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Chanachaivirada R, Chuammitri P, Lampa KN, Prachasilchai W, Sodarat C. Therapeutic Effects of Propionibacterium acnes and Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli in Cats with Feline Panleukopenia. Vet Sci 2024; 11:253. [PMID: 38922001 PMCID: PMC11209590 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of inactivated Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli cells in cats affected by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). A retrospective study of 80 FPV-positive cats was divided into two groups: a treatment group receiving inactivated Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli cells along with supportive treatment and a no-treatment group receiving only supportive treatment. There was no significant difference in the total white blood cell counts between the two groups. However, the total white blood cell counts of both groups were low on day 0 and increased significantly on days 3 and 6 of treatment. Additionally, the white blood cell counts in the treatment group significantly increased during days 3 to 6 compared with those of the no-treatment group (p < 0.01). The mortality rate was not significantly different between the two groups. In a prospective study, the serum and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were measured in both groups. There were no significant differences in IgA levels between the two groups in either the serum or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattanakhon Chanachaivirada
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Phongsakorn Chuammitri
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Kannika Na Lampa
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Worapat Prachasilchai
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
| | - Chollada Sodarat
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (R.C.); (K.N.L.); (W.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
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Kabir A, Habib T, Chouhan CS, Hassan J, Rahman AKMA, Nazir KHMNH. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Feline panleukopenia virus from suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282559. [PMID: 37862355 PMCID: PMC10588828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a highly contagious cat disease and is endemic in Bangladesh. The study aims to describe the epidemiology and molecular characterization of the Feline panleukopenia virus from the suspected domestic cats in selected Bangladesh regions. Randomly, 161 rectal swabs were collected from the pet hospitals between July 2021 and December 2022. A structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews with cat owners in order to collect data on potential risk factors for FPL, such as age, sex, sharing litter boxes and every day utensils in multicat households, vaccination history, hospital visits for other diseases, and season. The rectal swabs were tested by PCR targeting the VP2 capsid protein gene, and six PCR-positive samples were further sequenced for molecular characterizations. The risk factors for FPLV were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of FPL among suspects was 22.9%. The mortality and case fatality were 10.6%, and 45.9%, respectively. However, mortality in kittens was significantly higher (16.4%) than younger cats. The odds of FPL were 8.83 times (95% CI: 3.14-24.85) higher among unvaccinated cats than vaccinated cats. The winter season had almost six times (95% CI: 1.38-24.40) higher odds of FPL than rainy season. In a multicat house, the odds of FPL was about five times (95% CI: 1.93-13.45) higher for cats that shared a litter box and food utensils compared to those that did not engage in such sharing. Visiting hospitals for other reasons nearly triples the odds of FPL (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.04-7.54) compared to cats that do not visit hospitals. Analysis of partial sequence of the VP2 gene revealed genetic variations among the isolates from different regions. Among these isolates, four were identical to FPLV isolates from South Korea and China, while one showed complete homology with FPLV isolates from Thailand. In contrast, the remaining one was 100% identical to Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 isolated from a feline sample in Italy. Our isolates were classified into three distinct clades alongside Feline panleukopenia virus and Carnivore protoparvovirus-1. One in every three suspected cats was infected with Feline panleukopenia. Regular vaccination of the cats, especially those that share common litter box and food utensils and visit hospitals for other purposes, will help reduce the prevalence of FPL in Bangladesh. Besides, it is worth emphasizing the existence of genetic diversity among the circulating Feline panleukopenia viruses in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajran Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tasmia Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Mymensingh Pet Clinic and Research Center, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Rehme T, Hartmann K, Bergmann M. [Parvovirus infections in cats in animal shelters]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:107-115. [PMID: 37230115 DOI: 10.1055/a-2065-8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to widespread vaccination programs against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), the disease associated with this virus infection, feline panleukopenia, is rarely seen in privately owned cats in Germany. In contrast, the situation in animal shelters differs due to the constant intake of new cats that are often unprotected. In such facilities, panleukopenia outbreaks are common and often accompanied by a high number of fatalities. Due to the high contagiosity of the virus, some shelters do not accept cats with clinical signs suspicious for panleukopenia, since these animals can pose a risk to the shelter population. However, not only cats with panleukopenia shed parvovirus, but also healthy, asymptomatic cats can and thus contribute to risk of infection. Nevertheless, the risk for panleukopenia outbreaks in animal shelters can be reduced by rigorous outbreak management. This includes hygiene measures using correctly applied cleaning and disinfection protocols, quarantine measures, separate isolation units, as well as specific prophylactic measures, such as identification of infected animals and immunization of susceptible groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rehme
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Soe BK, Su Hlaing K, Naing TW, Thaw ZH, Myint W. The first study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and sheltered cats in Yangon, Myanmar. Vet World 2023; 16:414-420. [PMID: 37041997 PMCID: PMC10082719 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.414-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: People who used to rear companion animals are healthier than others who do not. Gastrointestinal (GI) helminths are common in cats and serve as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. However, the prevalence of GI parasites in cats in Myanmar has never been reported. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI parasites in cats in Myanmar and identify the potential risk factors associated with GI parasites.
