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Nocera I, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Gracia-Calvo LA, Tapio H, Camisi M, Sala G, Citi S. Procalcitonin and carbonylated protein concentrations in equine synovial fluid. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1263-1269. [PMID: 38127161 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of joint diseases is fundamental for prompt and appropriate management, particularly in septic arthritis. Procalcitonin (PCT) and protein carbonylated content (PCC) have been investigated in both human and veterinary medicine. An increase in PCT has been shown in infectious bacterial diseases, while higher levels of PCC have been shown in inflammatory pathologies characterized by oxidative damage. This study evaluated PCT and PCC in plasma and synovial fluid (SF), in healthy and pathological equine joints, affected by different types of arthropathy. Twenty-nine joints were evaluated and underwent orthopedic, radiographic, ultrasonographic and SF evaluation. The joints were divided in three groups: healthy, septic, and non-septic arthritis. PCT and PCC were measured in horse plasma and SF. Data distribution was evaluated and results were expressed as median, quartile values. Statistical differences in SF values among groups and correlations were assessed between plasma and SF of both PCT and PCC. The groups of joint disease included: 8/29 healthy, 13/29 non-septic and 8/29 septic. Significant differences were obtained for SF PCC and plasma PCT between healthy and septic joints, while no differences were found for plasma PCC and SF PCT. A positive correlation was found between plasma and SF PCT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting PCT in equine SF. SF PCC could be a useful biomarker to differentiate between septic and healthy joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Institute of Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Heidi Tapio
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcello Camisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Sala G, Orsetti C, Meucci V, De Marchi L, Sgorbini M, Bonelli F. Case-Control Study: Endogenous Procalcitonin and Protein Carbonylated Content as a Potential Biomarker of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2023; 10:670. [PMID: 38133221 PMCID: PMC10747190 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) and protein carbonylated content (PCC) are promising biomarkers for bacterial infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. This study examined plasma PCT and PCC levels in healthy cows (H) and cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM). A total of 130 cows (65 H and 65 SCM) were included in this study. Blood samples were collected, and plasma was frozen at -80 °C. PCT levels were determined using a bovine procalcitonin ELISA kit, while PCC was measured following the methodology of Levine et al. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in PCT levels between H (75.4 pg/mL) and SCM (107.3 pg/mL) cows (p < 0.001) and significantly lower concentrations of PCC in the SCM group (H: 0.102 nmol/mL/mg, SCM: 0.046 nmol/mL/mg; p < 0.001). The PCT cut-off value for distinguishing healthy and subclinical mastitis animals was >89.8 pg/mL (AUC 0.695), with a sensitivity of 66.2% and specificity of 69.2%. PCT showed potential value as a diagnostic tool to help in decision making for subclinical mastitis cases, while PCC requires further studies to investigate the trend of this biomarker during localized pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Orsetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (C.O.); (V.M.); (L.D.M.); (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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3
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Bookbinder L, Prisk A. Updates on Diagnosis and Management of Colic in the Field and Criteria for Referral. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00013-5. [PMID: 37121785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal colic is the most common primary care equine emergency and affects nearly one of four horses per year. Colic is a significant welfare concern for equine patients and a financial and emotional burden for owners. The primary care practitioner is instrumental in identifying critical cases quickly and making appropriate management recommendations to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bookbinder
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Amanda Prisk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Southwood LL. Early Identification of Intestinal Strangulation: Why It Is Important and How to Make an Early Diagnosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00019-6. [PMID: 37105779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses with colic caused by intestinal strangulation can have an excellent outcome with early surgical correction of the obstruction. The expense associated with surgery is typically less with early lesion correction. The challenge is making an early diagnosis of intestinal strangulation. Although for some horses with a strangulating obstruction, the need for surgery is made based on severe colic signs or lack of response to analgesia, in other horses, it is less obvious. Signalment, history, and meticulous physical examination, combined with some targeted diagnostic procedures can help with early diagnosis of intestinal strangulation. Improving the outcome of these horses requires diligence and a team-based approach from the owner or caregiver, primary care veterinarian, and specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Southwood
- Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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5
