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Zhang K, Gu F, Yu H. Early lexical processing of Chinese one-character words and Mongolian words: A comparative study using event-related potentials. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1061990. [PMID: 36733864 PMCID: PMC9887120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Logographic language and alphabetic language differ significantly in orthography. Investigating the commonality and particularity of visual word recognition between the two distinct writing systems is informative for understating the neural mechanisms underlying visual word recognition. In the present study, we compared the chronometry of early lexical processing and the brain regions involved in early lexical processing between Chinese (logographic language) and Mongolian (alphabetic language) by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) using both implicit and explicit reading tasks. Familiar Chinese one-character words (lexical) and unknown Chinese one-character words (non-lexical) were pseudorandomly presented to native Chinese readers in Experiment 1. Mongolian words (lexical) and pseudowords (non-lexical) were pseudorandomly presented to native Mongolian readers in Experiment 2. In the color decision task, participants were asked to decide the color (black or blue) of each stimulus. In the lexical recognition task, participants were asked to report whether they could recognize each stimulus. The results showed that in both experiments and both tasks, ERPs to lexical items differed significantly from those to non-lexical items in the parietooccipital scalp region approximately 250 ms after stimulus onset, reflecting the early lexical processing, which likely originated from the ventral occipitotemporal cortex as revealed by source analysis. These results indicated that although Chinese and Mongolian differed markedly in orthographic features, the neural mechanisms underlying early lexical processing are similar between the two languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of China’s Ethnic Languages and Intelligent Processing of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongzhi Yu
- Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of China’s Ethnic Languages and Information Technology of Ministry of Education, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hongzhi Yu, ✉
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2
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Sun Y, Wang J, Ye Q, Liu B, Zhong P, Li C, Cao X. Developmental trajectories of expert perception processing of Chinese characters in primary school children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:932666. [PMID: 35978799 PMCID: PMC9376261 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.932666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that inversion effect and left-side bias are stable expertise markers in Chinese character processing among adults. However, it is less clear how these markers develop early on (i.e., among primary school students). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development of the two markers by comparing primary school-aged students of three age groups (Grade 1, Grade 3, and Grade 5) and adults in tests of inversion effect (Experiment 1) and left-sided bias effect (Experiment 2). The results replicated that both effects during Chinese character processing were present among adults. However, more importantly, the effects were different among primary school-aged students in different grades: the inversion effect was found as early as in Grade 1, but the left-side bias effect did not emerge in Grade 1 and as approximated that of adults until Grade 3. The study suggested a potential dissociation in developing different aspects of expertise during Chinese character processing in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Sun
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Baiwei Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohua Cao,
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3
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Amora KK, Tretow A, Verwimp C, Tijms J, Leppänen PHT, Csépe V. Typical and Atypical Development of Visual Expertise for Print as Indexed by the Visual Word N1 (N170w): A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:898800. [PMID: 35844207 PMCID: PMC9279737 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.898800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual word N1 (N170w) is an early brain ERP component that has been found to be a neurophysiological marker for print expertise, which is a prelexical requirement associated with reading development. To date, no other review has assimilated existing research on reading difficulties and atypical development of processes reflected in the N170w response. Hence, this systematic review synthesized results and evaluated neurophysiological and experimental procedures across different studies about visual print expertise in reading development. Literature databases were examined for relevant studies from 1995 to 2020 investigating the N170w response in individuals with or without reading disorders. To capture the development of the N170w related to reading, results were compared between three different age groups: pre-literate children, school-aged children, and young adults. The majority of available N170w studies (N = 69) investigated adults (n = 31) followed by children (school-aged: n = 21; pre-literate: n = 4) and adolescents (n = 1) while some studies investigated a combination of these age groups (n = 12). Most studies were conducted with German-speaking populations (n = 17), followed by English (n = 15) and Chinese (n = 14) speaking participants. The N170w was primarily investigated using a combination of words, pseudowords, and symbols (n = 20) and mostly used repetition-detection (n = 16) or lexical-decision tasks (n = 16). Different studies posed huge variability in selecting electrode sites for analysis; however, most focused on P7, P8, and O1 sites of the international 10–20 system. Most of the studies in adults have found a more negative N170w in controls than poor readers, whereas in children, the results have been mixed. In typical readers, N170w ranged from having a bilateral distribution to a left-hemispheric dominance throughout development, whereas in young, poor readers, the response was mainly right-lateralized and then remained in a bilateral distribution. Moreover, the N170w latency has varied according to age group, with adults having an earlier onset yet with shorter latency than school-aged and pre-literate children. This systematic review provides a comprehensive picture of the development of print expertise as indexed by the N170w across age groups and reading abilities and discusses theoretical and methodological differences and challenges in the field, aiming to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kay Amora
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Modern Philology and Social Sciences, Multilingualism Doctoral School, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Kathleen Kay Amora ;
| | - Ariane Tretow
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Cara Verwimp
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Tijms
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Hungarian and Applied Linguistics, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