Materials and Methods: A total of 230 fecal samples were collected from seven veterinary clinics and two shelters within the Yangon region from January to May 2022. Sampled cats were classified according to age, gender, and deworming and rearing practices. Fecal samples were analyzed by fecal wet mount, ethyl acetate centrifugal sedimentation, and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation techniques. Descriptive data were described, and Pearson's χ2 test was used to identify associated risk factors, such as age, gender, and deworming and rearing practices.
Results: The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 79.56%, and 57.82% of cats were infected with a diagnostic stage of more than one parasite species. Seven GI parasites were detected, including Ancylostoma spp. (55.65%), Toxocara spp. (46.08%), Trichuris spp. (20.86%), Platynosomum spp. (11.73%), Dipylidium caninum (7.39%), Taenia spp. (4.34%), and Cystoisospora spp. (32.17%). Based on statistical analysis, deworming and rearing practices were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with GI parasitic infections.
Conclusion: This study is the first to reveal the prevalence of GI parasites that could assist the need for effective control measures for zoonotic hookworm and roundworm infections in cats. Even with simple microscopic examination, the remarkably high prevalence of GI parasitic infections warrants regular deworming practice. Further molecular studies should also be performed to understand their genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babi Kyi Soe
- Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Khin Su Hlaing
- Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Toe Win Naing
- Livestock Improvement Section, De Heus Myanmar, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Zin Hnin Thaw
- Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
| | - Win Myint
- Pathology Unit, Department of Livestock Breeding and Veterinary, Yangon 11021, Myanmar
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Feline Panleukopenia Outbreaks and Risk Factors in Cats in Animal Shelters. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061248. [PMID: 35746719 PMCID: PMC9227120 DOI: 10.3390/v14061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to determine the risk factors for outbreaks of feline panleukopenia in shelters. (2) Methods: Four shelters (A−D) with 150 cats were included. Fecal samples were analyzed by parvovirus real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), including culture and sequencing of qPCR-positive samples. Information on cats, husbandry, hygiene, and infection management was evaluated to determine risk factors for feline panleukopenia and parvovirus shedding by logistic regression. (3) Results: Feline panleukopenia occurred in 28.0% (42/150) of cats (0 in shelter D). Shedding was found in 48.7% (73/150) (A: 21/73; B: 29/73; C: 7/73; D: 16/73). Of 73 qPCR-positive fecal samples, 65.8% (48/73) were culture-positive; sequencing revealed feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) isolates in 34/48 samples and vaccine virus isolate in 14/48; canine parvovirus was not detected. Presence of feline panleukopenia was significantly more likely in cats from shelter A (p < 0.05), unvaccinated cats (p < 0.001), and young cats (4 weeks to 2 years; p = 0.008). Parvovirus shedding was significantly more common in young cats (p < 0.001), cats with feline panleukopenia (p = 0.033), and group-housed cats (p = 0.025). (4) Conclusions: Vaccination is the most important measure to reduce the risk of feline panleukopenia in shelters. Risk of parvovirus shedding is especially high in young, group-housed cats.