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Blangy-Letheule A, Vergnaud A, Dupas T, Rozec B, Lauzier B, Leroux AA. Spontaneous Sepsis in Adult Horses: From Veterinary to Human Medicine Perspectives. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071052. [PMID: 37048125 PMCID: PMC10093263 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening disease defined as an organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection. Early diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis are necessary for specific and timely treatment. However, no predictive biomarkers or therapeutic targets are available yet, mainly due to the lack of a pertinent model. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with sepsis will allow for earlier and more appropriate management. For this purpose, experimental models of sepsis have been set up to decipher the progression and pathophysiology of human sepsis but also to identify new biomarkers or therapeutic targets. These experimental models, although imperfect, have mostly been performed on a murine model. However, due to the different pathophysiology of the species, the results obtained in these studies are difficult to transpose to humans. This underlines the importance of identifying pertinent situations to improve patient care. As humans, horses have the predisposition to develop sepsis spontaneously and may be a promising model for spontaneous sepsis. This review proposes to give first an overview of the different animal species used to model human sepsis, and, secondly, to focus on adult equine sepsis as a spontaneous model of sepsis and its potential implications for human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amandine Vergnaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Dupas
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Rozec
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Benjamin Lauzier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Aurélia A. Leroux
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Veterinary Teaching Hospital (CISCO), Oniris, F-44300 Nantes, France
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6
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Jacobsen S. Use of serum amyloid A in equine medicine and surgery. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:8-18. [PMID: 36336845 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) has become an indispensable part of the management of equine patients in general practice and specialized hospital settings. Although several proteins possess acute phase properties in horses, the usefulness of SAA exceeds that of other acute phase proteins. This is due to the highly desirable kinetics of the equine SAA response. SAA concentrations exhibit a rapid and pronounced increase in response to inflammation and a rapid decline after the resolution of inflammation. This facilitates the detection of inflammatory disease and real-time monitoring of inflammatory activity. SAA may be used in all stages of patient management: (1) before diagnosis (to rule in/rule out inflammatory disease), (2) at the time of diagnosis (to assess the severity of inflammation and assist in prognostication), and (3) after diagnosis (to monitor changes in inflammatory activity in response to therapy, with relapse of disease, or with infectious/inflammatory complications). By assessing other acute phase reactants in addition to SAA, clinicians can succinctly stage inflammation. White blood cell counts and serum iron concentration change within hours of an inflammatory insult, SAA within a day, and fibrinogen within 2-3 days; the interrelationship of these markers thus indicates the duration and activity of the inflammatory condition. Much research on the equine SAA response and clinical use has been conducted in the last decade. This is the prerequisite for the evidence-based use of this analyte. However, still today, most published studies involve a fairly low number of horses. To obtain solid evidence for use of SAA, future studies should be designed with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section Medicine & Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Bonelli F, Madrigali A, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Battaglia F, Guélat-Brechbuehl M, Sala G, Meylan M. Case - Control study: Evaluation of plasma procalcitonin concentration as an indicator of inflammation in healthy and sick cows. Res Vet Sci 2023; 155:56-61. [PMID: 36634543 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This case - control study aims to evaluate Procalcitonin (PCT) plasma concentrations in healthy and hospitalized cows with a conclusive diagnosis of inflammation due to bacterial infection. Thirty-four healthy and 131 sick cows were included. Procalcitonin concentrations were assessed using an ELISA kit for cattle. Depending on whether sick cows received antimicrobial treatments prior to admission or not, they were divided in treated (TP) or not treated (NTP) subgroups. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to determine differences between healthy vs sick cows, while Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparison test were applied for healthy vs sick subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the optimal cut-off value. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were determined for cows belonging to the groups with PCT values below and above ROC cut-offs. Plasma PCT concentration was 200.1 (147.8-324.1) pg/mL and 361.6 (239.7-947.1) pg/mL in the healthy control and in the sick group, respectively (P < 0.001). The optimal cut-off value of plasma PCT concentration was 244.4 pg/mL (sensitivity 73.6%, specificity 60.0%). The plasma PCT concentration was 267.5 (210.3-771.2) pg/mL in the TP subgroup and 425.6 (253.1-1242) pg/mL in the NTP subgroup (P = 0.03). Cows with PCT above the ROC cut-off value had a reduced survival percentage and a higher mortality risk (P < 0.05). Procalcitonin showed the ability of differentiate healthy cows from hospitalized cows with a conclusive diagnosis of inflammation due to bacterial infection. Moreover, PCT was a good predictor of negative prognostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy.
