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Brain-to-brain communication: the possible role of brain electromagnetic fields (As a Potential Hypothesis). Heliyon 2021; 7:e06363. [PMID: 33732922 PMCID: PMC7937662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Up now, the communication between brains of different humans or animals has been confirmed and confined by the sensory medium and motor facilities of body. Recently, direct brain-to-brain communication (DBBC) outside the conventional five senses has been verified between animals and humans. Nevertheless, no empirical studies or serious discussion have been performed to elucidate the mechanism behind this process. The validation of DBBC has been documented via recording similar pattern of action potentials occurring in the brain cortex of two animals. With regard to action potentials in brain neurons, the magnetic field resulting from the action potentials created in neurons is one of the tools where the brain of one animal can affect the brain of another. It has been shown that different animals, even humans, have the power to understand the magnetic field. Cryptochrome, which exists in the retina and in different regions of the brain, has been confirmed to be able to perceive magnetic fields and convert magnetic fields to action potentials. Recently, iron particles (Fe3O4) believed to be functioning as magnets have been found in various parts of the brain, and are postulated as magnetic field receptors. Newly developed supersensitive magnetic sensors made of iron magnets that can sense the brain's magnetic field have suggested the idea that these Fe3O4 particles or magnets may be capable of perceiving the brain's extremely weak magnetic field. The present study suggests that it is possible the extremely week magnetic field in one animal's brain to transmit vital and accurate information to another animal's brain.
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Freedman M, Binns M, Gao F, Holmes M, Roseborough A, Strother S, Vallesi A, Jeffers S, Alain C, Whitehouse P, Ryan JD, Chen R, Cusimano MD, Black SE. Mind-Matter Interactions and the Frontal Lobes of the Brain: A Novel Neurobiological Model of Psi Inhibition. Explore (NY) 2017; 14:76-85. [PMID: 29169779 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite a large literature on psi, which encompasses a range of experiences including putative telepathy (mind-mind connections), clairvoyance (perceiving distant objects or events), precognition (perceiving future events), and mind-matter interactions, there has been insufficient focus on the brain in relation to this controversial phenomenon. In contrast, our research is based on a novel neurobiological model suggesting that frontal brain systems act as a filter to inhibit psi and that the inhibitory mechanisms may relate to self-awareness. OBJECTIVE To identify frontal brain regions that may inhibit psi. DESIGN We used mind-matter interactions to study psi in two participants with frontal lobe damage. The experimental task was to influence numerical output of a Random Event Generator translated into movement of an arrow on a computer screen to the right or left. Brain MRI was analyzed to determine frontal volume loss. RESULTS The primary area of lesion overlap between the participants was in the left medial middle frontal region, an area related to self-awareness, and involved Brodmann areas 9, 10, and 32. Both participants showed a significant effect in moving the arrow to the right, i.e., contralateral to the side of primary lesion overlap. Effect sizes were much larger compared to normal participants. CONCLUSIONS The medial frontal lobes may act as a biological filter to inhibit psi through mechanisms related to self-awareness. Neurobiological studies with a focus on the brain may open new avenues of research on psi and may significantly advance the state of this poorly understood field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Freedman
- Department of Medicine (Neurology) and Sam and Ida Ross Memory Clinic, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), Mt. Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada.
| | - Malcolm Binns
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit and Hurvitz Brain Science Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Melissa Holmes
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit and Hurvitz Brain Science Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Austyn Roseborough
- LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit and Hurvitz Brain Science Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Stephen Strother
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Lido-Venice, Italy
| | - Stanley Jeffers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Claude Alain
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Whitehouse
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 2895 Carlton Road, Shaker Heights, Ohio 44122; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada; LC Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit and Hurvitz Brain Science Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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Abstract
Aims: Previous research published by Venkatasubramanian et al. (2008) in this journal showed markedly enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity within the right parahippocampal region of a gifted person while he experienced accurate telepathic impression. The present research is designed to discern if Sean Harribance, a reliable psychic who reported independently verified accurate histories of others during his intuitive state, would also show similar enhancement as measured by standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). Materials and Methods and Results: The raw data from the unique electroencephalographic pattern displayed by Sean Harribance (the Harribance configuration) during his intuitive state revealed a peak increase of power within the upper beta range (20-30 Hz) within the right parahippocampal region only. Conclusions: The congruence of the region of activation during “telepathy” by Sean Harribance and Gerard Senehi, especially when the specific electromagnetic and cellular characteristics are considered, suggests the parahippocampal region may be a focus for exploration of the mechanisms by which these phenomena might occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Persinger
- Behavioural Neuroscience and Human Studies Programs, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Venkatasubramanian G, Jayakumar PN, Nagendra HR, Nagaraja D, Deeptha R, Gangadhar BN. Investigating paranormal phenomena: Functional brain imaging of telepathy. Int J Yoga 2011; 1:66-71. [PMID: 21829287 PMCID: PMC3144613 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.43543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: “Telepathy” is defined as “the communication of impressions of any kind from one mind to another, independently of the recognized channels of sense”. Meta-analyses of “ganzfield” studies as well as “card-guessing task” studies provide compelling evidence for the existence of telepathic phenomena. The aim of this study was to elucidate the neural basis of telepathy by examining an individual with this special ability. Materials and Methods: Using functional MRI, we examined a famous “mentalist” while he was performing a telepathic task in a 1.5 T scanner. A matched control subject without this special ability was also examined under similar conditions. Results: The mentalist demonstrated significant activation of the right parahippocampal gyrus after successful performance of a telepathic task. The comparison subject, who did not show any telepathic ability, demonstrated significant activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus. Conclusions: The findings of this study are suggestive of a limbic basis for telepathy and warrant further systematic research.
