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Vrielinck J, Janssens GPJ, Chantziaras I, Cools A, Maes D. Urolithiasis Problems in Finishing Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:688. [PMID: 38133239 PMCID: PMC10748364 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes cases of urolithiasis in fattening pigs on two farms (A and B). Bladder rupture due to urethral obstruction with calculi was the principal finding during the necropsy of the pigs. An in-depth diagnostic examination was performed to elucidate possible pathophysiological mechanisms, namely Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR) analysis of the uroliths, blood analysis (farm A: 5 samples, farm B: 10 samples) for assessing concentrations of minerals, the bone resorption marker cross-linked C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D components, biochemical urinalysis (farm A: 5 samples, farm B: 7 samples), microscopic examination of urinary sediment (Farms A and B: 7 samples each), mineral composition of the feed, and analysis of the drinking water. Calcium carbonate was the main component found in stones from both farms, and calcium carbonate and struvite were the main components found in crystals from farms A and B, respectively. On farm A, urinary calcium excretion and urinary pH were high; on farm B, urinary phosphorus was high and urinary calcium was low with a normal urinary pH. The mineral compositions of the feed and drinking water were similar on both farms and could therefore not explain the difference between the two farms. Disturbances in calcium and phosphorus absorption and homeostasis might have been involved in these problems. Further research should focus on the calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the feed and take into account other factors, such as the absorption and excretion of minerals due to gut and urinary microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vrielinck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (G.P.J.J.); (I.C.)
- Veterinary Practice, Hospitaalstraat 38, 8906 Ieper-Elverdinge, Belgium
| | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (G.P.J.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (G.P.J.J.); (I.C.)
| | - An Cools
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (G.P.J.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (G.P.J.J.); (I.C.)
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Cook MJ. Urinary Calculi of Small Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:355-370. [PMID: 37032300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease of male ruminants causing significant economic loss and compromise of animal welfare. Known risk factors include anatomic factors, urine pH, water intake, dietary composition, and genetic factors. Clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis may be treated using a variety of medical and surgical interventions, including tube cystostomy, perineal urethrostomy, urinary bladder marsupialization, and modifications of these procedures designed to optimize patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredyth Jones Cook
- Oklahoma State University and Large Animal Consulting & Education, 2115 W. Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Frochot V, Castiglione V, Lucas IT, Haymann JP, Letavernier E, Bazin D, Fogazzi GB, Daudon M. Advances in the identification of calcium carbonate urinary crystals. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:1-4. [PMID: 33387465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The examination of the urinary sediment of a 64-year-old woman showed the presence of three different types of crystals, all with unusual morphology, which could not be identified with bright field microscopy, polarized light, and the knowledge of urine pH (7.5). The use of microscopic infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy led to the identification of the three types of crystals as calcite, vaterite and aragonite, which are all variants of calcium carbonate crystals. This paper confirms the complex morphology and nature that urinary crystals may at times have and the utility of advanced infrared spectroscopy techniques for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Frochot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris-6, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires, Paris-6, France.
| | | | - Ivan T Lucas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Haymann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris-6, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires, Paris-6, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris-6, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires, Paris-6, France
| | | | - Giovanni B Fogazzi
- Laboratorio Clinico e di Ricerca sul Sedimento Urinario, U.O.C. di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto di Rene, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano Italy
| | - Michel Daudon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris-6, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR S 1155, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles multidisciplinaires, Paris-6, France
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Sickinger M, Neiger R, Wehrend A. A pilot study to assess the feasibility of endoscopic placement of a transurethral urinary balloon catheter in male sheep cadavers. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:52. [PMID: 31685002 PMCID: PMC6827208 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants is often unsatisfactory due to postoperative development of strictures. The present study aimed to establish an endoscopic technique for the placement of a transurethral urinary catheter into the bladder of rams. This catheter was used as a removable stent-like drainage. The procedure was performed in three sheep rams that were euthanized and placed for surgery in 45° Trendelenburg position. In one ram, cystotomy was performed via right paramedian laparotomy. A 3 mm flexible fiberscope was introduced into the urinary bladder and advanced via urethra to the tip of the penis. Placing a guide wire through the endoscopic working channel into the urethra enabled the retrograde insertion of a transurethral urinary catheter into the bladder. In two rams, retrograde insertion of a fiberscope was performed. Again, a guidewire was used to insert a balloon catheter into the bladder. Paramedian right laparotomy was performed to ascertain the correct position of the balloon. Both techniques, antero- and retrograde endoscopy, were possible and could be successfully performed. Mucous membranes and urinary microliths were easily observed. Repeated advancing of the endoscope or the catheter resulted in marked damage of the mucous membranes. The patency of the urethra may be restored by means of endoscopic placement of a transurethral catheter in male small ruminants. The applicability and clinical outcome of this procedure as well as the effects on stricture formation should be further examined with controlled clinical studies.