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Janke KJ, Jacobson LS, Giacinti JA, Weese JS. Fecal viral DNA shedding following clinical panleukopenia virus infection in shelter kittens: a prospective, observational study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:337-343. [PMID: 34170191 PMCID: PMC8961250 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211023056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine the magnitude and duration of fecal viral DNA shedding after diagnosis of feline panleukopenia (FP) in a group of shelter cats using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); to assess the utility of a negative point-of-care test or the resolution of diarrhea and systemic signs as proxy measures for qPCR positivity; and to investigate patterns of additional enteric pathogens in relation to feline panleukopenia viral shedding duration. METHODS Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection in clinically affected shelter cats was confirmed by a commercial qPCR test. Observations were made on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-diagnosis. Fecal flotation, FPV qPCR and the canine parvovirus IDEXX SNAP Parvo ELISA (SNAP) test were performed on fecal samples. RESULTS Forty cats and kittens with confirmed panleukopenia were initially enrolled. Sixteen kittens were sampled until day 14, and 12 were followed to day 21. Median DNA viral copy numbers fell below the diagnostic cut-off by day 7, with 13/16, 6/16, 1/16 and 0/12 testing PCR-positive on days 3, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. The SNAP test was positive in 12/16 kittens on day 0 and only 3/16 on day 3. SNAP test results, diarrhea and systemic signs were inconsistent in relation to qPCR positivity post-diagnosis. Additional enteric pathogens were common. The presence of additional pathogen types was suggestive of a longer PCR shedding duration, but this was not tested statistically owing to the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that cats should be isolated for at least 14 days after a diagnosis of FP, but that release from isolation after this point is reasonable, in association with a multifaceted infection control strategy. The study findings did not support using SNAP test results, diarrhea or systemic signs as proxy measures for virus shedding.
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Jacobson LS, Janke KJ, Ha K, Giacinti JA, Weese JS. Feline panleukopenia virus DNA shedding following modified live virus vaccination in a shelter setting. Vet J 2021; 279:105783. [PMID: 34861370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the frequency and timing of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) shedding in feces following administration of a modified live FPV vaccine. Feces were collected from 37 shelter cats that did not meet clinical criteria for panleukopenia on the day of vaccination or on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-vaccination (NCL group). A commercial quantitative PCR (qPCR) fecal pathogen panel and a canine parvovirus point-of-care antigen test were performed. FPV DNA copy numbers from a concurrent study of 39 cats with panleukopenia (CL group) were compared with the NCL group. Of the 165 samples from the NCL group, one had a weak positive antigen test result on day 7, while nine samples (5.5%) from eight cats (21.6%) produced positive FPV qPCR test results, one on day 3 and eight on day 7. There were no day 21-positive qPCR results in the 11 cats that were revaccinated on day 14. There was no association between the number of additional fecal pathogens identified and a positive FPV qPCR result. Of the cats with positive results, FPV DNA copy numbers differed between NCL group and CL group (median 1.13 × 107 and 5.01 × 10⁸ copies/g feces, respectively; P < 0.001). The FPV qPCR cannot differentiate subclinical infection from vaccine virus shedding. To avoid unnecessary isolation and euthanasia, shelters should therefore limit FPV PCR testing to cats with a high index of suspicion of panleukopenia. The timing of recent vaccination should also be considered when interpreting test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Jacobson
- Toronto Humane Society, 11 River Street, Toronto, ON M5A 4C2, Canada.
