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González-Rodríguez A, Natividad M, Seeman MV, Paolini JP, Balagué A, Román E, Izquierdo E, Pérez A, Vallet A, Salvador M, Monreal JA. Schizophrenia: A Review of Social Risk Factors That Affect Women. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:581. [PMID: 37504028 PMCID: PMC10376000 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Social risk factors are long-term or repeated environmental exposures in childhood and youth that change the brain and may, via epigenetic effects, change gene expression. They thus have the power to initiate or aggravate mental disorders. Because these effects can be mediated via hormonal or immune/inflammatory pathways that differ between men and women, their influence is often sex-specific. The goal of this narrative review is to explore the literature on social risk factors as they affect women with schizophrenia. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases from 2000 to May 2023 using terms referring to the various social determinants of health in conjunction with "women" and with "schizophrenia". A total of 57 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In the domains of childhood and adult abuse or trauma, victimization, stigma, housing, and socioeconomics, women with schizophrenia showed greater probability than their male peers of suffering negative consequences. Interventions targeting appropriate housing, income support, social and parenting support, protection from abuse, violence, and mothering-directed stigma have, to different degrees, yielded success in reducing stress levels and alleviating the many burdens of schizophrenia in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre González-Rodríguez
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Mentxu Natividad
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 605 260 Heath Street West, Toronto, ON M5P 3L6, Canada
| | - Jennipher Paola Paolini
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Ariadna Balagué
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Eloïsa Román
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Eduard Izquierdo
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Anabel Pérez
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Anna Vallet
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Mireia Salvador
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
| | - José Antonio Monreal
- Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, Fundació Docència I Recerca Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona (UB), 5 Dr. Robert Square, 08221 Terrassa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 08221 Terrassa, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08221 Terrassa, Spain
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Makhubela MS. Measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition across race with South African university students. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246316645045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition across race (Blacks and Whites) was examined in a sample of university students, from two universities from diverse geographical areas of South Africa ( N = 870). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (i.e., means and covariance structures) was used to test the factorial invariance of the hierarchical four-factor structure, composed of three first-order factors (i.e., Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Complaints) and one second-order general factor (Depression) found with South African students. Evidence of measurement invariance was established at the level of configural, metric, and scalar invariance. However, there were some evidence of differential additive response style across race—with two non-invariant intercepts (Item 5 and 14) being identified. Results also revealed significant latent mean differences favoring Black students on the Performance Difficulty and Somatic Complaints factors but not on the Negative Attitude factor. Findings suggest that the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition provides an assessment of the severity of depressive symptoms that is equivalent across race in university students.
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Pillay AL, Bundhoo HY, Bhowon U. Depression-Related Distress in Mauritian and South African Adolescent Girls: An Exploratory Investigation. Psychol Rep 2010; 107:87-94. [DOI: 10.2466/02.10.12.13.pr0.107.4.87-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-reports of depression-related distress were obtained from girls of 14 to 17 years of age living in communities of low socioeconomic status in Mauritius ( n = 198) and South Africa ( n = 275). Of the girls in the two samples, 26.3 and 21.5%, respectively, had thought about self-harm during the past 5 yr., while between 14.6 and 16.7% had made self-harm attempts. Also, 39.9% of the Mauritian girls and 31.0% of the South Africans reported being sad and tearful every day for more than 2 wk. over the past year. Of the girls, Mauritians (54.0%) and South Africans (32.1%) felt their problems were too much to cope with, while 20.4% of the South African girls and 44.4% of the Mauritians knew of no place to go for help when feeling sad or depressed. The findings highlight the extent of depression-related symptoms and issues related to access to mental health services. Increasing mental health services and awareness programmes are indicated.
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Evans DJ, Pillay AL. Mental Health Problems of Men Attending District- Level Clinical Psychology Services in South Africa. Psychol Rep 2009; 104:773-83. [DOI: 10.2466/pr0.104.3.773-783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over a 1-yr. period, 70 men attended district level clinical psychology services in Msunduzi, South Africa. The mean age was 35.9 yr., and 80% had secondary education. Only 65.7% attended of their own accord. 51% were unemployed, 71.4% had financial problems, 44.3% admitted to substance abuse, 74.3% reported relationship problems, and 14.3% admitted to being violent toward their partners, suicidal ideation was the commonest referral problem, while mood disorder was the most frequent diagnosis. Clinicians estimated that 75.7% of these men had low self-esteem. 45.8% (34) perceived their partner as disengaged, enmeshed, or oppressive.
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Ouedraogo A, Ouedraogo TL, Traore A, Sawadogo G, Nebie K, Yougbare JM. Caractéristiques de la population prise en charge au Service de Psychiatrie du CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) de 1990 à 2000. Encephale 2006; 32:437-43. [PMID: 17099554 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7006(06)76184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders constitute an important portion of the world sickness ratio. In developing countries, in the absence of data on morbidity, hospital statistics are worthy of interest. Our study was carried out on a population of patients under care in the department of psychiatry of the Ouagadougou Hospital between January 1st 1990 and December 31st 2000, a period of 11 years. For each patient, we noted the sociodemographical features and the clinical diagnosis referring to the ICD-10 of the WHO. Within the scope of the study, 7 313 patients (60% men and 40% women) were analysed. The average age of the patients was 31.06 +/- 13.07 years. Among these patients, 80.60% had been exclusively under ambulatory care and 19.40% had been hospitalized at least once. The main categories of the available diagnoses were listed according to recurrence: acute psychotic disorders (20.68%), schizophrenia (17.25%) and depression (15.13%). In the men, the main diagnosis was acute psychotic disorders, whereas depression came top of the list for women. In the present state of socio-economic and cultural development in Burkina Faso, we note that only very serious mental disorders and/or those who cannot obtain favourable response with the traditional care system, come to medical centers. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the population as a whole, and to assess their need for medical care in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ouedraogo
- CHU Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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