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Yang L, Tian Y, Wang Y. Noisy condition and three-point shot performance in skilled basketball players: the limited effect of self-talk. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1304911. [PMID: 38269132 PMCID: PMC10806114 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1304911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern basketball, the three-point shot plays an important tactical role. Basketball players often face the distraction from audience and opponents, necessitating psychological skill to maintain their performance. The study examined the effects of self-talk interventions on the three-point shot performance under quiet and noisy conditions. It involved 42 national second-level basketball players and used a 2 (Condition: quiet condition, noisy condition) × 3 (Intervention: control group, motivational self-talk, instructional self-talk) mixed design to investigate the performance of the static and dynamic three-point shots tasks. The results revealed that the static three-point shot score was significantly lower in noisy condition compared to quiet condition (p = 0.016), while the main effect of Intervention and the interaction effect of Condition × Intervention were not significant. Post-hoc analysis indicated that only the control group showed significantly lower scores in the noisy condition (p = 0.043). For the dynamic three-point shots performance, there were no significant main effects of Intervention or Condition, nor any significant interaction effect between Condition and Intervention. In conclusion, noise distraction negatively affects the static three-point shots task, and although self-talk interventions can mitigate such negative effects, their effectiveness is limited for dynamic three-point shots task with high physical demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Tsinghua University High School, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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2
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Yang L, Wang Y. The effect of motivational and instructional self-talk on attentional control under noise distraction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292321. [PMID: 37773946 PMCID: PMC10540956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition is the key factor of attentional control (AC). Basketball players are typically exposed to noise from the audience or opposing teams while competing. These distractions disrupt the attentional systems, ultimately compromise the athletes' inhibition ability and directly affect their performance on the court. Hence, effective AC strategies are crucial. Two studies were demonstrated to investigate the effects of noise distractions on attentional control and the moderating effect of self-talk. In Study 1, 36 participants undertook the Stroop task, showing an increased error rate with noise distraction. Thirty-nine national second-level basketball players participated in Study 2, where they engaged in the Antisaccade task under both quiet and noise-distraction conditions, employing different self-talk strategies. Results showed that instructional self-talk reduced the antisaccade error rate in quiet conditions, while motivational self-talk increased the error rate under noise distractions. These findings suggests that noise distraction reduces AC. In competition scenarios, basketball players are required to appropriately implement self-talk strategies to improve AC and prevent potential counterproductive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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3
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The Influence of Noise in the Neurofeedback Training Sessions in Student Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413223. [PMID: 34948840 PMCID: PMC8702059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Considering that athletes constantly practice and compete in noisy environments, the aim was to investigate if performing neurofeedback training in these conditions would yield better results in performance than in silent ones. A total of forty-five student athletes aged from 18 to 35 years old and divided equally into three groups participated in the experiment (mean ± SD for age: 22.02 ± 3.05 years). The total neurofeedback session time for each subject was 300 min and were performed twice a week. The environment in which the neurofeedback sessions were conducted did not seem to have a significant impact on the training’s success in terms of alpha relative amplitude changes (0.04 ± 0.08 for silent room versus 0.07 ± 0.28 for noisy room, p = 0.740). However, the group exposed to intermittent noise appears to have favourable results in all performance assessments (p = 0.005 for working memory and p = 0.003 for reaction time). The results of the study suggested that performing neurofeedback training in an environment with intermittent noise can be interesting to athletes. Nevertheless, it is imperative to perform a replicated crossover design.