| | - K J Janke
- Toronto Humane Society, 11 River Street, Toronto, ON M5A 4C2, Canada
| | - K Ha
- Toronto Humane Society, 11 River Street, Toronto, ON M5A 4C2, Canada
| | - J A Giacinti
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Prophylactic Efficacy of Equine Immunoglobulin F(ab') 2 Fragments Against Feline Parvovirus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3151-3162. [PMID: 34086256 PMCID: PMC8175436 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline parvovirus (FPV), a type of parvovirus prevalent worldwide, can cause foetal death and acute enteritis in adult cats with severe leukopenia, and yet there are no effective drugs to prevent or treat FPV. Here, the immune effects of two FPV vaccines on horses were compared. IgG was extracted from FPV-immunized horse sera. Equine F(ab′)2 fragments were obtained from pepsin-digested IgG and then purified by protein-G column chromatography. The results showed that the inactivated FPV oil vaccine was more effective than the inactivated FPV propolis vaccine in helping healthy horses to produce hyper-immune serum. Four methods were tested, among which the optimized octanoic acid-ammonium sulphate precipitation method was proved to be the best process for extracting IgG. The optimal condition for preparing F(ab′)2 by pepsin digestion was 30 °C for 3.5 h, and the content, purity and recovery of F(ab′)2 were 8.64 mg/mL, 90.36% and 93.24%, respectively. Our equine immunoglobulin F(ab′)2 fragments effectively neutralized activity in vitro against FPV, alleviated the clinical symptoms of FPV-infected cats, reduced the viral loads in the intestine and had prophylactic effects in FPV-infected cats. These results indicate that the F(ab′)2 fragment prepared from inactivated FPV-immunized horses may be used as a prophylactic agent for diseases caused by FPV.
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Legnardi M, Lazzaro E, Zoia A, Petini M, Furlanello T, Caldin M, Cecchinato M, Drigo M. Genetic Insights into Feline Parvovirus: Evaluation of Viral Evolutionary Patterns and Association between Phylogeny and Clinical Variables. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061033. [PMID: 34070947 PMCID: PMC8230023 DOI: 10.3390/v13061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia is a severe disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), and marginally canine parvovirus (CPV). Despite being less rapid than CPV, FPV evolution deserves attention, especially since outbreaks of particular severity are currently reported. This apparently different virulence needs monitoring from genetic and clinical points of view. This manuscript explored FPV molecular epidemiology at both Italian and international levels and the possible association between viral phylogeny and disease severity. Sequences from clinical cases of feline panleukopenia in Italy were obtained from 2011 to 2019, and the etiological agent was characterized, distinguishing FPV from CPV. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were conducted on Italian and international sequences. Moreover, the association between the viral sequence and clinical variables was evaluated on a group of highly characterized patients. After its origin in the 1920s, FPV showed a constant population size until a more recent expansion since 2000. Few long-distance introduction events characterized FPV spreading, however, most of its evolution occurred locally. Although without a strong statistical association, several clinical variables appeared influenced by viral phylogeny, suggesting a differential virulence potentially characterizing FPV strains. These results stress the importance of the continuous study of viral evolution and its repercussions on the disease clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Elena Lazzaro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Petini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostics, San Marco Veterinary Private Clinic, Via dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy;
| | - Marco Caldin
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Viale dell’Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (M.L.); (E.L.); (M.C.); (M.D.)
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Jacobson LS, Janke KJ, Giacinti J, Weese JS. Diagnostic testing for feline panleukopenia in a shelter setting: a prospective, observational study. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:1192-1199. [PMID: 33847532 PMCID: PMC8637359 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211005301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to optimize the diagnosis of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection in a shelter setting by: (1) comparing the results of the canine parvovirus IDEXX SNAP Parvo (SNAP) point-of-care ELISA with a commercial FPV quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) test; (2) assessing whether vomit and anal/rectal swabs could be used for early diagnosis; and (3) clarifying the interpretation of weak-positive SNAP test results. Methods The study included shelter cats and kittens with incomplete or unknown vaccination history that had clinical signs suspicious for feline panleukopenia and fecal SNAP and PCR tests performed within 24 h of onset. Feces, anal/rectal swabs and vomit were tested using SNAP and PCR, with fecal PCR utilized as the reference standard. Results One hundred and forty-five cats were included. Seventeen were diagnosed with FPV infection and 62 were negative; 66 could not be individually designated because they were co-housed. Sensitivity was as follows: fecal SNAP 55% (n = 102; 95% confidence interval [CI] 32–77); swab SNAP 30% (n = 55; 95% CI 7–65); swab PCR 77% (n = 55; 95% CI 46–95); and vomit PCR 100% (n = 17; 95% CI 16–100). Specificity was high (96–100%) for all sample and test types. For PCR-positive fecal samples, true-positive SNAP tests (including weak positives) had significantly higher DNA viral copy numbers than false-negative SNAP tests (P = 0.0031). Conclusions and relevance The SNAP ELISA should be viewed as an initial diagnostic test to rule in feline panleukopenia. Positive fecal SNAP test results, including weak positives, are highly likely to be true positives in clinically affected animals. Negative results in clinically affected animals are unreliable and should be followed up with PCR testing.
