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Rotstein D, Jones JL, Buchweitz J, Refsal KR, Wilson R, Yanes EG, Heitkemper D, Edwards E, Post L, Palmer LA, Carey L, Wolf K, Burkholder W, Ceric O, Glover M, Hodges A, Kemppainen RJ, Lambkin S, Lovell R, Nemser S, Wilkinson C, Reimschuessel R. Pet Food-Associated Dietary Exogenous Thyrotoxicosis: Retrospective Study (2016-2018) and Clinical Considerations. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 43:100521. [PMID: 33556641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary exogenous thyrotoxicosis is infrequently observed in pet food. A retrospective evaluation of pet food investigations (PFI) was conducted for 17 dogs, including review of medical records, dietary and environmental exposure interviews, food testing, and regulatory action. Five PFIs occurring between 2016 and 2018 involved 7 food products including 2 food types, jerky treats or canned food, made from beef or bison. The dogs' serum thyroid hormone concentrations were evaluated before and after diet change. The foods were tested for active thyroid hormones and hormone precursors using high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. The foods were also examined microscopically. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations of thyroxine (T4) varied depending on the food type consumed. Dogs that consumed dried jerky containing greater T4 concentrations often had increased serum T4 concentrations, whereas dogs that consumed canned products containing greater and 3,4,5- and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations often had decreased serum T4 concentrations. After the diets were changed, serum T4 and T3 concentrations normalized at 1 month. Seven foods containing beef or bison had iodine concentrations greater than 11 mg/kg, and iodine speciation identified variable concentrations of iodide, T4, T3, monoiodotyrosine (MIT), and di-iodotyrosine (DIT). Thyroid gland was found in microscopic sections from one finished food and one ingredient, gullet. FDA performed Health Hazard Evaluations to categorize the exposure risk, and 5 foods were recalled for which the product packaging had not been discarded. Dietary exogenous thyrotoxicosis should be considered in dogs exhibiting clinical signs compatible with hyperthyroidism, especially if consuming beef-based food. A thyroid panel that includes serum iodine, coupled with a thorough feeding history can aid in diagnosis. Thyrotoxicosis is typically reversible after removing the contaminated food from the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rotstein
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Jones
- Office of Research, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kent R Refsal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert Wilson
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Enrique G Yanes
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Doug Heitkemper
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth Edwards
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Post
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lee Anne Palmer
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Carey
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Krisztina Wolf
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William Burkholder
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olgica Ceric
- Office of Research, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Mark Glover
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - April Hodges
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Kemppainen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sonya Lambkin
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Randall Lovell
- Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Nemser
- Office of Research, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Renate Reimschuessel
- Office of Research, Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
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