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McKay BE, Persinger MA. Weak, physiologically patterned magnetic fields do not affect maze performance in normal rats, but disrupt seized rats normalized with ketamine: possible support for a neuromatrix concept? Epilepsy Behav 2006; 8:137-44. [PMID: 16388988 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a neuromatrix as a determinant of behavior proposes that complex neuroelectromagnetic patterns supported by specific spatial configurations of neurons underlie the generation of behaviors. When the pattern of neuronal connectivity is changed, as occurs during limbic epilepsy, neuroelectromagnetic patterns change in parallel to sustain behavioral output. Thus, a testable prediction of the neuromatrix concept is that the "normal" behaviors of animals with markedly reorganized neuroelectromagnetic patterns are vulnerable to specific stimuli that are ineffective when applied to a normal population. Because rats treated with ketamine after being induced to seize with pilocarpine exhibit behaviors indistinguishable from those of control populations despite marked changes in brain structure, they represent an ideal population in which to examine this hypothesis. Ketamine-treated pilocarpine-seized rats and normal rats were exposed continuously either to a complex sequence magnetic field or to control conditions during the acquisition of a radial arm maze task for 8 consecutive days. After 14 days of subsequent exposure to a frequency-modulated field (7-500 nT), during which time there was no training, the rats that had been induced to seize and had been exposed continuously to this magnetic configuration exhibited conspicuously slower response durations per arm than rats that had been induced to seize and exposed to control conditions or normal rats that had been exposed to either magnetic fields or control conditions. Thus, the behaviors of rats who have sustained multiple, discrete injuries throughout the brain may be seriously disrupted by the appropriate pattern of exogenous weak magnetic fields. Our results represent the first empirical support for the concept of the neuromatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E McKay
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ont., Canada P3E 2C6
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Persinger MA, Koren SA, Tsang EW. Enhanced power within a specific band of theta activity in one person while another receives circumcerebral pulsed magnetic fields: a mechanism for cognitive influence at a distance? Percept Mot Skills 2004; 97:877-94. [PMID: 14738355 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.3.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Four pairs of adult siblings served once as either the stimulus or the response person in two sessions separated by one week. While the brain of the stimulus person, who was seated in a closed chamber, was exposed successively to six different complex magnetic fields for 5 min. each quantitative monopolar electroencephalographic measurements over the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes were collected by computer for the response person who was seated in another room. The six configurations of fields served as different stimulus patterns and had been designed to affect consciousness. As predicted theoretically, a significant increase in electroencephalographic power within the 5.0-Hz to 6.0-Hz band over the frontal and occipital lobes was noted for the response persons when the stimulus persons received one of the six specific patterns of weak (1 microTesla range) magnetic fields. This magnetic stimulus was presented for 100 msec. with changes in rate of 20 msec. to each of the eight solenoids that were equally spaced in the horizontal plane around the head of the stimulus person. Derivatives within this narrow frequency band had been hypothesized to be a source of the "binding factor" for the cohesive cerebrogenic electromagnetic fields producing consciousness. The results suggest that an appropriate altered state of one brain can effect specific predictable frequencies of the electroncephalographic activity of another distant brain which is genetically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Persinger
- Consciousness Research Laboratory, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada.
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Koren SA, Persinger MA. Possible disruption of remote viewing by complex weak magnetic fields around the stimulus site and the possibility of accessing real phase space: a pilot study. Percept Mot Skills 2002; 95:989-98. [PMID: 12509207 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2002.95.3.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2002 Persinger, Roll, Tiller, Koren, and Cook considered whether there are physical processes by which recondite information exists within the space and time of objects or events. The stimuli that compose this information might be directly detected within the whole brain without being processed by the typical sensory modalities. We tested the artist Ingo Swann who can reliably draw and describe randomly selected photographs sealed in envelopes in another room. In the present experiment the photographs were immersed continuously in repeated presentations (5 times per sec.) of one of two types of computer-generated complex magnetic field patterns whose intensities were less than 20 nT over most of the area. WINDOWS-generated but not DOS-generated patterns were associated with a marked decrease in Mr. Swann's accuracy. Whereas the DOS software generated exactly the same pattern, WINDOWS software phase-modulated the actual wave form resulting in an infinite bandwidth and complexity. We suggest that information obtained by processes attributed to "paranormal" phenomena have physical correlates that can be masked by weak, infinitely variable magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Koren
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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