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Isaya R, Ciccarelli S, Enache D, Specchi S, Pesaresi M, Ferri F, Porporato F, Auriemma E, Contiero B, Coppola LM, Zini E. Gastrointestinal ultrasonographic findings in cats with Feline panleukopenia: a case series. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:20. [PMID: 33413382 PMCID: PMC7791690 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is very resistant and highly contagious and infects domestic cats and other felids. FPV is particularly widespread among sheltered cats, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, causing severe gastroenteritis characterized by anorexia, lethargy, fever, dehydration, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and vomiting. There is currently no data on the ultrasonographic features of cats affected with FPV. This case series describes abdominal ultrasonographic findings in shelter cats with naturally-occurring FPV, and assesses whether are associated with clinical and laboratory findings. Cats affected by FPV were enrolled in the study if an abdominal ultrasound was performed within 12 hours of diagnosis. Clinical, laboratory and survival data were collected from medical records. Ultrasonographic examinations were reviewed for gastrointestinal abnormalities and their associations with the above data were explored. Results Twenty-one cats were included. Nine cats (42.9%) died and 12 (57.1%) recovered. Based on ultrasonography, the duodenum and jejunum showed thinning of the mucosal layer in 70.6% and 66.6% of cats, thickening of the muscular layer in 52.9% and 57.1% of cats, and hyperechogenicity of the mucosa in 41.2% and 33.3%. Jejunal hyperechoic mucosal band paralleling the submucosa and irregular luminal surface were both observed in 33.3% of the cats. Survival was positively associated with increased jejunal mucosal echogenicity (P = 0.003) and hyperechoic mucosal band (P = 0.003). Peritoneal free fluid was positively associated with vomiting (P = 0.002). Conclusions This study provides ultrasonographic features of naturally-occurring FPV in cats, which, as expected, are compatible with gastroenteropathy. The most frequent findings were diffuse small intestine mucosal layer thinning, muscular layer thickening and mucosal hyperechogenicity, jejunal hyperechoic mucosal band and irregular luminal surface. Ultrasonographic features may be useful to complete the clinical picture and assess the severity of the gastroenteropathy in FPV cats. Prospective studies are needed to confirm ultrasonographic prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Isaya
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy.
| | - Stefano Ciccarelli
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", BA, 70010, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Enache
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Swan Specchi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Marco Pesaresi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Filippo Ferri
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Federico Porporato
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Edoardo Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luigi M Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Marenzoni ML, Conti MB, Rossi E, Rinoldo R, Franceschini R, Tesei E, Porciello F, Mancini S, Favi B, Gamboni M, Boni P, Raffaele O, Desario C, Franciosini MP, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Detection of environmental contamination with feline and canine parvoviruses: new perspectives and challenges. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:499-512. [PMID: 33325600 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a protocol for environmental sampling to detect parvoviruses of dogs and cats in the environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Environmental contamination was carried out using different dilutions of parvovirus-contaminated materials; further field samplings were performed in areas in which clinical cases of parvovirus infections were present. Sterile cotton swabs and sponges for microbial surface sampling were used. Viruses were detected in these samples with different methods: conventional PCR, nested PCR and real-time PCR, detecting viral DNA; virus isolation, detecting infectious virus; and a commercial rapid enzyme immunoassay, detecting viral antigen. No substantial differences were observed in the two sampling methods, although the sponge was more convenient for sampling rough surfaces. Molecular assays were the most sensitive methods, identifying even very low amounts of viral DNA (up to 10 copies of viral DNA/10 µl of sample). Virus isolation and the rapid test detected the viruses only at the highest viral concentrations, both in the experimental setting and field conditions. CONCLUSIONS Environmental sampling and molecular protocols were effective in detecting environmental contamination with parvoviruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The protocol will be useful to identify possible sources of infection and to assess the efficacy of disinfection protocols in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M B Conti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - R Rinoldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - R Franceschini
- Department of Engineering of Sustainability, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - E Tesei
- Servizio Veterinario, Area Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - F Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - S Mancini
- Servizio di Sanità Animale, ASL 1 Umbria, Perugia, Italy
| | - B Favi
- Servizio di Sanità Animale, ASL 1 Umbria, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Gamboni
- Private Practictioner, Central Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - P Boni
