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Balogh O, Szilágyi E, Balogh N, Somogyi Z, Müller L. Half-life of serum anti-Müllerian hormone and changes after gonadectomy in adult female and male dogs with normal and abnormal gonads. Theriogenology 2024; 217:18-24. [PMID: 38237213 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a biomarker for the presence of gonadal tissue. Changes in serum AMH after gonadectomy are not well established, and its serum half-life is unknown in dogs. We measured serum AMH with a validated electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay in adult female (n = 12) and male (n = 7) dogs with normal gonads, as well as in dogs with gonadal pathology (ovarian remnant syndrome, ORS n = 3, testicular tumor [Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, seminoma] n = 3, unilateral abdominal cryptorchid n = 4) on the day of gonadectomy (D0), and on D3, D7, D14 (females and males), and D21, D28 (males only). Males had higher AMH concentrations than females independent of gonadal status (P < 0.001). Dogs with ORS had lower initial AMH (0.45 ± 0.43 ng/ml) than bitches with normal gonads (1.16 ± 0.44 ng/ml; P = 0.027). Cryptorchid dogs had higher initial concentrations (80.57 ± 52.81 ng/ml) than males with normal gonads (7.92 ± 2.45 ng/ml; P = 0.004), and those with testicular tumors (18.63 ± 5.04 ng/ml) were intermediate (P ≥ 0.250). AMH decreased over time (P ≤ 0.012) and was 0.01-0.04 ng/ml by D14 in females and 0.02-0.12 ng/ml by D28 in males. Serum half-life in the whole study population was 2.85 ± 0.51 days and did not differ between groups. In conclusion, serum AMH can differentiate between intact and gonadectomized status of adult dogs by 14 days after ovario(hyster)ectomy in females and by 28 days after surgical castration in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Balogh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Eszter Szilágyi
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary; ATRC Aurigon Ltd., Dunakeszi, Hungary.
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Walter B. [Diagnostic utility of the anti-Mullerian hormone in companion animals]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:252-257. [PMID: 37820616 DOI: 10.1055/a-2146-6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The anti-Mullerian hormone is a glycoprotein secreted by Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females. The initial identification of this hormone in canine and feline serum was achieved in 2011. Meanwhile, a variety of studies have demonstrated its clinical significance as a tool in the endocrine diagnosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about anti-Mullerian hormone in small animal reproduction and describes future opportunities for its diagnostic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Walter
- Chirurgische und Gynäkologische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Goux HJ, Vu BV, Wasden K, Alpadi K, Kumar A, Kalra B, Savjani G, Brosamer K, Kourentzi K, Willson RC. Development of a quantitative fluorescence lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) prototype for point-of-need detection of anti-Müllerian hormone. Pract Lab Med 2023; 35:e00314. [PMID: 37181647 PMCID: PMC10172895 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2023.e00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a quantitative marker for ovarian reserve and is used to predict response during ovarian stimulation. Streamlining testing to the clinic or even to the physician's office would reduce inconvenience, turnaround time, patient stress and potentially also the total cost of testing, allowing for more frequent monitoring. In this paper, AMH is used as a model biomarker to describe the rational development and optimization of sensitive, quantitative, clinic-based rapid diagnostic tests. Design and Methods We developed a one-step lateral-flow europium (III) chelate-based fluorescent immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of AMH on a portable fluorescent reader, optimizing the capture/detection antibodies, running buffer, and reporter conjugates. Results A panel of commercial calibrators was used to develop a standard curve to determine the analytical sensitivity (LOD = 0.41 ng/ml) and the analytical range (0.41-15.6 ng/ml) of the LFIA. Commercial controls were then tested to perform an initial evaluation of the prototype performance and showed a high degree of precision (Control I CV 2.18%; Control II CV 3.61%) and accuracy (Control I recovery 126%; Control II recovery 103%). Conclusions: This initial evaluation suggests that, in future clinical testing, the AMH LFIA will likely have the capability of distinguishing women with low ovarian reserve (<1 ng/ml AMH) from women with normal (1-4 ng/ml AMH) ovarian reserve. Furthermore, the LFIA demonstrated a wide linear range, indicating the assay's applicability to the detection of other health conditions such as PCOS, which requires AMH measurement at higher concentrations (>6 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Goux
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Binh V. Vu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Wasden
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristen Brosamer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Flock U, Fischer S, Weeger J, Reese S, Walter B. Anti-Müllerian hormone as a diagnostic tool to identify queens with ovarian remnant syndrome. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e168-e174. [PMID: 35635063 PMCID: PMC9315174 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221099195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Ovarian remnant syndrome (ORS) is suspected when heat signs occur in spayed
individuals, but further diagnostic procedures are necessary to exclude
other possible oestrogen sources, such as the adrenal gland or exogenous
supplementation. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), secreted by granulosa cells
or Sertoli cells, serves to differentiate sexually intact from
gonadectomised animals and has been described in dogs as a tool for
diagnosing ORS. The aim of this study was to evaluate if AMH determination
can be used to diagnose ORS in cats. Methods AMH was measured with a chemiluminescence immunoassay in serum samples of 15
sexually intact, 9 spayed and 16 cats with a history of heat signs after
spaying. Abdominal ultrasound (n = 13), vaginal smears (n = 7), progesterone
measurement (n = 5) and laparotomy (n = 14) were used to determine the
presence of ovarian tissue. After surgery, a histological examination of the
obtained tissue was performed in the cats with suspected ORS. Results In 15 cats with ORS the AMH serum concentrations were significantly higher
than in spayed cats (n = 10; P = 0.025) and significantly
lower than in sexually intact cats (n = 15; P = 0.001).