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Cole SN, Smith DM, Ragan K, Suurmond R, Armitage CJ. Synthesizing the effects of mental simulation on behavior change: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1514-1537. [PMID: 33948918 PMCID: PMC8500882 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mental simulation of future scenarios is hypothesized to affect future behavior, but a large and inconsistent literature means it is unclear whether, and under what conditions, mental simulation can change people's behavior. A meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the effects of mental simulation on behavior and examine under what conditions mental simulation works best. An inclusive systematic database search identified 123 (N = 5,685) effect sizes comparing mental simulation to a control group. After applying a multilevel random effects model, a statistically-reliable positive effect of Hedges' g = 0.49, 95% CI [0.37; 0.62] was found, which was significantly different than zero. Using a taxonomy to identify different subtypes of mental simulation (along two dimensions, class [process, performance, outcome] and purpose [whether an inferior, standard, superior version of that behavior is simulated]), it was found that superior simulations garnered more reliable beneficial effects than inferior simulations. These findings have implications for integrating theories of how mental simulations change behavior, how mental simulations are classified, and may help guide professionals seeking evidence-based and cost-effective methods of changing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Cole
- Department of Psychology, York Saint John University, York, YO31 7EX, UK
| | - Debbie M Smith
- Psychology, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, LS18 5HD, UK
| | - Kathryn Ragan
- Psychology, Newcastile University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Robert Suurmond
- School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6229 GT, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Otte FW, Millar SK, Klatt S. What do you hear? The effect of stadium noise on football players' passing performances. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1035-1044. [PMID: 32781916 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1809714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stadium noise - created by spectators and fans - plays a critical part in the reality of professional sports. Due to a lack of research on the impact of these auditory cues and multimodal environments on motor performance, it is currently unclear how professional athletes experience and perceive stadium noise and how this potentially affects performance in practice. In order to explore the effect of stadium noise on athletes' performance, this paper presents an experimental design using the unique and standardised football training tool known as the "Footbonaut". Specifically, fifteen skilled German football players engaged in a standardised football-specific technical training programme while subjected to four different auditory training conditions; these included both "positive" and "negative" stadium noise conditions, a "baseline" condition providing auditory guidance, and a "no (auditory) cue" condition. Performance data for passing accuracy and passing time were measured for training in each auditory condition. A repeated measures MANOVA revealed a significant main effect for passing time. Specifically, participants showed faster passing times in the baseline compared to the negative and no auditory cue conditions. Findings are presented and discussed from a constraints-led perspective, allied to principles of ecological dynamics and nonlinear pedagogy. Particularly, the use of representative training experiences (including multimodal sensory and emotional information) appears to underline training to refine expert athletes' adaptive coordination of complex motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian W Otte
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Klatt
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, Cologne, Germany.,University of Rostock, Institute of Sport Science, Rostock, Germany
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Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E. Self-talk effectiveness and attention. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 16:138-142. [PMID: 28813338 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-talk interventions in sport have been receiving increased research attention in recent years. The findings have provided robust support that self-talk strategies enhance sport performance. Identifying the mechanisms that explain the beneficial effects of self-talk is important for developing a comprehensive self-talk theory and informing practice. Among the mechanisms proposed to explaining the effectiveness of self-talk, is its attentional effects. This article reviews the literature considering the effects of self-talk on attention. The findings suggest that self-talk can help enhancing attentional focus and attentional performance, but also help countering the aversive effects of distraction and ego depletion. The present evidence suggests that attention is a potential key mechanism in the self-talk performance relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies 42100, Trikala, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Galanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies 42100, Trikala, Greece
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Gregersen J, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Galanis E, Comoutos N, Papaioannou A. Countering the Consequences of Ego Depletion: The Effects of Self-Talk on Selective Attention. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 39:161-171. [PMID: 28891370 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2016-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a self-talk intervention on selective attention in a state of ego depletion. Participants were 62 undergraduate students with a mean age of 20.02 years (SD = 1.17). The experiment was conducted in four consecutive sessions. Following baseline assessment, participants were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. A two-session training was conducted for the two groups, with the experimental group using self-talk. In the final assessment, participants performed a selective attention test, including visual and auditory components, following a task inducing a state of ego depletion. The analysis showed that participants of the experimental group achieved a higher percentage of correct responses on the visual test and produced faster reaction times in both the visual and the auditory test compared with participants of the control group. The results of this study suggest that the use of self-talk can benefit selective attention for participants in states of ego depletion.
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Duncan MJ, Chan CKY, Clarke ND, Cox M, Smith M. The effect of badminton-specific exercise on badminton short-serve performance in competition and practice climates. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:119-126. [PMID: 27412037 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1203362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of changes in physiological and psychological arousal on badminton short-serve performance in competitive and practice climates. Twenty competitive badminton players (10 males and 10 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethics approval. After familiarisation, badminton short-serve performance was measured at rest, mid-way through and at the end of a badminton-specific exercise protocol in two conditions; competition vs. practice. Ratings of cognitive and somatic anxiety were assessed at three time points prior to badminton short-serve performance using the Mental Readiness Form 3. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed during the exercise protocol. Results indicated that better short-serve performance was evident in practice compared to competition (P = .034). RPE values were significantly higher in the competition condition compared to practice (P = .007). Cognitive anxiety intensity was significantly lower post-exercise in the practice condition compared to competition (P = .001). Cognitive anxiety direction showed greater debilitation post-exercise in the competition condition compared to practice (P = .01). Somatic anxiety intensity increased from pre-, to mid- to post-exercise (P = .001) irrespective of condition. This study suggests that badminton serve performance is negatively affected when physiological arousal, via badminton-specific exercise, and cognitive anxiety, via perceived competition, are high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl K Y Chan
- a School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Neil D Clarke
- a School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Martin Cox
- a School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Mike Smith
- a School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
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Giblin G, Whiteside D, Reid M. Now you see, now you don’t … the influence of visual occlusion on racket and ball kinematics in the tennis serve. Sports Biomech 2016; 16:23-33. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1179337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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