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Huang Z, Yang S, Xue L, Yang H, Lv Y, Zhao J. Level of Orthographic Knowledge Helps to Reveal Automatic Predictions in Visual Word Processing. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:809574. [PMID: 35221891 PMCID: PMC8864072 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.809574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain generates predictions about visual word forms to support efficient reading. The “interactive account” suggests that the predictions in visual word processing can be strategic or automatic (non-strategic). Strategic predictions are frequently demonstrated in studies that manipulated task demands, however, few studies have investigated automatic predictions. Orthographic knowledge varies greatly among individuals and it offers a unique opportunity in revealing automatic predictions. The present study grouped the participants by level of orthographic knowledge and recorded EEGs in a non-linguistic color matching task. The visual word-selective N170 response was much stronger to pseudo than to real characters in participants with low orthographic knowledge, but not in those with high orthographic knowledge. Previous work on predictive coding has demonstrated that N170 is a good index for prediction errors, i.e., the mismatches between predictions and visual inputs. The present findings provide unambiguous evidence that automatic predictions modulate the early stage of visual word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Huang
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shimeng Yang
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Licheng Xue
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yating Lv
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhao,
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Nan W, Liu Y, Zeng X, Yang W, Liang J, Lan Y, Fu S. The spatiotemporal characteristics of N170s for faces and words: A meta-analysis study. Psych J 2022; 11:5-17. [PMID: 34986520 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N170 is a negative event-related potential (ERP) component in response to visual stimuli, such as faces. It remains controversial whether N170 reflects the specific processing of faces or can also be elicited by objects of expertise (e.g., words). In this research, we conducted a meta-analysis for the spatiotemporal characteristics of N170 of face and word stimuli from 24 studies in which both stimuli were presented for each subject. We observed that (1) both face and word stimuli can elicit conspicuous N170s and that there was no difference between the amplitude of face-N170 and word-N170; (2) there is no difference in the latencies between the two N170s; and (3) both N170s are distributed in the occipitotemporal regions but with a reversed hemispheric distribution pattern-face-N170 is more negative in the right than left occipitotemporal regions, while word-N170 is the opposite. These results showed that the face- and word-N170s are qualitatively the same but have different hemispheric lateralization advantages-N170 might be a general neural index of the expertise-dependent object-recognition process in occipitotemporal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Nan
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianqing Zeng
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Yang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Liang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglong Lan
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Fu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Yu R, Chen J, Peng Y, Gu F. Visual event-related potentials reveal the early lexical processing of Chinese characters. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108132. [PMID: 34933038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Logographic scripts such as Chinese differ markedly from alphabetic scripts. The time-course of the lexical processing of alphabetic words was widely studied by recording event-related potentials (ERPs), and the results indicated that alphabetic words are rapidly and automatically processed. This study investigated whether there is also rapid and automatic lexical processing of Chinese characters by recording ERPs. High-frequency (HF) characters and orthographically similar low-frequency (LF) characters were pseudo-randomly presented to proficient Chinese readers. The color of half of the characters was blue and the color of the other half was black. In the color decision task, participants were asked to determine the color of each character. In the lexical recognition task, participants were asked to report whether s/he knew each character (the LF characters in this study were very rare characters which were usually not recognized by proficient Chinese readers). In both tasks, the N170 elicited by HF characters peaked earlier than the N170 elicited by LF characters in the right parieto-occipital area (PO8), and the ERPs to HF characters diverged from the ERPs to LF characters around 210-222 ms after the stimulus onset. These results reflected the rapid and automatic lexical processing of Chinese characters. Source analysis results suggested that the left and the right occipitotemporal cortices and the right visual cortex were the neural origins of the early lexical processing of Chinese characters, and the peak activation was in the right visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Yu
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Neurocognitive Laboratory for Linguistics and Semiotics, College of Literature and Journalism, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Zhu C, Ma X, Ji L, Chen S, Cao X. Sex Differences in Categorical Adaptation for Faces and Chinese Characters during Early Perceptual Processing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:656. [PMID: 29375350 PMCID: PMC5770371 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous event-related potential studies support sex differences in the N170 response during face and word processing; however, it remains unclear whether N170 categorical adaptation for faces and words is different between women and men. Using an adaptation paradigm, in which an adaptor and subsequent test stimulus are presented during each trial, the present study investigated N170 categorical adaptation for faces and Chinese characters in both women and men. The results demonstrated that the N170 amplitude elicited by test stimuli in within-category condition was lower than in control category condition, and this was observed during both face and Chinese character processing in women and men. In addition, we found that men have greater N170 categorical adaptation for face and word processing than women. There was also a significant correlation between N170 categorical adaptation indices for face and Chinese character processing in men, which did not occur in women. These findings suggest that men and women process repeated faces or words differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyin Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lihong Ji
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaohua Cao