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Vrielinck J, Sarrazin S, Schoos A, Janssens GPJ, Maes D. Prevalence and chemical composition of uroliths in fattening pigs in Belgium. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1828-1836. [PMID: 31441126 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the prevalence of uroliths in fattening pigs and assessed the composition of these urinary tract concrements. In total, 2,432 urinary bladders were sampled in the slaughterhouse and checked for abnormal content. Urinary samples were analysed microscopically, and samples of the urinary bladder wall were tested for histological signs of inflammation. The composition of the concrements was examined by infrared spectrophotometry. Macroscopic and microscopic abnormalities were detected in 8.4% and 52.8% of the samples respectively. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), calcium carbonate (calcite), calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and amorphous crystals were detected. Analysis of stones showed COD in all samples in different proportions. The calcium content of examined stones was always considerable (up to 34%), in contrast to the magnesium content which represented max 1.9%. Struvite was found in one third of the samples, but was never part of stones and grit. COD crystals were the second most common microscopic crystal. These COD crystals and some COD stones had a rectangular shape, and therefore, they can be harmful to the bladder mucosa. In conclusion, uroliths are present in a large proportion of male fattening pigs, and consequently, urinary concrements pose a life-threatening risk for urethra obstruction in male pigs. Further research is warranted to identify potential risk factors for urolithiasis and microscopic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vrielinck
- Veterinary Practice, Ieper-Elverdinge, Belgium.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Schoos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Oman RE, Reppert EJ, Streeter RN, Jones M. Outcome and complications in goats treated by perineal urethrostomy for obstructive urolithiasis: 25 cases (2010-2017). J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:292-296. [PMID: 30499606 PMCID: PMC6335529 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obstructive urolithiasis commonly affects male goats. Perineal urethrostomy (PU) can be a permanent treatment option but is generally considered undesirable because of the risk of stricture of the urethral stoma. Limited information exists regarding long‐term outcome and complications in goats undergoing PU for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis. Objectives To determine short‐term and long‐term outcome and complications in goats undergoing PU for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis. Animals Twenty‐five client‐owned goats. Methods Multi‐institutional retrospective case series. Results Of the 25 goats, 13 (52%) were alive at the time of follow‐up. Mean time from surgery to follow‐up was 34 months (range, 4‐65). Nine goats (36%) died between discharge and follow‐up with a mean survival time of 46 days (range, 5‐120). Cause of death in 7 of 9 (78%) goats was related to urolithiasis. Goats treated by use of a modified proximal perineal urethrostomy (MPPU) were significantly more likely to survive at least 150 days postoperatively (P < .01). The most common postoperative complications were hemorrhage (10/25 [40%]) and surgical site infection (3/25 [12%]). Hemorrhage was significantly associated with MPPU (P < .0001). Stricture of the surgical stoma occurred in 7 of 22 (32%) discharged goats. Mean time to stricture was 65 days (range, 10‐240). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Perineal urethrostomy can provide effective long‐term resolution of obstructive urolithiasis in goats. Re‐obstruction or stricture seems most likely within the 1st 2 months after surgery. MPPU may provide better long‐term results but should be approached cautiously because it can be associated with life‐threatening hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Oman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Emily J Reppert
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Robert N Streeter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Meredyth Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium carbonate is a common urolith type in small ruminants with no high-yield experimental model to evaluate animal susceptibility or preventative measure response. HYPOTHESIS That novel plastic winged implants would allow accumulation and quantification of calcium carbonate calculus formation in goats on a high-calcium diet and identify individual variation between goats in the mass of calculi produced. ANIMALS Eight nonpregnant 3- and 4-year-old Boer-cross does, weighing 22.3-39.5 kg, determined to be healthy based on physical examination, were used in these experiments. METHODS Prospective cohort