| | - Alessio Madrigali
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, via Livornese s.n.c., San Piero a Grado 56122, Italy
| | - Monika Guélat-Brechbuehl
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi, 26900, Italy
| | - Mireille Meylan
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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8
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Ludwig EK, Hobbs KJ, McKinney-Aguirre CA, Gonzalez LM. Biomarkers of Intestinal Injury in Colic. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:227. [PMID: 36670767 PMCID: PMC9854801 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are typically proteins, enzymes, or other molecular changes that are elevated or decreased in body fluids during the course of inflammation or disease. Biomarkers pose an extremely attractive tool for establishing diagnoses and prognoses of equine gastrointestinal colic, one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. This topic has received increasing attention because early diagnosis of some forms of severe colic, such as intestinal ischemia, would create opportunities for rapid interventions that would likely improve case outcomes. This review explores biomarkers currently used in equine medicine for colic, including acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines, markers of endotoxemia, and tissue injury metabolites. To date, no single biomarker has been identified that is perfectly sensitive and specific for intestinal ischemia; however, L-lactate has been proven to be a very functional and highly utilized diagnostic tool. However, further exploration of other biomarkers discussed in this review may provide the key to accelerated identification, intervention, and better outcomes for horses suffering from severe colic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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9
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Battaglia F, Bonelli F, Sgorbini M, Intorre L, Minunni M, Scarano S, Meucci V. Molecularly imprinted polymers as effective capturing receptors in a pseudo-ELISA immunoassay for procalcitonin detection in veterinary species. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 15:27-35. [PMID: 36484203 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01175a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new sandwich-type immunoenzymatic assay, based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as an artificial antibody (pseudo-ELISA), was developed for the determination of procalcitonin (PCT) in veterinary species. The quantification of PCT in human medicine represents the state of the art for the diagnosis of sepsis; instead the clinical studies on the relevance of PCT as a sepsis predictor in veterinary patients are few, likely due to the total absence of validated assays. MIPs have been widely used as antibody mimics for important applications, and MIP-based sandwich assays have emerged as promising analytical tools for the detection of disease biomarkers. Herein, a polynorepinephrine (PNE)-based imprinted film was directly synthesized on the well surface of a 96-well plate. Subsequently, based on a commercial ELISA kit, the PCT quantification was accomplished via a colorimetric sandwich assay by replacing the capture antibody of the kit with the PNE-based MIP. This method was performed to detect canine and equine PCT in buffer and in plasma samples. Under optimal conditions, the results obtained in plasma samples showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.87 ng mL-1 and a reproducibility (CVav%) of 10.0% for canine samples, while a LOD = 4.46 ng mL-1 and CVav% = 7.61% were obtained for equine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Via Livornese, PI, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Via Livornese, PI, Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Via Livornese, PI, Italy.
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Via Livornese, PI, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 Via Livornese, PI, Italy.
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10
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Long A. Clinical insights: Clinicopathological parameters for diagnosing and predicting outcome of horses with colic. Equine Vet J 2022; 54:1005-1010. [PMID: 36044554 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Long
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Biomarkers of sepsis in pigs, horses and cattle: from acute phase proteins to procalcitonin. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:82-99. [PMID: 35795920 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome triggered by an inflammatory host response to an infection. It is usually complicated to detect and diagnose, and has severe consequences in human and veterinary health, especially when treatment is not started early. Therefore, efforts to detect sepsis accurately are needed. In addition, its proper diagnosis could reduce the misuse of antibiotics, which is essential fighting against antimicrobial resistance. This case is a particular issue in farm animals, as antibiotics have been traditionally given massively, but now they are becoming increasingly restricted. When sepsis is suspected in animals, the most frequently used biomarkers are acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, but their concentrations can increase in other inflammatory conditions. In human patients, the most promising biomarkers to detect sepsis are currently procalcitonin and presepsin, and there is a wide range of other biomarkers under study. However, there is little information on the application of these biomarkers in veterinary species. This review aims to describe the general concepts of sepsis and the current knowledge about the biomarkers of sepsis in pigs, horses, and cattle and to discuss possible advances in the field.
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Meucci V, Orsetti C, Sgorbini M, Battaglia F, Cresci M, Bonelli F. Can Procalcitonin Be Dosed in Bovine Milk Using a Commercial ELISA Kit? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030289. [PMID: 35158613 PMCID: PMC8833620 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis is one of the major economic and animal welfare problems on dairy farms. The gold standard test for mastitis diagnosis is milk culture, but bacteria are not always isolated (only in 11–44% of milk samples from clinical cases of mastitis) and sometimes a positive culture can result from a contamination of the milk. Procalcitonin is a new biomarker which may lead to an early detection of inflammation due to bacterial infection. In humans, procalcitonin concentration has also been evaluated in milk in addition to plasma. The authors aimed to evaluate the possible application of a commercially available ELISA kit for bovine procalcitonin for the assessing of procalcitonin in bovine milk samples. Plasma and milk samples from cows with mastitis were collected to measure procalcitonin concentrations by using a bovine procalcitonin ELISA kit. Our results showed that the ELISA kit tested can be employed to assess bovine procalcitonin in plasma but not for analyzing milk samples. Abstract The aim was to evaluate the use of a bovine procalcitonin (PCT) ELISA kit (Cusabio, China) for assessing PCT in bovine milk samples. Validation was performed by using 10 plasma and corresponding milk samples from mastitic cows. