Aggression, alcohol dependency, and self-consciousness among high school students of divorced and nondivorced parents

Parental divorce and offspring smoking and alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between parental divorce and smoking and alcohol consumption in offspring, which is based on a systematic review method and ultimately meta-analysis. Method: In a systematic search, three databases were selected. The manuscripts were searched based on the keywords and the time limit for the search was published manuscripts in English until November 2020. For the relationship between parental divorce and smoking/alcohol use in offspring, one main analysis, and four analyses based on sex, study design, adjusted level, and continents were performed. Result: Forty-three studies were synthesized from the collection of manuscripts. The odds of smoking in offspring whose parents were separated was 1.45 (CI 1.37-1.54) and this odds in men was equal to 1.38 (CI 1.11-1.71; Z = 2.91; p = 0.004; I² = 81.5%) and in women, 1.78 (CI 1.51-2.10; Z = 6.88; p < 0.001; I² = 69.6%). The odds of alcohol use in offspring whose parents were separated was 1.43 (CI 1.15-1.77) and this odds in men was equal to 1.69 (CI 1.16-2.47; Z = 2.73; p = 0.006; I² = 99.6%) and in women 1.79 (CI 1.07-2.99). Discussion: The findings of the present study can be used in health-related policies, prevention, and clinical interventions. This study was a subject with limitations, also.

The Multifaceted Nature of Self-Consciousness: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Consequences

The present work involves the reconceptualization of self-consciousness as a multifaceted process. In the first study, subjects were asked to freely describe the contents of their thoughts when thinking about themselves. Content analyses resulted in the definition of specific categories of self-consciousness which were found to overlap partly with basic dimensions of the self-concept. In the second study, a valid and reliable self-report questionnaire of self-consciousness was developed, comprising fourteen separate factors. In the third study, different patterns of self-consciousness were found to be associated with depression, anxiety, self-disclosure, and loneliness. The theoretical and empirical implications of conceptualizing self-consciousness as a multiple-content phenomenon are discussed.

Parental divorce and the change in drinking behavior from high school to college

192 men and 289 women (college students) provided information about their drinking behavior both currently and in their senior year in high school. These data were analyzed by students' sex and family structure. Currently men drank significantly more than women. No differences for family structure were noted. Students from divorced families drank less currently, while students from intact families drank more currently than they did as seniors in high school. This was true for more men than women. Results support the position that current drinking behavior may be associated with a decrease in parental or adult supervision which is experienced earlier for those whose parents have divorced and later (upon entering college) for those students whose parents have not divorced.