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Tzeng YL, Hsu CH, Huang YC, Lee CY. The Acquisition of Orthographic Knowledge: Evidence from the Lexicality Effects on N400. Front Psychol 2017; 8:433. [PMID: 28424638 PMCID: PMC5371601 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand how reading ability shapes the lexicality effects on N400. Fifty-three typical developing children from the second to the sixth grades were asked to perform the pronounceability judgment task on a set of Chinese real characters (RC), pseudocharacters (PC) and non-characters (NC), as ERPs were recorded. The cluster-based permutation analysis revealed that children with low- to medium-reading ability showed greater negativity to NCs than to RCs and PCs in frontal sites from 300 to 450 ms, while children with high ability group showed a greater positivity to NCs than both RCs and PCs at central to posterior sites. Furthermore, the linear mixed model (LMM) analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between lexicality effects on N400 and reading-related behavioral assessments on a set of standardized tests (including character recognition, vocabulary size, phonological awareness, and working memory). The results found that in children with lower reading ability, the N400 elicited by NCs becomes more negative in the frontal sites. For children with higher reading ability, the N400 elicited by NCs became more positive than that elicited by RCs or PCs in the posterior sites. These findings demonstrate the developmental changes in the lexicality effects on N400 as children become more advanced readers and suggested that the lexicality effects on N400 can serve as neural markers for the evaluation of orthographic proficiency in reading development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Tzeng
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Hsu
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan.,Brain and Language Laboratory, Institute of Linguistics, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, National Chengchi UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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9
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Ji L, Cao X, Xu B. Sex differences of hemispheric lateralization for faces and Chinese characters in early perceptual processing. Neurosci Lett 2016; 635:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Chen C, Abbasi NUH, Song S, Chen J, Li H. The Limited Impact of Exposure Duration on Holistic Word Processing. Front Psychol 2016; 7:646. [PMID: 27375504 PMCID: PMC4893564 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study explored the impact of stimuli exposure duration on holistic word processing measured by the complete composite paradigm (CPc paradigm). The participants were asked to match the cued target parts of two characters which were presented for either a long (600 ms) or a short duration (170 ms). They were also tested by two popular versions of the CPc paradigm: the “early-fixed” task where the attention cue was visible from the beginning of each trial at a fixed position, and the “delayed-random” task where the cue showed up after the study character at random locations. The holistic word effect, as indexed by the alignment × congruency interaction, was identified in both tasks and was unaffected by the stimuli duration in both tasks. Meanwhile, the “delayed-random” task did not bring about larger holistic word effect than the “early-fixed” task. These results suggest the exposure duration (from around 150 to 600 ms) has a limited impact on the holistic word effect, and have methodological implications for experiment designs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Research Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Najam Ul Hasan Abbasi
- Department of Psychology, International Islamic UniversityIslamabad, Pakistan; Department of Psychology, University of SindhJamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Shuang Song
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University Dalian, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University Changsha, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Research Center for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
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11
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Cao XH, Jiang B, Li C, He ZQ. Rapid adaptation effect of N170 for printed words. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 119:191-202. [PMID: 25153749 DOI: 10.2466/24.22.pms.119c15z6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Faces and written words are two of the most familiar types of visual patterns with the brain's selective response of N170 component in early perception. Using ERP adaptation paradigms, studies have found the N170 response is reduced when there is repeated presentation of upright faces relative to a control condition. In contrast to these well-established features of the face-related N170 adaptation effect, the characteristics of the N170 adaptation effect for printed words are less clear. The goal was to investigate the ERP adaptation effects of printed language (English words and Chinese characters) in a short ISI (200 msec.) adaptation paradigm. The present study showed that both alphabetic words and non-alphabetic words could produce a rapid N170 adaptation effect. Objects of expertise (e.g. words and faces) can produce a rapid N170 adaptation effect but other objects (e.g., houses) cannot, indicating that the specific stimuli have some specific mechanisms for the rapid N170 adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Cao
- 1 Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University
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12
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Cao F, Rickles B, Vu M, Zhu Z, Chan DHL, Harris LN, Stafura J, Xu Y, Perfetti CA. Early stage visual-orthographic processes predict long-term retention of word form and meaning: a visual encoding training study. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2013; 26:440-461. [PMID: 23798804 PMCID: PMC3689543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adult learners of Chinese learned new characters through writing, visual chunking or reading-only. Following training, ERPs were recorded during character recognition tasks, first shortly after the training and then three months later. We hypothesized that the character training effects would be seen in ERP components associated with word recognition and episodic memory. Results confirmed a larger N170 for visual chunking training than other training and a larger P600 for learned characters than novel characters. Another result was a training effect on the amplitude of the P100, which was greater following writing training than other training, suggesting that writing training temporarily lead to increased visual attention to the orthographic forms. Furthermore, P100 amplitude at the first post-test was positively correlated with character recall 3 months later. Thus the marker of early visual attention (P100) was predictive of retention of orthographic knowledge acquired in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ben Rickles
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marianne Vu
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ziheng Zhu
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Derek Ho Lung Chan
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Harris
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Stafura
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles A. Perfetti
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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