- Private Practictioner, Central Italy, Perugia, Italy
| | - O Raffaele
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - M P Franciosini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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13
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Ferri F, Porporato F, Rossi F, Enache D, Callegari C, Gerardi G, Coppola LM, Contiero B, Crinò C, Kohan NR, Meli ML, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Zini E. Treatment with Class A CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides in Cats with Naturally Occurring Feline Parvovirus Infection: A Prospective Study. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060640. [PMID: 32545689 PMCID: PMC7354499 DOI: 10.3390/v12060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes severe gastroenteritis and leukopenia in cats; the outcome is poor. Information regarding specific treatments is lacking. Class A CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-A) are short single-stranded DNAs, stimulating type I interferon production. In cats, CpG-A induced an antiviral response in vivo and inhibited FPV replication in vitro. The aim was to prospectively investigate the effects of CpG-A on survival, clinical score, hematological findings, antiviral response (cytokines), viremia, and fecal shedding (real-time qPCR) in cats naturally infected with FPV. Forty-two FPV-infected cats were randomized to receive 100 µg/kg of CpG-A (n = 22) or placebo (n = 20) subcutaneously, on admission and after 48 h. Blood and fecal samples were collected on admission, after 1, 3, and 7 days. All 22 cats showed short duration pain during CpG-A injections. The survival rate, clinical score, leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, viremia, and fecal shedding at any time-point did not differ between cats treated with CpG-A (50%) and placebo (40%). Antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene transcription increased in both groups from day 1 to 3 (p = 0.005). Antibodies against FPV on admission were associated with survival in cats (p = 0.002). In conclusion, CpG-A treatment did not improve the outcome in cats with FPV infection. FPV infection produced an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ferri
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0321-4600155
| | - Federico Porporato
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Francesco Rossi
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Daniela Enache
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Carolina Callegari
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Gabriele Gerardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Luigi M. Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Chiara Crinò
- The Ralph Veterinary Referral Centre, Fourth Avenue, Globe Business Park, Marlow SL7 1YG, UK;
| | - Neda Ranjbar Kohan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Petini M, Drigo M, Zoia A. Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, cholesterol, and total thyroxine in cats with panleukopenia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:719-724. [PMID: 31977127 PMCID: PMC7096634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a common and potentially lethal infectious agent in cats. Objective To assess the prognostic value of age, neuter status, serum concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, cholesterol and total thyroxine (tT4), and the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cats with panleukopenia. Animals Client‐owned cats with FPV infection diagnosed by a positive fecal ELISA test, positive PCR on feces or blood or both. Methods Retrospective cohort study. The electronic medical database was searched for cats with FPV infection presented between January 2010 and January 2018. Cats were divided into survivors and nonsurvivors according to their survival status 28 days after hospital admission. The prognostic importance of each variable was investigated univariately and by multivariable Cox's proportional‐hazards regression. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best cutoff value for discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors for the statistically significant prognostic predictors identified by multivariable analysis. Results Seventy cats were enrolled in the study. Multivariable analysis determined that only serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission was significantly (P = .01) associated with survival. A cutoff value of 0.82 μg/dL was identified by ROC curve analysis for serum tT4 concentration in discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors. Sensitivity at this cutoff was 73.9% and specificity was 82.9% (area under the curve, 0.783; 95% confidence interval, 0.668‐0.873; P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission has prognostic value in cats with FPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is caused by a Carnivore protoparvovirus infection. Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes most cases. When Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) first emerged, it could not replicate in cats. All current CPV variants (CPV-2a-c) can infect cats to cause subclinical disease or FPL. Feline panleukopenia has re-emerged in Australia in shelter cats associated with failure to vaccinate. Parvoviruses can remain latent in mononuclear cells post-infection. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction are used to determine the infecting strain. Current perspectives on causes, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognostic indicators, and management of outbreaks in shelters are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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