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated. The coefficient of variation (CV%) of the readings of five plasma samples measured five times in the same plate (intra-assay) and the CV% of the same five samples read five times in three separate plates was evaluated. Parallelism was determined by serial twofold dilutions of five plasma and corresponding milk samples. Milk samples were analyzed with and without centrifugation. Regarding plasma PCT, the method presented an inter- and intra-CV < 23.7% and parallelism had very good recovery values. The ELISA kit studied can measure bovine plasma PCT concentrations. The kit antibodies fail in binding PCT in milk samples because all centrifuged milk samples showed a lower LOD than blank samples. Only three uncentrifuged milk samples showed measurable PCT concentrations. Due to these results, the commercial ELISA kit investigated could not be employed for the detection of PCT in milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (C.O.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Chiara Orsetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (C.O.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (C.O.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (C.O.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Marta Cresci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (C.O.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (C.O.); (M.S.); (F.B.); (M.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, Via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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13
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Evaluation of Plasmatic Procalcitonin in Healthy, and in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Negative or Positive Colic Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072015. [PMID: 34359143 PMCID: PMC8300415 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Procalcitonin (PCT) increased in the case of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), especially due to bacterial infection. The correlation between SIRS score and plasma PCT levels in horses have not been evaluated, and no studies investigated plasma PCT concentration over time. In the present study, PCT and SIRS score were evaluated in colic horses at admission to the hospital and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Statistically differences were detected between healthy vs. all colic horses and between healthy vs. SIRS positive or SIRS negative horses. No correlation was observed between SIRS score and PCT. This suggests a role of plasmatic PCT as good biomarker for colic. Abstract Colic horses show systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) clinical signs. Procalcitonin (PCT) showed increased circulating levels in sick horses. This study compares plasma PCT concentrations in healthy vs. SIRS negative/positive colic horses over time, and evaluates PCT and SIRS score potential correlation, to verify the usefulness of PCT for the evaluation of SIRS severity. Ninety-one horses were included; 43/91 were healthy, on basis of physical examination, blood work and SIRS score (score = 0), while 48/91 were sick colic horses, classified as SIRS-negative (score < 2) and positive (score ≥ 2). Moreover, a 0–6 point-scale SIRS score was calculated (assessing mucous membrane color and blood lactate concentration). PCT was evaluated at admission, and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, using a commercial kit for equine species. We verified by the ANOVA test PCT differences between healthy vs. colic horses, healthy vs. SIRS-negative or SIRS-positive colic horses, at all sampling times, and the correlation between the SIRS score at admission with the SIRS score. Statistically significant differences were detected between healthy vs. all colic horses and between healthy vs. SIRS-positive or negative horses at all sampling times. No correlation was observed between the SIRS score at admission and PCT values. PCT was statistically higher in colic horses compared to the healthy ones, suggesting a role as a biomarker for colic.
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Isgren CM. Improving clinical outcomes via responsible antimicrobial use in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Isgren
- Department of Equine Clinical Science Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Leahurst UK
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Barton AK, Richter IG, Ahrens T, Merle R, Alalwani A, Lilge S, Purschke K, Barnewitz D, Gehlen H. MMP-9 Concentration in Peritoneal Fluid Is a Valuable Biomarker Associated with Endotoxemia in Equine Colic. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9501478. [PMID: 33488296 PMCID: PMC7803393 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9501478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare the results of sepsis scoring (clinical examination and clinical pathology) to the concentrations of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) -2, -8, and -9; tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) -1 and -2; and inflammatory chemokines interleukin (IL) 1β and tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-α) in plasma and peritoneal fluid of equine colic patients. A modified sepsis scoring including general condition, heart and respiratory rate, rectal temperature, mucous membranes, white blood cell count (WBC), and ionized calcium was applied in 47 horses presented with clinical signs of colic. Using this scoring system, horses were classified as negative (n = 32, ≤6/19 points), questionable (n = 9, 7-9/19 points), or positive (n = 6, ≥10/19 points) for sepsis. MMPs, TIMPs, IL-1β, and TNF-α concentrations were evaluated in plasma and peritoneal fluid using species-specific sandwich ELISA kits. In a linear discriminant analysis, all parameters of sepsis scoring apart from calcium separated well between sepsis severity groups (P < 0.05). MMP-9 was the only biomarker of high diagnostic value, while all others remained insignificant. A significant influence of overall sepsis scoring on MMP-9 was found for peritoneal fluid (P = 0.005) with a regression coefficient of 0.092, while no association was found for plasma (P = 0.085). Using a MMP-9 concentration of >113 ng/ml in the peritoneal fluid was found to be the ideal cutoff to identify positive sepsis scoring (≥10/19 points; sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 82.9%). In conclusion, MMP-9 was found to be a biomarker of high diagnostic value for sepsis and endotoxemia in equine colic. The evaluation of peritoneal fluid seems preferable in comparison to plasma. As abdominocentesis is commonly performed in the diagnostic work-up of equine colic, a pen-side assay would be useful and easy-to-perform diagnostic support in the decision for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ina-Gabriele Richter
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Tanja Ahrens
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Svenja Lilge
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Barnewitz
- Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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