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May JL, Garcia-Mora J, Edwards M, Rossmeisl JH. An Illustrated Scoping Review of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Canine and Feline Brain Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1044. [PMID: 38612283 PMCID: PMC11010916 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant records, and input from stakeholders was solicited to select data for extraction. Sixty-seven studies of moderate to low-level evidence quality describing the MRI features of pathologically confirmed canine and feline brain tumors met inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in data inclusion and reporting, as well as low case numbers, prohibited comparative data analyses. Available data support a holistic MRI approach incorporating lesion number, location within the brain, shape, intrinsic signal appearances on multiparametric sequences, patterns of contrast enhancement, and associated secondary changes in the brain to prioritize differential imaging diagnoses, and often allows for accurate presumptive diagnosis of common intracranial tumors. Quantitative MRI techniques show promise for improving discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions, as well as differentiating brain tumor types and grades, but sample size limitations will likely remain a significant practical obstacle to the design of robustly powered radiomic studies. For many brain tumor variants, particularly in cats, there remains a need for standardized studies that correlate clinicopathologic and neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. May
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.L.M.); (J.G.-M.)
| | - Josefa Garcia-Mora
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.L.M.); (J.G.-M.)
| | - Michael Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.L.M.); (J.G.-M.)
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Carisch L, Lindt B, Richter H, Del Chicca F. Regional ADC values of the morphologically normal canine brain. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1219943. [PMID: 38026624 PMCID: PMC10663295 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1219943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly available for investigation of canine brain diseases. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of normal canine brains is reported only in small numbers of subjects. The aim of the study was to investigate the ADC of different anatomical regions in the morphologically normal brain in a large population of canine patients in clinical setting. Additionally, possible influence on the ADC value of patient-related factors like sex, age and body weight, difference between the left and right side of the cerebral hemispheres, and between gray and white matter were investigated. Methods Brain magnetic resonance studies including diffusion-weighted images of dogs presented at the Vetsuisse Faculty-University Zurich between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Only morphologically normal brain magnetic resonance studies of dogs presented with neurological signs or non-neurological signs were included. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of 12 regions of interest (ROIs) in each hemisphere and an additional region in the cerebellar vermis were examined in each dog. Results A total of 321 dogs (including 247 dogs with neurological signs and 62 dogs with non-neurological signs) of various breeds, sex and age were included. Apparent diffusion coefficient significantly varied among most anatomical brain regions. A significantly higher ADC was measured in the gray [median 0.79 (range 0.69-0.90) × 10-3 mm2/s] compared to the white matter [median 0.70 (range 0.63-0.85) × 10-3 mm2/s]. No significant differences were found between the left and right cerebral hemispheres in most of the regions, neither between sexes, different reproductive status, and not consistently between body weight groups. Age was correlated first with a decrease from dogs <1 year of age to middle-age (⩾3 to <8 years) dogs and later with an increase of ADC values in dogs ⩾8 years. Discussion Apparent diffusion coefficient values of 25 ROIs were described in 321 morphologically normal canine brains in clinical setting. Apparent diffusion coefficient differences depending on the brain anatomical region are present. Apparent diffusion coefficient differences among age classes are present, likely consistent with brain maturation and aging. The described data can be a reference for future studies in clinical settings on the canine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Carisch
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Boudreau E, Kerwin SC, DuPont EB, Levine JM, Griffin JF. Temporal and sequence-related variability in diffusion-weighted imaging of presumed cerebrovascular accidents in the dog brain. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1008447. [PMID: 36419725 PMCID: PMC9676236 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1008447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is often used to guide clinical interpretation of intraparenchymal brain lesions when there is suspicion for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Despite widespread evidence that imaging and patient parameters can influence diffusion-weighted measurements, such as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), there is little published data on such measurements for naturally occurring CVA in clinical cases in dogs. We describe a series of 22 presumed and confirmed spontaneous canine CVA with known time of clinical onset imaged on a single 3T magnet between 2011 and 2021. Median ADC values of < 1.0x10−3 mm2/s were seen in normal control tissues as well as within CVAs. Absolute and relative ADC values in CVAs were well-correlated (R2 = 0.82). Absolute ADC values < 1.0x10−3 mm2/s prevailed within ischemic CVAs, though there were exceptions, including some lesions of < 5 days age. Some lesions showed reduced absolute but not relative ADC values when compared to matched normal contralateral tissue. CVAs with large hemorrhagic components did not show restricted diffusion. Variation in the DWI sequence used impacted the ADC values obtained. Failure to identify a region of ADC < 1.0x10−3 mm2/s should not exclude CVA from the differential list when clinical suspicion is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Boudreau
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Boudreau
| | - Sharon C. Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Emily B. DuPont