study for in vivo experimental model development. Implants were placed into the urinary bladder lumen in 8 goats over 2 evaluation periods. The alfalfa-based ration had a total ration Ca : P of 3.29 and 3.84 : 1, respectively. Urine was collected at 0, 28, 56, and 84 days in the 1st experiment; blood and urine at those timepoints in the 2nd experiment. For each evaluation period, the implants were removed 84 days after implantation and weighed. Accumulated calculi mass was calculated and compared between goats and was analyzed for composition. RESULTS Implant retention was 100% and 86% in the 2 studies. All goats with retained implants accumulated calcium carbonate at a mean implant gain per day across studies ranging from 0.44 to 57.45 mg. Two goats accumulated (0.44-7.65 mg/day and 33.64 & 57.45 mg/day) significantly more urolith material than the cohort across both studies (P = .047). No routine analytes on blood or urine were found to be explanatory for the difference observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These findings form a basis for implant and diet selection for use in future studies of urolithiasis development and for studies regarding individual susceptibility to urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredyth L Jones
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas
| | - Brandon J Dominguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas
| | - Michael A Deveau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas
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Poore LA, Hendry R, Steyl J, Pfitzer S. Perineal urethrostomy to treat obstructive urolithiasis in a captive hand-raised steenbok (<i>Raphicerus campestris</i>). J S Afr Vet Assoc 2017; 88:e1-e6. [PMID: 29227142 PMCID: PMC6138218 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) is a small antelope of the family Bovidae native to the African continent. Urolithiasis, the formation of urinary calculi in the urinary tract, can be caused by a variety of factors such as diet, dehydration, infection and anatomical predisposition. Urolithiasis, with uroliths identified as magnesium calcium phosphate carbonate in composition, was diagnosed in a hand-reared 5-month-old steenbok. Perineal urethrostomy was performed as a component of the broad treatment regime that included fluid therapy, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. However, the animal died 4 days later as a result of systemic hypoxia and energy depletion because of stress and cachexia. The challenges of post-surgical treatment, the importance of positive energy balance in small ruminants under stressful circumstances, as well as the role of diet of hand-reared antelope in predisposition to urolith formation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Poore
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Jones ML, Gibbons PM, Roussel AJ, Dominguez BJ. Mineral Composition of Uroliths Obtained from Sheep and Goats with Obstructive Urolithiasis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1202-1208. [PMID: 28556535 PMCID: PMC5508333 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the mineral composition of the causative urolith is important to develop preventative strategies. Advances in analytic techniques have led to detection of urolith components not previously recognized. Hypothesis/Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize uroliths in sheep and goats structurally and clinically. We hypothesized that amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate (AMCP) would be a naturally occurring urolith type in sheep and goats. Animals Forty‐nine sheep and goats presenting for obstructive urolithiasis from June 15, 2014 through June 14, 2016 were reviewed along with the demographic data of all small ruminants admitted during that same period. Methods Medical records were reviewed for demographic and historical data, and 36 uroliths obtained from these cases during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine chemical composition. Results AMCP is a naturally occurring urolith type in obstructed male sheep and goats and was the most common urolith type in this study, where it occurred as a majority component with struvite (39% of uroliths) or as a pure component (11%). Pure struvite was found in 1 urolith (2%). Calcium carbonate was the second most frequent urolith with 31% of uroliths being pure calcium carbonate. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study demonstrates that uroliths, which appear consistent with struvite, could actually be calcium‐containing AMCP. Urolith analysis is critical in determining mineral content of uroliths to guide dietary recommendations for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - P M Gibbons
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - A J Roussel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - B J Dominguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
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