Among the cats with ORS, the highest AMH serum concentrations were measured
in the queens with cystic ovarian alterations and in one cat from which a
whole ovary was obtained. The cat with the lowest AMH serum concentration
had a simultaneous high progesterone serum concentration. Cats with ORS did
not show any heat signs after surgical removal of the ovarian tissue. Conclusions and relevance A single determination of AMH in blood serum is a useful diagnostic tool for
the diagnosis of ORS in cats, regardless of the hormonal activity of the
remnant ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stine Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasmin Weeger
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Walter B, Flock U, Leykam C, Otzdorff C, Simmet K, Hecht W, Kempker L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Reese S. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106654. [PMID: 34509739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may have their origin in alterations of the chromosomal, gonadal or phenotypic sex. Affected animals are usually presented because of ambiguous external genitalia, seldom because of reproductive disorders. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted in the gonads with higher amounts in males than in females and can be used to identify gonadal tissue in sexually normally developed dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic potential of serum AMH to identify testicular tissue in 11 dogs with DSD. The diagnostic procedures applied were: determination of the phenotypic sex (n = 11), genital ultrasound (n = 9), determination of the SRY gene (n = 11), karyogram (n = 6), gonadectomy (n = 11), pathohistology of the gonads (n = 10), serum AMH measurement (n = 11). 39 female dogs described in a previous study and 19 male dogs with a normal spermiogram served as controls for the AMH serum concentrations in sexually intact dogs. The 11 dogs with DSD were classified as 7 XY DSD and 4 XX DSD. Presumptive testes were obtained in 10 dogs and 1 dog had an ovotestis combined with a testis. Mean serum AMH values of the dogs with DSD were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in male and female controls. The upper limit of the AMH test (≥ 23ng/ml) was reached in 6 dogs. High AMH concentrations have been described previously in cryptorchid dogs. 1 dog with a male phenotype and 2 with a female phenotype had AMH values within the range of the male controls, although all of them had cryptorchid testes. A Poodle, in which epididymis were identified but no definitive gonads, had an AMH concentration of the lower limit of the test (≤ 0.01 ng/ml), comparable to previously described castrated dogs. This study indicates that serum AMH levels are a useful diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in dogs with DSD and suggests the possible use of AMH to diagnose testicular dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - U Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Leykam
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - W Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Kempker
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - S Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Burchette HM, Moyle RB. Severe uterine haemorrhage requiring a blood transfusion in a dog with ovarian remnant syndrome and secondary pyometra. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fontes GS, McCarthy RJ. Ovarian remnant syndrome in a cat with ovarian tissue in the omentum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:631-634. [PMID: 32856997 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 2-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for recurring estrous behavior after ovariohysterectomy and 2 subsequent exploratory laparotomies. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination revealed no abnormalities. A serum sample tested positive for anti-Müllerian hormone and had a progesterone concentration consistent with the presence of an ovarian remnant. Results of abdominal ultrasonographic examination suggested presence of a slightly hyperechoic mass caudal to the left kidney. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Exploratory laparotomy was performed when the cat was showing estrous behavior. Tissues at the right and left ovarian pedicles and the uterine stump appeared grossly normal but were excised and submitted for histologic examination. Two small nodules associated with the omentum were removed, and histologic examination results for one of these nodules indicated ovarian tissue with secondary and graafian follicles. Clinical signs of estrus resolved after surgery, and hormonal assay results were within ranges expected for an ovariectomized cat. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, the present case represented the first clinical report of ovarian remnant syndrome in a cat or dog in which persistent ovarian tissue was not found at the site of an ovarian pedicle. Our findings emphasized the importance of exploring the entire abdominal cavity when evaluating a patient for possible ovarian remnant tissue and confirming the excision of ovarian remnant tissue by histologic assessment.
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