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Sutherland M, Luk K, Courtman N, Ploeg R. Survey of the Clinical, Cytological, and Histopathological Features Associated with Neoplasms in Captive Avian Species in Melbourne, Australia. J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:243-265. [PMID: 37962318 DOI: 10.1647/20-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Over a 3.5-year period, tissue samples from 141 companion and aviary birds with clinically suspected, naturally occurring solid neoplasms were collected via surgical biopsy (n = 53) or at necropsy examination (n = 88) from a population of birds presenting to an avian veterinary clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Neoplastic processes were identified in 73.7% (n = 104) of samples, with 83.7% (n = 87) being interpreted as malignant neoplasia and 16.3% (n = 17) being interpreted as benign neoplasia. The overall estimated prevalence of neoplasia in the study population (n = 5125) was 2.45% (95% confidence interval, 2-2.97%). The gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts were the most commonly affected systems. The most common presenting signs were nonspecific and included lethargy, coelomic distension, and inappetence. In 59 cases, fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) and impression smears were also obtained and evaluated cytologically. The accuracy of cytology for detecting neoplasia in birds and for determining whether a neoplastic process was benign or malignant was assessed by using histopathology as the "gold standard." There was complete agreement between the cytological and histopathological diagnoses in 72.8% (43/59) of cases. Cytology correctly identified 87.5% of these cases (35/40) as malignant neoplasms and 55.6% (5/9) as benign processes. There was no significant difference between the use of cytology and histopathology for the detection of malignant neoplasia in birds (P = 0.185). The accuracies of FNAs and impression smears for examining avian tumors were also compared. Overall, the best cell preservation was obtained by performing impression smears from tissues, with 62.2% (n = 28) returning high cellularity for cytological examination, compared to 53.8% (n = 14) when samples were obtained by FNA. This study provides an overview of the types and prevalence of neoplasms in a captive bird population from Australia, correlates physical examination findings with tumor types, and provides evidence that cytology is a reliable preliminary diagnostic tool for detecting neoplasia in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Luk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Ploeg
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
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4
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Solanes Vilanova F, Hellebuyck T, Chiers K. Histological Variants of Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinoma in Squamates and Chelonians: A Comprehensive Classification. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081327. [PMID: 37106890 PMCID: PMC10135371 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the histological characteristics of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) obtained from 22 squamate and 13 chelonian species were retrospectively evaluated. While the examined tissues were originally diagnosed as 28 SCCs and 7 BCCs based on histological evaluation by a specialty diagnostic service, eight SCCs could be re-classified as BCCs and three SCCs proved to be non-neoplastic lesions. In addition, all SCCs and BCCs were classified into distinct histological variants. The SCCs could be categorized as one SCC in situ, three moderately differentiated SCCs, seven well-differentiated SCCs, and six keratoacanthomas. BCCs were classified as five solid BCCs, four infiltrating BCCs, five keratotic BCCs, and one basosquamous cell carcinoma. In addition, the present study reports the occurrence of BCCs in seven reptile species for the first time. In contrast to what has been documented in humans, IHC staining with the commercially available epithelial membrane antigen and epithelial antigen clone Ber-EP4 does not allow differentiation of SCCs from BCCs in reptiles, while cyclooxygenase-2 and E-cadherin staining seem to have discriminating potential. Although the gross pathological features of the examined SCCs and BCCs were highly similar, each tumor could be unequivocally assigned to a distinct histological variant according to the observed histological characteristics. Based on the results of this study, a histopathological classification for SCCs and BCCs is proposed, allowing accurate identification and differentiation of SCCs and BCCs and their histological variants in the examined reptile species. Presumably, BCCs are severely underdiagnosed in squamates and chelonians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Solanes Vilanova
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Hellebuyck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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7
