary microbiology diagnostic laboratory for routine bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility determination. PROCEDURES Samples were evaluated by use of quantitative bacterial culture and the RIA. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the RIA were calculated; results of bacterial culture were the criterion-referenced outcome. A κ statistic was calculated to determine agreement between bacterial culture and RIA results. RESULTS 56 of 200 (28%) urine samples had positive results for bacterial growth by use of culture methods; there were 38 (19%) positive results likely to be associated with bacterial UTI on the basis of sample collection method and bacterial concentration. Sensitivity and specificity of the RIA for detecting samples likely to be associated with UTI (≥ 1,000 CFUs/mL) were 97.4% and 98.8%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the RIA for bacterial cultures with likely UTI were 0.949 and 0.994, respectively. Agreement between bacterial culture and RIA outcome for UTI was substantial (weighted κ, 0.718). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The RIA test evaluated in this study accurately detected UTI of dogs, compared with detection with the criterion-referenced bacterial culture method. Use of this point-of-care RIA could allow clinicians to diagnose UTI at the time of a patient visit and provide information useful for immediately initiating empirical antimicrobial treatment.
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Sørensen TM, Jensen AB, Damborg P, Bjørnvad CR, Guardabassi L, Jessen LR. Evaluation of different sampling methods and criteria for diagnosing canine urinary tract infection by quantitative bacterial culture. Vet J 2016; 216:168-73. [PMID: 27687946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of voided urine specimens for bacteriological culture in dogs is discouraged because contamination from external genitalia could lead to misinterpretation of laboratory results. Quantitative culturing and defining significant bacteriuria could increase the usefulness of voided specimens. However, limited evidence exists for the cut-offs currently recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of current veterinary cut-off values for significant bacteriuria in voided canine urine. A secondary aim was to investigate if accuracy improved when applying qualitative criteria used in humans. Paired urine specimens were collected by both cystocentesis and voiding, and quantitative bacteriological cultures were performed within the same day. Cystocentesis was used as the reference standard with a cut-off for significant bacteriuria of ≥1000 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Voided specimens were compared to cystocentesis using: (1) the veterinary cut-off of ≥100,000 CFU/mL; and (2) various cut-offs depending on qualitative criteria (sex, clinical signs and complicating factors), adapted from human guidelines. Ninety-four dogs with suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) were included for analysis. The veterinary cut-off yielded an accuracy of 94% with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.81, 0.99) and 94% (95% CI 0.86, 0.98), respectively. Applying the human guidelines did not improve overall accuracy (89%), and yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 97% (95% CI 0.86, 1.00) and 86% (95% CI 0.77, 0.92), respectively. The veterinary cut-off value of ≥100,000 CFU/mL for voided urine is appropriate for determining significant bacteriuria in the majority of dogs with suspected UTI if specimens are refrigerated and cultured on the day of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark.
| | - A B Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
| | - P Damborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
| | - C R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - L R Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark
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Guardabassi L, Hedberg S, Jessen LR, Damborg P. Optimization and evaluation of Flexicult® Vet for detection, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial uropathogens in small animal veterinary practice. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:72. [PMID: 26503106 PMCID: PMC4621852 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common reason for antimicrobial prescription in dogs and cats. The objective of this study was to optimize and evaluate a culture-based point-of-care test for detection, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial uro-pathogens in veterinary practice. Methods Seventy-two urine samples from dogs and cats with suspected UTI presenting to seven veterinary facilities were used by clinical staff and an investigator to estimate sensitivity and specificity of Flexicult Vet A compared to laboratory reference standards for culture and susceptibility testing. Subsequently, the test was modified by inclusion of an oxacillin-containing compartment for detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The performance of the modified product (Flexicult Vet B) for susceptibility testing was evaluated in vitro using a collection of 110 clinical isolates. Results Bacteriuria was reported by the laboratory in 25 (35 %) samples from the field study. The sensitivity and specificity of Flexicult Vet A for detection of bacteriuria were 83 and 100 %, respectively. Bacterial species were correctly identified in 53 and 100 % of the positive samples by clinical staff and the investigator, respectively. The susceptibility results were interpreted correctly by clinical staff for 70 % of the 94 drug-strain combinations. Higher percentages of correct interpretation were observed when the results were interpreted by the investigator in both the field (76 %) and the in vitro study (94 %). The most frequent errors were false resistance to β-lactams (ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and cephalotin) in Escherichia coli for Flexicult Vet A, and false amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in E. coli and false ampicillin susceptibility in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius for Flexicult Vet B. The latter error can be prevented by categorizing staphylococcal strains growing in the oxacillin compartment as resistant to all β-lactams. Conclusions Despite the shortcomings regarding species identification by clinical staff and β-lactam susceptibility testing of E. coli, Flexicult Vet B (commercial name Flexicult® Vet) is a time- and cost-effective point-of-care test to guide antimicrobial choice and facilitate implementation of antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of UTIs in small animals, provided that clinical staff is adequately trained to interpret the results and that clinics meet minimum standards to operate in-house culture.
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Weese JS, Giguère S, Guardabassi L, Morley PS, Papich M, Ricciuto DR, Sykes JE. ACVIM consensus statement on therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:487-98. [PMID: 25783842 PMCID: PMC4895515 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of antimicrobial resistant infections continues to challenge, compromising animal care, complicating food animal production and posing zoonotic disease risks. While the overall role of therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals in the development AMR in animal and human pathogens is poorly defined, veterinarians must consider the impacts of antimicrobial use in animal and take steps to optimize antimicrobial use, so as to maximize the health benefits to animals while minimizing the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance and other adverse effects. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance on the therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animals, balancing the need for effective therapy with minimizing development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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