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - John F. Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Lindt B, Richter H, Del Chicca F. Investigated regional apparent diffusion coefficient values of the morphologically normal feline brain. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e214-e222. [PMID: 35707978 PMCID: PMC10812285 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI is increasingly available in veterinary medicine for investigation of the brain. However, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values have only been reported in a small number of cats or in research settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the ADC values of different anatomical regions of the morphologically normal brain in a feline patient population. Additionally, we aimed to assess the possible influence on the ADC values of different patient-related factors, such as sex, body weight, age, imaging of the left and right side of the cerebral hemispheres and white vs grey matter regions. METHODS This retrospective study included cats undergoing an MRI (3T) examination with DWI sequences of the head at the Vetsuisse Faculty of the University Zurich between 2015 and 2021. Only cats with morphologically normal brains were included. On the ADC maps, 10 regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn on the following anatomical regions: caudate nucleus; internal capsule (two locations); piriform lobe; thalamus; hippocampus; cortex cerebri (two locations); cerebellar hemisphere; and one ROI in the centre of the cerebellar vermis. Except for the ROI at the cerebellar vermis, each ROI was drawn in the left and right hemisphere. The ADC values were calculated by the software and recorded. RESULTS A total of 129 cats were included in this study. The ADC varied in the different ROIs, with the highest mean ADC value in the hippocampus and the lowest in the cerebellar hemisphere. ADC was significantly lower in the white cerebral matter compared with the grey matter. ADC values were not influenced by age, with the exception of the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE ADC values of different anatomical regions of the morphologically normal feline brain in a patient population of 129 cats in a clinical setting are reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lindt
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Del Chicca
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gutmann S, Flegel T, Müller M, Möbius R, Matiasek K, König F, Winkler D, Grunert R. Case Report: Clinical Use of a Patient-Individual Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Stereotactic Navigation Device for Brain Biopsies in Three Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:876741. [PMID: 35915727 PMCID: PMC9337988 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.876741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques for patient-individual medicine has found its way into veterinary neurosurgery. Because of the high accuracy of 3D printed specific neurosurgical navigation devices, it seems to be a safe and reliable option to use patient-individual constructions for sampling brain tissue. Due to the complexity and vulnerability of the brain a particularly precise and safe procedure is required. In a recent cadaver study a better accuracy for the 3D printed MRI-based patient individual stereotactic brain biopsy device for dogs is determined compared to the accuracies of other biopsy systems which are currently used in veterinary medicine. This case report describes the clinical use of this 3D printed MRI-based patient individual brain biopsy device for brain sampling in three dogs. The system was characterized by a simple handling. Furthermore, it was an effective and reliable tool to gain diagnostic brain biopsy samples in dogs with no significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gutmann
- Department for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sarah Gutmann
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Department for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcel Müller
- Medical Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Möbius
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian König
- Small Animal Practice, Neurology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Dirk Winkler
- Department for Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Grunert
- Medical Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Gutmann S, Tästensen C, Böttcher IC, Dietzel J, Loderstedt S, Kohl S, Matiasek K, Flegel T. Clinical use of a new frameless optical neuronavigation system for brain biopsies: 10 cases (2013-2020). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:468-481. [PMID: 35141897 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the retrospective study was to describe the brain biopsy procedure using a new frameless optical neuronavigation system and to report diagnostic yield and complications associated with the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records for all dogs with forebrain lesions that underwent brain biopsy with a frameless optical neuronavigation system in a single referral hospital between 2013 and 2020 were retrospectively analysed. Following data were collected: signalment, neurological signs, diagnostic findings, number of brain biopsy samples, sampled region, complications, duration of hospitalisation, whether the samples were diagnostic and histopathological diagnoses. The device consists of a computer workstation with navigation software, an infrared camera, patient tracker and reflective instruments. The biopsy needle was equipped with reflective spheres, so the surgeon could see the position of the needle during sampling the intracranial lesion free handed through a mini-burr hole. RESULTS Ten dogs were included. Absolute diagnostic yield based on specific histopathological diagnosis was 73.9%. Three dogs had immune-mediated necrotizing encephalitis, two dogs showed a necrotizing leukoencephalitis and two dogs a meningoencephalitis of unknown origin. In two dogs, the brain specimen showed unspecific changes. In one dog, the samples were non-diagnostic. Seven dogs showed no neurological deterioration, one dog mild temporary ataxia and two dogs died within 36 hours post brain biopsy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In these 10 dogs, the frameless optical neuronavigation system employed was useful to gain diagnostic brain biopsy samples. Considering the mortality rate observed, further studies are needed to confirm the safety of this procedure and prove its actual clinical effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gutmann
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Tästensen
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - I C Böttcher
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Dietzel
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Loderstedt
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Kohl
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - T Flegel
- Department for Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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