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Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Mete A, Navarro MA, Uzal FA, Asin J. Alimentary squamous cell carcinoma in psittacines: 12 cases and review of the literature. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:906-912. [PMID: 34078200 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211021480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is a neoplasm that usually arises from the integument, is reported uncommonly in pet birds. Only a few reports of SCCs in the alimentary tract of birds, including psittacines, have been published, and a detailed description of the pathology is not available in the literature. We present here 12 cases of alimentary SCC in psittacines. The average age of the birds was 22.2 y (range: 15-29 y), and affected species included 4 Amazon parrots (Amazona sp.), 3 cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), 3 macaws (Ara sp.), 1 conure (Eupsittula sp.), and 1 Senegal parrot (Poicephalus sp.). Frequent clinical complaints included regurgitation, dysphagia, dyspnea, lethargy, and/or weight loss. SCC primarily affected the oral cavity in 6 of 12 cases, the crop alone in 2 of 12 cases, the crop and esophagus in 1 of 12 cases, the proventriculus alone in 1 of 12 cases, and the crop, esophagus, and proventriculus in 2 of 12 cases. Histologically, alimentary SCCs were locally invasive and often resulted in mucosal ulceration. Although there were no metastases in any of our cases, poor clinical outcomes were frequent and associated most commonly with complete effacement of the alimentary segment and severe inflammation with opportunistic bacterial infection. Our review of the literature records commonly affected species, variability of gross presentations and clinical signs, plausible etiologies, and current diagnostic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gonzalez-Astudillo
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aslı Mete
- Davis branches, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Halley MA, Stilwell JM, Comolli JR, Wilkinson SL, Reavill DR, Divers S, Mayer J, Rissi DR. Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in 2 psittacines. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:344-347. [PMID: 32081087 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720906451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A unilateral, malformed gnathotheca in a green-winged macaw (Ara chloropterus) was managed for 16 mo with periodic beak trims. Biopsy of the affected beak did not identify an underlying cause; however, at postmortem examination, a densely cellular neoplasm invaded the mandible from the beak, dissecting and effacing the cortex and trabecular bone and inciting periosteal proliferation. There was no evidence of metastasis. Neoplastic cells were strongly immunopositive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, consistent with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A black-headed caique (Pionites melanocephalus) was presented with a similar clinical history, timeline, and gross appearance. Biopsy of the mandibular portion of the lesion resulted in a diagnosis of SCC. Medical management with toceranib at a palliative dose resulted in adverse side effects and was discontinued. Early diagnosis of mandibular SCC may allow for early intervention and development of treatment modalities. Our 2 cases suggest that the mandibular bone, not the beak, may be a preferred biopsy site in the diagnosis of mandibular SCC in psittacines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Halley
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Justin M Stilwell
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Jessica R Comolli
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Stacey L Wilkinson
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Drury R Reavill
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Stephen Divers
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Joerg Mayer
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).,Departments of Pathology (Stilwell, Rissi), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Comolli, Divers, Mayer), University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA.,Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital of Georgia, Pooler, GA (Wilkinson).,Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA (Reavill)
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12
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Xie S, Cai B, Rasidi E, Yen CC, Hsu CD, Chow WT, De Busscher V, Hsu LC. The use of a 3D-printed prosthesis in a Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) with squamous cell carcinoma of the casque. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220922. [PMID: 31408483 PMCID: PMC6692028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of new technologies in medical imaging and 3D printing in recent years has made customization of surgical tools and implants more accessible, revolutionizing many surgical fields. In many human diseases, these implants have led to superior surgical outcomes and greatly improved patients’ quality of life. Thus, it is of great interest to apply these technologies to the treatment of animal diseases. In this study, we report the use of computed tomography (CT) and 3D printing for the treatment of a Great Hornbill at Jurong Bird Park that was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the casque. A 3D printed prosthesis that perfectly fitted the subject was implanted to replace its resected casque. The subject exhibited natural eating behaviour with no post-operative complications. Using this case as an example, the positive outcomes suggest a great potential in applying these technologies to the treatment of other wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhe Xie
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Bohong Cai
- Keio-NUS CUTE Center, Smart Systems Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ellen Rasidi
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Chiuan Yen
- Keio-NUS CUTE Center, Smart Systems Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Industrial Design, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia-da Hsu
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Tung Chow
- Keio-NUS CUTE Center, Smart Systems Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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